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Valthungian: Difference between revisions
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|colspan=8| <small>This is the default declension of the a-stem paradigm. Note the metathesis in the endings on the dative and accusative plural.</small> | |colspan=8| <small>This is the default declension of the a-stem paradigm. Note the metathesis in the endings on the dative and accusative plural.</small> | ||
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|colspan=9 width=900|'''Type II: Syllabic (“n.st.m.a.syl”) | |colspan=9 width=900|'''Type II: Syllabic''' (“n.st.m.a.syl”)<br /> for roots ending in VCR (VCl-, VCm-, VCn-, VCr-) | ||
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|align="center"| ak'''raz''' ||align="center"| ak'''ris''' ||align="center"| ak'''rai''' ||align="center"| ak'''rą''' ||align="center"| ak'''rōz''' ||align="center"| ak'''rǫ̂''' ||align="center"| ak'''ramaz''' ||align="center"| ak'''ranz''' ||rowspan=4 valign="top"| ‘''field''’ | |align="center"| ak'''raz''' ||align="center"| ak'''ris''' ||align="center"| ak'''rai''' ||align="center"| ak'''rą''' ||align="center"| ak'''rōz''' ||align="center"| ak'''rǫ̂''' ||align="center"| ak'''ramaz''' ||align="center"| ak'''ranz''' ||rowspan=4 valign="top"| ‘''field''’ | ||
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|colspan=8| <small>For those nouns ending in a syllabic sonorant in Gothic (‹r›, ‹l›, ‹m›, or ‹n› after another consonant), a vowel must be added to certain endings (indicated in red). Consquently, the metathesis observed in the default form is undone. (Or, more accurately, is blocked from occurring in the first place.) </small> | |colspan=8| <small>For those nouns ending in a syllabic sonorant in Gothic (‹r›, ‹l›, ‹m›, or ‹n› after another consonant), a vowel must be added to certain endings (indicated in red). Consquently, the metathesis observed in the default form is undone. (Or, more accurately, is blocked from occurring in the first place.) </small> | ||
|- | |- | ||
|colspan=9 width=900|'''Type IIIa: “n.st.m.ba” | |colspan=9 width=900|'''Type IIIa: Devoicing/Spirantization Merging''' (“n.st.m.ba”)<br /> for roots ending in Vb- and Vf- | ||
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|align="center"| hlai'''baz''' ||align="center"| hlai'''bis''' ||align="center"| hlai'''bai''' ||align="center"| hlai'''bą''' ||align="center"| hlai'''bōz''' ||align="center"| hlai'''bǫ̂''' ||align="center"| hlai'''bamaz''' ||align="center"| hlai'''banz''' ||rowspan=4 valign="top"| ‘''bread''’ | |align="center"| hlai'''baz''' ||align="center"| hlai'''bis''' ||align="center"| hlai'''bai''' ||align="center"| hlai'''bą''' ||align="center"| hlai'''bōz''' ||align="center"| hlai'''bǫ̂''' ||align="center"| hlai'''bamaz''' ||align="center"| hlai'''banz''' ||rowspan=4 valign="top"| ‘''bread''’ | ||
| Line 835: | Line 835: | ||
|colspan=8| <small>For roots ending in ‹b›, it is devoiced to ‹f› in the nominative and accusative singular (at a time before Gothic), indicated in red. ‹b› is spirantized (that is, becomes ‹v›) in the rest of the endings, indicated in blue. (This was the case in Gothic as well, though the spirantization was not indicated in writing.) In the case of those roots ending in ‹f›, the ‹f› is voiced to ‹v› in the same environment that ‹b› is spirantized, so as far as Gutish is concerned, these two paradigms are identical.</small> | |colspan=8| <small>For roots ending in ‹b›, it is devoiced to ‹f› in the nominative and accusative singular (at a time before Gothic), indicated in red. ‹b› is spirantized (that is, becomes ‹v›) in the rest of the endings, indicated in blue. (This was the case in Gothic as well, though the spirantization was not indicated in writing.) In the case of those roots ending in ‹f›, the ‹f› is voiced to ‹v› in the same environment that ‹b› is spirantized, so as far as Gutish is concerned, these two paradigms are identical.</small> | ||
|- | |- | ||
|colspan=9 width=900|'''Type IIIb: “n.st.m.da” - | |colspan=9 width=900|'''Type IIIb: Devoicing/Spirantization Merging''' (“n.st.m.da”)<br /> for roots ending in Vd- and Vþ- | ||
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|align="center"| au'''daz''' ||align="center"| au'''dis''' ||align="center"| au'''dai''' ||align="center"| au'''dą''' ||align="center"| au'''dōz''' ||align="center"| au'''dǫ̂''' ||align="center"| au'''damaz''' ||align="center"| au'''danz''' ||rowspan=4 valign="top"| ‘''fortune''’ | |align="center"| au'''daz''' ||align="center"| au'''dis''' ||align="center"| au'''dai''' ||align="center"| au'''dą''' ||align="center"| au'''dōz''' ||align="center"| au'''dǫ̂''' ||align="center"| au'''damaz''' ||align="center"| au'''danz''' ||rowspan=4 valign="top"| ‘''fortune''’ | ||
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|colspan=8| <small>Same idea as above. For roots ending in ‹d›, it is devoiced to ‹þ› in the nominative and accusative singular (at a time before Gothic), indicated in red. ‹d› is spirantized (that is, becomes ‹ð›) in the rest of the endings, indicated in blue. (This was the case in Gothic as well, though the spirantization was not indicated in writing.) In the case of those roots ending in ‹þ›, the ‹þ› is voiced to ‹ð› in the same environment that ‹d› is spirantized, so as far as Gutish is concerned, these two paradigms are identical.</small> | |colspan=8| <small>Same idea as above. For roots ending in ‹d›, it is devoiced to ‹þ› in the nominative and accusative singular (at a time before Gothic), indicated in red. ‹d› is spirantized (that is, becomes ‹ð›) in the rest of the endings, indicated in blue. (This was the case in Gothic as well, though the spirantization was not indicated in writing.) In the case of those roots ending in ‹þ›, the ‹þ› is voiced to ‹ð› in the same environment that ‹d› is spirantized, so as far as Gutish is concerned, these two paradigms are identical.</small> | ||
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|colspan=9 width=900|'''Type IIIc: “n.st.m.za” - | |colspan=9 width=900|'''Type IIIc: Devoicing''' (“n.st.m.za”)<br /> for roots ending in Vz- | ||
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|align="center"| gai'''zaz''' ||align="center"| gai'''zis''' ||align="center"| gai'''zai''' ||align="center"| gai'''zą''' ||align="center"| gai'''zōz''' ||align="center"| gai'''zǫ̂''' ||align="center"| gai'''zamaz''' ||align="center"| gai'''zanz''' ||rowspan=4 valign="top"| ‘''spear''’ | |align="center"| gai'''zaz''' ||align="center"| gai'''zis''' ||align="center"| gai'''zai''' ||align="center"| gai'''zą''' ||align="center"| gai'''zōz''' ||align="center"| gai'''zǫ̂''' ||align="center"| gai'''zamaz''' ||align="center"| gai'''zanz''' ||rowspan=4 valign="top"| ‘''spear''’ | ||
| Line 855: | Line 856: | ||
|colspan=8| <small>Same idea as above, with an extra twist. For roots ending in ‹ž›, it is devoiced to ‹s› in the nominative and accusative singular (at a time before Gothic), indicated in red. ‹ž› remains in the rest of the endings, indicated in blue. In addition to the devoicing in the nominative and accusative, the nominative ending ‹s› is deleted or assimilated.</small> | |colspan=8| <small>Same idea as above, with an extra twist. For roots ending in ‹ž›, it is devoiced to ‹s› in the nominative and accusative singular (at a time before Gothic), indicated in red. ‹ž› remains in the rest of the endings, indicated in blue. In addition to the devoicing in the nominative and accusative, the nominative ending ‹s› is deleted or assimilated.</small> | ||
|- | |- | ||
|colspan=9 width=900|'''Type IVa: “n.st.m.rba” - | |colspan=9 width=900|'''Type IVa: Post-Approximant Spirantization''' (“n.st.m.rba”)<br /> for roots ending in Vlb- and Vrb- | ||
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|align="center"| hwer'''baz''' ||align="center"| hwer'''bis''' ||align="center"| hwer'''bai''' ||align="center"| hwer'''bą''' ||align="center"| hwer'''bōz''' ||align="center"| hwer'''bǫ̂''' ||align="center"| hwer'''bamaz''' ||align="center"| hwer'''banz''' ||rowspan=4 valign="top"| ‘''planet''’ | |align="center"| hwer'''baz''' ||align="center"| hwer'''bis''' ||align="center"| hwer'''bai''' ||align="center"| hwer'''bą''' ||align="center"| hwer'''bōz''' ||align="center"| hwer'''bǫ̂''' ||align="center"| hwer'''bamaz''' ||align="center"| hwer'''banz''' ||rowspan=4 valign="top"| ‘''planet''’ | ||
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|colspan=8| <small>Like the above, this deals with nouns ending in ‹b›, which spirantizes to ‹v› in most declensions, but it is prevented from devoicing to ‹f› in the nominative and accusative by a consonant before it. This is a rule inhereited from Gothic. Metathesis in the dative and accusative plural is also blocked. This occurs for stems ending in ‹rb›, ‹rd›, ‹lb›, and ‹ld›.</small> | |colspan=8| <small>Like the above, this deals with nouns ending in ‹b›, which spirantizes to ‹v› in most declensions, but it is prevented from devoicing to ‹f› in the nominative and accusative by a consonant before it. This is a rule inhereited from Gothic. Metathesis in the dative and accusative plural is also blocked. This occurs for stems ending in ‹rb›, ‹rd›, ‹lb›, and ‹ld›.</small> | ||
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|colspan=9 width=900|'''Type IVb: “n.st.m.rda” - | |colspan=9 width=900|'''Type IVb: Post-Approximant Spirantization''' (“n.st.m.rda”)<br /> for roots ending in Vld- and Vrd- | ||
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|align="center"| bar'''daz''' ||align="center"| bar'''dis''' ||align="center"| bar'''dai''' ||align="center"| bar'''dą''' ||align="center"| bar'''dōz''' ||align="center"| bar'''dǫ̂''' ||align="center"| bar'''damaz''' ||align="center"| bar'''danz''' ||rowspan=4 valign="top"| ‘''beard''’ | |align="center"| bar'''daz''' ||align="center"| bar'''dis''' ||align="center"| bar'''dai''' ||align="center"| bar'''dą''' ||align="center"| bar'''dōz''' ||align="center"| bar'''dǫ̂''' ||align="center"| bar'''damaz''' ||align="center"| bar'''danz''' ||rowspan=4 valign="top"| ‘''beard''’ | ||
| Line 875: | Line 876: | ||
|colspan=8| <small>This is the same idea as the “rda” declension above, with the additional twist that Gothic ‹ds›, when word-final, palatalizes and becomes ‹ǧ›. There is also spirantization in the other declensions except for the accusative singular, which retains the original ‹d›, and metathesis is blocked in the dative and accusative plural.</small> | |colspan=8| <small>This is the same idea as the “rda” declension above, with the additional twist that Gothic ‹ds›, when word-final, palatalizes and becomes ‹ǧ›. There is also spirantization in the other declensions except for the accusative singular, which retains the original ‹d›, and metathesis is blocked in the dative and accusative plural.</small> | ||
|- | |- | ||
|colspan=9 width=900|'''Type IVc: “n.st.m.rza” - | |colspan=9 width=900|'''Type IVc: Post-Approximant Spirantization''' (“n.st.m.rza”)<br /> for roots ending in Vlz- and Vrz- | ||
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|align="center"| am'''zaz''' ||align="center"| am'''zis''' ||align="center"| am'''zai''' ||align="center"| am'''zą''' ||align="center"| am'''zōz''' ||align="center"| am'''zǫ̂''' ||align="center"| am'''zamaz''' ||align="center"| am'''zanz''' ||rowspan=4 valign="top"| ‘''shoulder''’ | |align="center"| am'''zaz''' ||align="center"| am'''zis''' ||align="center"| am'''zai''' ||align="center"| am'''zą''' ||align="center"| am'''zōz''' ||align="center"| am'''zǫ̂''' ||align="center"| am'''zamaz''' ||align="center"| am'''zanz''' ||rowspan=4 valign="top"| ‘''shoulder''’ | ||
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|colspan=8| <small>This paradigm differs from the version above in that a consonant occurring before a voiced fricative (‹ž›) has the affect of blocking metathesis in the dative and accusative plural (in red).</small> | |colspan=8| <small>This paradigm differs from the version above in that a consonant occurring before a voiced fricative (‹ž›) has the affect of blocking metathesis in the dative and accusative plural (in red).</small> | ||
|- | |- | ||
|colspan=9 width=900|'''Type Va: | |colspan=9 width=900|'''Type Va: Post-Approximant Inter-Sonorant Voicing''' (“n.st.m.lfa”)<br /> for roots ending in Vlf- and Vrf- | ||
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|align="center"| wul'''faz''' ||align="center"| wul'''fis''' ||align="center"| wul'''fai''' ||align="center"| wul'''fą''' ||align="center"| wul'''fōz''' ||align="center"| wul'''fǫ̂''' ||align="center"| wul'''famaz''' ||align="center"| wul'''fanz''' ||rowspan=4 valign="top"| ‘''wolf''’ | |align="center"| wul'''faz''' ||align="center"| wul'''fis''' ||align="center"| wul'''fai''' ||align="center"| wul'''fą''' ||align="center"| wul'''fōz''' ||align="center"| wul'''fǫ̂''' ||align="center"| wul'''famaz''' ||align="center"| wul'''fanz''' ||rowspan=4 valign="top"| ‘''wolf''’ | ||
| Line 895: | Line 896: | ||
|colspan=8| <small>Scary name, but it’s really just the same as the above, but for nouns ending in ‹f›.</small> | |colspan=8| <small>Scary name, but it’s really just the same as the above, but for nouns ending in ‹f›.</small> | ||
|- | |- | ||
|colspan=9 width=900|'''Type Vb: “n.st.m. | |colspan=9 width=900|'''Type Vb: Post-Approximant Inter-Sonorant Voicing''' (“n.st.m.lþa”)<br /> for roots ending in Vlþ- and Vrþ- | ||
|- | |||
|colspan=9 width=900|'''Type VIa: Post-Approximant Inter-Sonorant Voicing''' (“n.st.m.ga”)<br /> for roots ending in Vg-, Vng-, Vlg-, Vrg- | |||
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|align="center"| da'''gaz''' ||align="center"| da'''gis''' ||align="center"| da'''gai''' ||align="center"| da'''gą''' ||align="center"| da'''gōz''' ||align="center"| da'''gǫ̂''' ||align="center"| da'''gamaz''' ||align="center"| da'''ganz''' ||rowspan=4 valign="top"| ‘''day''’ | |align="center"| da'''gaz''' ||align="center"| da'''gis''' ||align="center"| da'''gai''' ||align="center"| da'''gą''' ||align="center"| da'''gōz''' ||align="center"| da'''gǫ̂''' ||align="center"| da'''gamaz''' ||align="center"| da'''ganz''' ||rowspan=4 valign="top"| ‘''day''’ | ||
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|align="center"| da'''gs''' ||align="center"| da'''gis''' ||align="center"| da'''ga''' ||align="center"| da'''g''' ||align="center"| da'''gōs''' ||align="center"| da'''gē''' ||align="center"| da'''gam''' ||align="center"| da'''gans''' | |align="center"| da'''gs''' ||align="center"| da'''gis''' ||align="center"| da'''ga''' ||align="center"| da'''g''' ||align="center"| da'''gōs''' ||align="center"| da'''gē''' ||align="center"| da'''gam''' ||align="center"| da'''gans''' | ||
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| Line 904: | Line 907: | ||
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|colspan=8| <small>This is the same as the default with the only exception that there is palatalization of ‹g› in the nominative singular.</small> | |colspan=8| <small>This is the same as the default with the only exception that there is palatalization of ‹g› in the nominative singular.</small> | ||
|- | |||
|colspan=9 width=900|'''Type VIIa: /r/-Assimilation''' (“n.st.m.ra”)<br /> for roots ending in r- | |||
|- | |- | ||
|align="center"| we'''raz''' ||align="center"| we'''ris''' ||align="center"| we'''rai''' ||align="center"| we'''rą''' ||align="center"| we'''rōz''' ||align="center"| we'''rǫ̂''' ||align="center"| we'''ramaz''' ||align="center"| we'''ranz''' ||rowspan=4 valign="top"| ‘''man''’ | |align="center"| we'''raz''' ||align="center"| we'''ris''' ||align="center"| we'''rai''' ||align="center"| we'''rą''' ||align="center"| we'''rōz''' ||align="center"| we'''rǫ̂''' ||align="center"| we'''ramaz''' ||align="center"| we'''ranz''' ||rowspan=4 valign="top"| ‘''man''’ | ||
| Line 913: | Line 918: | ||
|colspan=8| <small>This is the same as the default with the only exception that the nominative singular ‹s› is assimilated (in pre-Gothic times). This rule expands slightly in Gutish; whereas in Gothic it applied only to light syllables, by Gutish times it applies to all nouns ending in ‹r›.</small> | |colspan=8| <small>This is the same as the default with the only exception that the nominative singular ‹s› is assimilated (in pre-Gothic times). This rule expands slightly in Gutish; whereas in Gothic it applied only to light syllables, by Gutish times it applies to all nouns ending in ‹r›.</small> | ||
|- | |- | ||
|colspan=9 width=900|'''Type VIIb: /s/-Assimilation''' (“n.st.m.sa”)<br /> for roots ending in s- | |||
|- | |||
|align="center"| waps'''az''' ||align="center"| waps'''is''' ||align="center"| waps'''ai''' ||align="center"| waps'''ą''' ||align="center"| waps'''ōz''' ||align="center"| waps'''ǫ̂''' ||align="center"| waps'''amaz''' ||align="center"| waps'''anz''' ||rowspan=4 valign="top"| ‘''wasp''’ | |align="center"| waps'''az''' ||align="center"| waps'''is''' ||align="center"| waps'''ai''' ||align="center"| waps'''ą''' ||align="center"| waps'''ōz''' ||align="center"| waps'''ǫ̂''' ||align="center"| waps'''amaz''' ||align="center"| waps'''anz''' ||rowspan=4 valign="top"| ‘''wasp''’ | ||
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| Line 920: | Line 928: | ||
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|colspan=8| ''s is dropped/assimilated from the nominative.'' | |colspan=8| ''s is dropped/assimilated from the nominative.'' | ||
|- | |||
|colspan=9 width=900|'''Type VIIc: Cluster Simplification and Palatalization''' (“n.st.m.ska”)<br /> for roots ending in Vsk- | |||
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|align="center"| fisk'''az''' ||align="center"| fisk'''is''' ||align="center"| fisk'''ai''' ||align="center"| fisk'''ą''' ||align="center"| fisk'''ōz''' ||align="center"| fisk'''ǫ̂''' ||align="center"| fisk'''amaz''' ||align="center"| fisk'''anz''' ||rowspan=4 valign="top"| ‘''fish''’ | |align="center"| fisk'''az''' ||align="center"| fisk'''is''' ||align="center"| fisk'''ai''' ||align="center"| fisk'''ą''' ||align="center"| fisk'''ōz''' ||align="center"| fisk'''ǫ̂''' ||align="center"| fisk'''amaz''' ||align="center"| fisk'''anz''' ||rowspan=4 valign="top"| ‘''fish''’ | ||
| Line 928: | Line 938: | ||
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|colspan=8| ''s is dropped from the nominative.'' | |colspan=8| ''s is dropped from the nominative.'' | ||
|- | |||
|colspan=9 width=900|'''Type VIId: Cluster Simplification''' (“n.st.m.ska”)<br /> for roots ending in Vsp-, Vst-, Vft- | |||
|- | |- | ||
|align="center"| ast'''az''' ||align="center"| ast'''is''' ||align="center"| ast'''ai''' ||align="center"| ast'''ą''' ||align="center"| ast'''ōz''' ||align="center"| ast'''ǫ̂''' ||align="center"| ast'''amaz''' ||align="center"| ast'''anz''' ||rowspan=4 valign="top"| ‘''branch''’ | |align="center"| ast'''az''' ||align="center"| ast'''is''' ||align="center"| ast'''ai''' ||align="center"| ast'''ą''' ||align="center"| ast'''ōz''' ||align="center"| ast'''ǫ̂''' ||align="center"| ast'''amaz''' ||align="center"| ast'''anz''' ||rowspan=4 valign="top"| ‘''branch''’ | ||
| Line 936: | Line 948: | ||
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|colspan=8| ''s is dropped from the nominative.'' | |colspan=8| ''s is dropped from the nominative.'' | ||
|- | |||
|colspan=9 width=900|'''Type VIIIa: Metathetical Blocking with /m/''' (“n.st.m.ska”)<br /> for roots ending in m- | |||
|- | |- | ||
|align="center"| worm'''az''' ||align="center"| worm'''is''' ||align="center"| worm'''ai''' ||align="center"| worm'''ą''' ||align="center"| worm'''ōz''' ||align="center"| worm'''ǫ̂''' ||align="center"| worm'''amaz''' ||align="center"| worm'''anz''' ||rowspan=4 valign="top"| ‘''worm''’ | |align="center"| worm'''az''' ||align="center"| worm'''is''' ||align="center"| worm'''ai''' ||align="center"| worm'''ą''' ||align="center"| worm'''ōz''' ||align="center"| worm'''ǫ̂''' ||align="center"| worm'''amaz''' ||align="center"| worm'''anz''' ||rowspan=4 valign="top"| ‘''worm''’ | ||
| Line 944: | Line 958: | ||
|- | |- | ||
|colspan=8| ''no metathesis in dat pl only'' | |colspan=8| ''no metathesis in dat pl only'' | ||
|- | |||
|colspan=9 width=900|'''Type VIIIa: Metathetical Blocking with /n/''' (“n.st.m.ska”)<br /> for roots ending in n- | |||
|- | |- | ||
|align="center"| auhn'''az''' ||align="center"| auhn'''is''' ||align="center"| auhn'''ai''' ||align="center"| auhn'''ą''' ||align="center"| auhn'''ōz''' ||align="center"| auhn'''ǫ̂''' ||align="center"| auhn'''amaz''' ||align="center"| auhn'''anz''' ||rowspan=4 valign="top"| ‘''oven''’ | |align="center"| auhn'''az''' ||align="center"| auhn'''is''' ||align="center"| auhn'''ai''' ||align="center"| auhn'''ą''' ||align="center"| auhn'''ōz''' ||align="center"| auhn'''ǫ̂''' ||align="center"| auhn'''amaz''' ||align="center"| auhn'''anz''' ||rowspan=4 valign="top"| ‘''oven''’ | ||
| Line 952: | Line 968: | ||
|- | |- | ||
|colspan=8| ''no metathesis in acc pl only'' | |colspan=8| ''no metathesis in acc pl only'' | ||
|- | |||
|colspan=9 width=900|'''Type IXa: Assimilation of /b/''' (“n.st.m.mba”)<br /> for roots ending in mb- | |||
|- | |- | ||
|align="center"| lamb'''az''' ||align="center"| lamb'''is''' ||align="center"| lamb'''ai''' ||align="center"| lamb'''ą''' ||align="center"| lamb'''ōz''' ||align="center"| lamb'''ǫ̂''' ||align="center"| lamb'''amaz''' ||align="center"| lamb'''anz''' ||rowspan=4 valign="top"| ‘''lamb, sheep''’ | |align="center"| lamb'''az''' ||align="center"| lamb'''is''' ||align="center"| lamb'''ai''' ||align="center"| lamb'''ą''' ||align="center"| lamb'''ōz''' ||align="center"| lamb'''ǫ̂''' ||align="center"| lamb'''amaz''' ||align="center"| lamb'''anz''' ||rowspan=4 valign="top"| ‘''lamb, sheep''’ | ||
| Line 960: | Line 978: | ||
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|colspan=8| ''b is lost in nom and acc sg'' | |colspan=8| ''b is lost in nom and acc sg'' | ||
|- | |||
|colspan=9 width=900|'''Type IXa: nd''' (“n.st.m.nda”)<br /> for roots ending in nd- | |||
|- | |- | ||
|align="center"| frijōndz''' ||align="center"| frijōndiz''' ||align="center"| frijōndi''' ||align="center"| frijōndų''' ||align="center"| frijōndiz''' ||align="center"| frijōndǫ̂''' ||align="center"| frijōndumaz''' ||align="center"| frijōndunz''' ||rowspan=4 valign="top"| ‘''friend''’ | |align="center"| frijōndz''' ||align="center"| frijōndiz''' ||align="center"| frijōndi''' ||align="center"| frijōndų''' ||align="center"| frijōndiz''' ||align="center"| frijōndǫ̂''' ||align="center"| frijōndumaz''' ||align="center"| frijōndunz''' ||rowspan=4 valign="top"| ‘''friend''’ | ||