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Da: Difference between revisions
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→Locative / Instrumental / Essive
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Da nouns in Genitive can also serve as a Verb of a sentence, replacing the use of a copula. Genitive in this role expresses belonging to a group ("is a" relationship), e.g.: ''Du meno!'' (I am a man!), ''Ka punseo dea'' (This is a tall tree) etc. | Da nouns in Genitive can also serve as a Verb of a sentence, replacing the use of a copula. Genitive in this role expresses belonging to a group ("is a" relationship), e.g.: ''Du meno!'' (I am a man!), ''Ka punseo dea'' (This is a tall tree) etc. | ||
====''Locative / | ====''Locative / Instrumentalis / Essive''==== | ||
Locative / | Locative / Instrumentalis nouns receive the ending ''-e''. | ||
When used as Locative, it indicates place or time: ''sue'' (in water), ''punseolane'' (in a forest), ''kokemihane'' (on an airplane), ''sorsunoté'' (yesterday), ''xorté'' (soon; lit. "in a short time"). Usually locative does not denote possession; e.g. compare ''Ku du áthate taoruolanu ká'' (Give me this book, i.e. for me to have) vs. ''Ku tita tyute taoruolanu ká'' (Bring this book to me, i.e. to my place). | When used as Locative, it indicates place or time: ''sue'' (in water), ''punseolane'' (in a forest), ''kokemihane'' (on an airplane), ''sorsunoté'' (yesterday), ''xorté'' (soon; lit. "in a short time"). Usually locative does not denote possession; e.g. compare ''Ku du áthate taoruolanu ká'' (Give me this book, i.e. for me to have) vs. ''Ku tita tyute taoruolanu ká'' (Bring this book to me, i.e. to my place). | ||
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To form a sentence indicating an object / person location, e.g. "The boy '''is''' in the house", Cha speakers would use the verb ''nae / ná'' (vi: "be located", vt: "put"): ''Nunmen nae né huo''. One can also say ''Nunmen né hue'', using the root ''ne'' as a verb with meaning "be inside". | To form a sentence indicating an object / person location, e.g. "The boy '''is''' in the house", Cha speakers would use the verb ''nae / ná'' (vi: "be located", vt: "put"): ''Nunmen nae né huo''. One can also say ''Nunmen né hue'', using the root ''ne'' as a verb with meaning "be inside". | ||
When used as | When used as Instrumentalis, the same form indicates a tool or object with which an action is done. This usage usually translates into English with the help of preposition "with", although not always: ''Nunmen kae lodana rurixo-lodanaolae'' (This boy plays a violin). In Da, it is interchangeable with a phrase that includes the word ''lai'' (using): ''Damen tala saraotutirhonu seorure'' (The master beats the dog '''with''' a stick) can be said as ''Tyamen tala saraotutirhonu lai seoruru'' (The master beats the dog '''using''' a stick). | ||
Finally, this case can be used as the verb of a sentence to express the "is the" relationship (Essive): Ku mene du síxao sorsunoté! -- You are the man I saw yesterday! | Finally, this case can be used as the verb of a sentence to express the "is the" relationship (Essive): Ku mene du síxao sorsunoté! -- You are the man I saw yesterday! | ||
Although different uses of Locative / | Although different uses of Locative / Instrumentalis share the same ending, it is usually quite obvious whether the place, time, or tool is meant in each given case. | ||
Nouns in Locative / | Nouns in Locative / Instrumentalis follow the verb and play the role of indirect objects or adverbial modifiers. | ||
===Infixes ''-t-'', ''-x- '' and ''-k-''=== | ===Infixes ''-t-'', ''-x- '' and ''-k-''=== | ||