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=== Particles === | === Particles === | ||
The numerous particles in the Chlouvānem language have various uses, including coordinating conjunctions, semantic, and pragmatic particles. Most of them (except a few conjunctions) follow the word they modify. | |||
* '''no''' translates English "and" when between nouns and when denoting a complete listing; for incomplete listings (e.g. "X and Y and so on") the particle '''çou''' is used. Both follow the noun they refer to, and in listings with more than two nouns they follow every noun except the first. | |||
* '''sama''' translates "and" as a coordinating conjunction between sentences. If the following word starts with a vowel, it is shortened to '''sam''''. | |||
* '''mbu''' means "or"; placement with nouns is the same as ''no''/''çou'', and with verbs it's the same as ''sama''. | |||
* '''ga''' is an adpositive particle, used to join nouns in noun phrases (usually titles; the only exceptions being honorifics), such as ''Līlasuṃghāṇa ga marta'' (Līlasuṃghāṇa city, or "city of Līlasuṃghāṇa") or ''Tāllahāria ga maita'' (Tāllahāria river). | |||
* '''agṇā''' translates "but" as a coordinating conjunction. | |||
* '''leah''' translates "like"; it requires essive case with nouns (in formal speech; while bare essive most properly has the meaning "as X" instead of "like X", colloquially it is used both ways) and subjunctive mood with realis verbs (other moods are used for their meaning). | |||
* '''pa''' translates "on, of, about; concerning, on the subject of", and requires a noun direct case or a verb in subjunctive mood. | |||
* '''læhæ''' translates "already", with a noun in essive case or a verb in the semantically correct mood. | |||
* '''nānim''' translates "almost", with a noun in essive case or a verb in the semantically correct mood. | |||
* '''nali''', when used with a noun in direct case, marks the benefactive argument in any voice except benefactive-trigger. When used with a verb in subjunctive mood, it means "in order to", with a nuance of hope (when compared to the bare subjunctive, which already has that meaning). | |||
* '''fras''' marks the antibenefactive argument outside of antibenefactive-trigger voice, or "to avoid X" with a subjunctive mood verb. | |||
* '''golat''' translates "meanwhile" or "on the other hand". | |||
* '''menni''' translates "because, for". If there's a following main clause, then it's the last word in the subordinate of reason (this use is synonymous to the consequential secondary verbal mood of cause); if it's a lone sentence (an answer), then it is usually at the ''second'' place in the sentence, after the verbal trigger (e.g. ''tami menni yuyųlsėça'' "because (s)he wants to eat"). | |||
* '''en''' usually requires accusative case and translates to English "than" in comparisons. | |||
* '''gu(n) — ša''' is a circumfix around verbs used to negate it, e.g. ''gu yuyųlsėça ša'' "(s)he doesn't want to eat"). | |||
* '''mei''' and '''go''' are the Chlouvānem words for "yes" and "no" respectively; their use is however different from English, as they are used according to the polarity of the question: ''mei'' answers "yes" to affirmative questions and "no" to negative questions; ''go'' answers "no" to affirmative questions and "yes" to negative questions. | |||
== Syntax == | == Syntax == | ||