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→Tense, Aspect, Mood, and Voice
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====Tense, Aspect, Mood, and Voice==== | ====Tense, Aspect, Mood, and Voice==== | ||
*Impersonal passive (with ''la'') is used as the regular passive as well as pseudo-passive. | |||
*Subjunctive forms can be used adjectivally. In this usage, plural marking is optional. | |||
=====Simple Present===== | |||
*Used similarly to English simple present and past perfect continuous. Generally refers to a habitual action for dynamic verbs, or an ongoing action for stative verbs. | |||
*Indicative: | |||
**Affirmative: "Present Indicative" forms - e.g. ''us tagha'' "he goes" | |||
**Negative: ''ma'' + "Present Subjunctive" - e.g. ''ma usan taghó'' "he does not go" | |||
*Subjunctive: | |||
**Affirmative: "Present Subjunctive" - e.g. ''nin taghó'' "a man who goes" | |||
**Negative: (''an'') + "Past Negative" - e.g. ''nin an taghín'' "a man who does not go" | |||
=====Simple Past===== | |||
*Used for a simple action in the past. | |||
*Indicative: | |||
**Affirmative: "Past Affirmative" - e.g. ''us taghi'' "he went" | |||
**Negative: ''ma'' + "Past Negative" - e.g. ''ma usan taghín'' "he did not go" | |||
*Subjunctive: | |||
**Affirmative: "Past Affirmative" with final high tone - e.g. ''nin taghí'' "a man who went" | |||
**Negative: (''an'') + "Past Negative" - e.g. ''nin an taghín'' "a man who did not go" (note that this is identical to the present equivalent; for disambiguation, a compound form may be used instead) | |||
=====Jussive===== | |||
*Affirmative: | |||
**First and second person: Clitic subject + "Present Subjunctive" with penultimate high tone - e.g. ''an tágno'' "let us go" | |||
**Third person: ''ha'' + "Present Subjunctive" - e.g. ''ha taghó'' "let him go" | |||
*Negative: | |||
**First and second person: Clitic suject + (''an'') + "2S Imperative Negative" - e.g. ''anan tághin'' "let me/us not go" | |||
**Third person: ''yaa'' + "2S Imperative Negative" - e.g. ''yaa usan tághin'' "let him not go" | |||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||