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'''Rttirri''' (natively: [ʈʼiɻiɑpu] ''Rttirri language''; English: /ˈtɪəri/, homophonous with "teary") is the official language of Rttirria, a nation in Southwest Asia that forms a peninsula off the southwestern coast of Myanmar. It is spoken as the native language of 46.5 million Rttirrian citizens, or just under 80% of the nation's total population of 58.2 million. Most other citizens have at least some proficiency in the language. | |||
Rttirri is dialectally diverse, with many different accents found across the nation. It uses the Rttirri script, an abugida that evolved from the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallava_alphabet Pallava script], which is a Brahmic script. Other Pallava scripts include Thai, Lao, Burmese, and Khmer. However, an English transcription system was codified in the late 19th century, and is used on this page for convenience. | |||
Linguistically, Rttirri is classified as an ergative-absolutive, polysynthetic language. It has a phonology consisting of only four vowels (in the standard language) and 25 consonants. It is fascinating to linguists because of its unique method for marking the causative agents of verbs: inflectional particles that encode the person and number of the causative entity, just like the ones used to mark the ergative and absolutive agents. | |||
==History== | |||
* Proto-Rttirrian | |||
:* Proto-South-Rttirrian | |||
::* ... | |||
::* Classical Rttirri | |||
:::* Rttirri | |||
Rttirri is a member of the Rttirrian language family, whose languages are spoken across the nation of Rttirria as well as in adjoining areas of Myanmar and Thailand. | |||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
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* Likewise, /w/ is pronounced clearly as [w] in all positions. | * Likewise, /w/ is pronounced clearly as [w] in all positions. | ||
* The distinction between /ɑ/ and /ʌ/ is maintained. | * The distinction between /ɑ/ and /ʌ/ is maintained. | ||
* The value of /ø/ is typically [ø] in all positions. | |||
* After retroflex consonants, /i/ and /u/ lower to [e] and [o]. | * After retroflex consonants, /i/ and /u/ lower to [e] and [o]. | ||
:* When not stressed, the diphthong /ɑu/ merges with [o]. As a result, some scholars argue that /o/ is its own phoneme in Northern Rttirri. | :* When not stressed, the diphthong /ɑu/ merges with [o]. As a result, some scholars argue that /o/ is its own phoneme in Northern Rttirri. | ||
| Line 167: | Line 183: | ||
* /ɑ/ and /ʌ/ are merged to [ä]. | * /ɑ/ and /ʌ/ are merged to [ä]. | ||
* /ø/ is unrounded to [e]. | * /ø/ is unrounded to [e]. | ||
==Morphology== | |||
The Rttirri verb is richly polysynthetic, and contains the following slots for affixes. Slots marked with a '''†''' are required for all verbs. | |||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" | |||
|- | |||
! Verb Slot | |||
! Allowable Inputs | |||
|- | |||
! Causative Agent<br>Person/Number | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! Ergative Agent<br>Person/Number | |||
| ''ni-'' (I)<br>''wa-'' (he/she/it) | |||
|- | |||
! Absolutive Agent<br>Person/Number † | |||
| ''na-'' (I)<br>''∅-'' (he/she/it)<br>''hhi-'' (them) | |||
|- | |||
! ... | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! Future Tense | |||
| ''-mi-'' | |||
|- | |||
! Modal Verbs | |||
| ''-kaki-'' (to be able to) | |||
|- | |||
! Verb Root † | |||
| (any verb) | |||
|- | |||
! Past Tense | |||
| ''-pu-'' | |||
|- | |||
! Incorporated Noun<br>(for transitive verbs) | |||
| (any noun root, without adjectives,<br>determiners, possessive affixes, etc.) | |||
|- | |||
! Evidentiality † | |||
| | |||
|} | |||
===Irregular verbs=== | |||
Rttirri has 20 irregular verbs, which have special forms for the past and future inflections. However, when used with a modal verb, they are regularized, so the normal affixes ''-pu-'' and ''-mi-'' are used. | |||
:''Na-'''tu'''tasa-na.'' | |||
:1SG.ABS-walk.PST-DRPAC | |||
:I walked. | |||
:''Na-'''pu'''-kaki-tasa-na.'' | |||
:1SG.ABS-PST-can-walk-DRPAC | |||
:I was able to walk. | |||
:''Na-kaki-tasa-'''mi'''-ni.'' | |||
:1SG.ABS-can-walk-FUT-DRPAC | |||
:I will be able to walk. | |||
The following irregular verbs exist: | |||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" | |||
|- | |||
! Verb<br>(Past) | |||
! Verb<br>(Present) | |||
! Verb<br>(Future) | |||
! English translation | |||
|- | |||
| pui | |||
| fei | |||
| mui | |||
| to be | |||
|- | |||
| pisu | |||
| chiu | |||
| misu | |||
| to do | |||
|- | |||
| tyusymu | |||
| symu | |||
| nyisymu | |||
| to make | |||
|- | |||
| ppeu | |||
| kkeu | |||
| mepeu | |||
| to see | |||
|- | |||
| tufnu | |||
| fnu | |||
| nifnu | |||
| to bring | |||
|- | |||
| tuausma | |||
| ausma | |||
| niausma | |||
| to call | |||
|- | |||
| tuttaka | |||
| ttaka | |||
| nittaka | |||
| to feel | |||
|- | |||
| pumi | |||
| mupi | |||
| mumi | |||
| to believe | |||
|- | |||
| tutasa | |||
| tasa | |||
| nitasa | |||
| to walk | |||
|- | |||
| fupaki | |||
| haki | |||
| fumaki | |||
| to stay | |||
|- | |||
| tyusymi | |||
| symi | |||
| nyisymi | |||
| to exist | |||
|- | |||
| tuaihiu | |||
| aihiu | |||
| niaihiu | |||
| to get | |||
|- | |||
| upei | |||
| pei | |||
| umei | |||
| to think | |||
|- | |||
| tuicha | |||
| icha | |||
| nicha | |||
| to come | |||
|- | |||
| rtuertau | |||
| ertau | |||
| rniertau | |||
| to use | |||
|- | |||
| tuaihu | |||
| aihu | |||
| niaihu | |||
| to try | |||
|- | |||
| tyuyana | |||
| yana | |||
| nyiyana | |||
| to cook | |||
|- | |||
| puppi | |||
| ippi | |||
| muppi | |||
| to start | |||
|- | |||
| pafa | |||
| kafa | |||
| mafa | |||
| to return | |||
|- | |||
| puwa | |||
| euwa | |||
| muwa | |||
| to take | |||
|} | |||
<!--[[Category:Languages]]--> | <!--[[Category:Languages]]--> | ||