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→Negation Particles
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====Negation Particles==== | ====Negation Particles==== | ||
The negation particles are ''má, an, | The negation particles are ''má, an, há,'' and ''yáa''. Each of these serves a different function. | ||
*''má'' is the default negation particle in main clauses and is used with the indicative. e.g. ''má qapi'' "I do not have".It can combine to clitic subject pronouns: | *''má'' is the default negation particle in main clauses and is used with the indicative. e.g. ''má qapi'' "I do not have".It can combine to clitic subject pronouns: | ||
**''má'' + ''an(an)'' → ''máan(an)'' (for ''(an)'', see the next point) | **''má'' + ''an(an)'' → ''máan(an)'' (for ''(an)'', see the next point) | ||
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**''má'' + ''isho(n)'' → ''máysho(n)'' | **''má'' + ''isho(n)'' → ''máysho(n)'' | ||
*''an'' has two functions: | *''an'' has two functions: | ||
**It is used to form negative subject pronouns, which replace clitic subjects in negative clauses. e.g. ''má <b>usan</b> | **It is used to form negative subject pronouns, which replace clitic subjects in negative clauses. e.g. ''má <b>usan</b> qapín'' "He did not have", compare ''<b>us</b> qapi'' "he had". In this usage, ''an'' is optional and may be dropped - e.g. ''má <b>us</b> qapín''. It combines to clitic subjects: | ||
***''ad'' + ''an'' → ''athan'' | ***''ad'' + ''an'' → ''athan'' | ||
***''isho'' + ''an'' → ''ishon'' | ***''isho'' + ''an'' → ''ishon'' | ||
***The rest simply add ''-an'' - i.e. ''anan, usan, ishan, unan, isinan'' | ***The rest simply add ''-an'' - i.e. ''anan, usan, ishan, unan, isinan'' | ||
**It is also used as the sole negation particle in subordinate clauses. Since negation is shown on the verb, it is also optional here. e.g. ''ninkii (an) af soomaali aqiin'' "the man who does not know Somali". Note that in this usage, ''an'' prefers clause-initial position (although something like ''ninkii af soomaali <b>an</b> aqiin'' would not be incorrect). | **It is also used as the sole negation particle in subordinate clauses. Since negation is shown on the verb, it is also optional here. e.g. ''ninkii (an) af soomaali aqiin'' "the man who does not know Somali". Note that in this usage, ''an'' prefers clause-initial position (although something like ''ninkii af soomaali <b>an</b> aqiin'' would not be incorrect). | ||
*'' | *''há'' is used in the negative imperative. e.g. ''há bíxin'' "don't leave". | ||
*'' | *''yáa'' is used to negate the jussive. e.g. ''yáa usan bixín'' "don't let him leave". Like ''má'', ''yáa'' can combine with clitic subjects. e.g. ''yóosan bixin''. | ||
====Focus Particles==== | ====Focus Particles==== | ||