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Hadda: Difference between revisions
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Derivational morphology | Derivational morphology | ||
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===Verbs=== | |||
'''All of this is subject to change''' | |||
(Example verbs are ''gaa'wa'' "to throw", ''maara'' 'to lead", and ''ħaɗɗa'' "to be ħaɗɗa") | |||
The infinitive in native verbs is of the form ''XCaaCa'' or ''XCaCCa'', where X can be anything. Only the final portion (after X) changes. Therefore, "initial" consonant below refers to the initial consonant in the penultimate syllable. | |||
Mood: affects final vowel. | |||
*Indicative: ''-a'' | |||
*Other moods: ''TBD'' | |||
Tense + aspect: affects stem | |||
*Future: | |||
**Initial velar: change to labiovelar (/ɠ/ becomes /ɓ/) - e.g. ''gwaa'wa'' "will throw" | |||
**Other: stem vowel becomes ''o'' - e.g. ''moora'' "will lead", ''ħoɗɗa'' "will be/become hadda" | |||
*Present progressive: Identical to infinitive - e.g. ''gaa'wa'' "is throwing", ''maara'' "is leading", ''ħaɗɗa'' "is hadda" | |||
*Present habitual: | |||
**''CaaCa'' verbs become ''CaCCa'' - e.g. ''gaɓɓa'' "throws", ''malla'' "leads" | |||
**''CaCCa'' verbs become ''CaCaCCa'' - e.g. ''ħaɍaɗɗa'' "regularly becomes hadda" | |||
*Simple past: | |||
**Initial velar: change to labiovelar + stem vowel becomes ''i'' - e.g. ''gwii'wa'' "threw" | |||
**Other: stem vowel becomes ''u'' - e.g. ''muura'' "lead (past)", ''ħuɗɗa'' "became hadda" | |||
*Past progressive: stem vowel becomes ''i'' (palatalizing initial velars) - e.g. ''jii'wa'' "was throwing", ''miira'' "was leading", ''ħiɗɗa'' "was hadda" | |||
*Past habitual: like present habitual, but with stem vowel changes to ''i'' - e.g. ''giɓɓa'' "used to throw", ''ħiɍiɗɗa'' "used to regularly become hadda" | |||
*Theoretically, a future habitual could be formed by combining the future with the present habitual - e.g. ''gwaɓɓa'' "will throw regularly", ''molla'' "will lead regularly", ''ħoɍoɗɗa'' "will regularly become hadda" | |||
Originally, there were two tenses (past and non-past), each with three aspects (perfective, progressive/stative, and habitual). The future tense comes from the present perfective. | |||
Secondary verbs can be derived from primary or other secondary verbs. For example: | |||
*Intensive: Formed by reduplicating initial consonant and vowel - e.g. ''gaǥaa'wa'' "is throwing intensely" | |||
*Iterative: Formed by reduplicating ''CVCV'' - e.g. ''ga'waǥaa'wa'' "is throwing repeatedly" | |||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||
===Constituent order=== | ===Constituent order=== | ||