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→Focus Particles
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::*''wixi'' + ''isin'' → ''wixisin'' | ::*''wixi'' + ''isin'' → ''wixisin'' | ||
::*''wixi'' + ''isho'' → ''wixisho'' | ::*''wixi'' + ''isho'' → ''wixisho'' | ||
*'' | *''yaa'' (not to be confused with the negative particle ''yâa'') put emphasis on a noun (either subject or object). It follows the noun being emphasized. Unlike the negative particle ''yâa'', the following verb is in the indicative. | ||
:e.g. ''ninki <b> | :e.g. ''ninki <b>yaa</b> qálinki qaathi''/''qalinki ninki <b>yaa</b> qaathi'' "''the man'' took the pen" | ||
:*The interrogative equivalent of '' | :*The interrogative equivalent of ''yaa'' is ''mâ'' - ''yaá'' (i.e. ''yaá'' is kept and the noun is preceded by ''ma''). | ||
::e.g. ''<b>ma</b> ninki <b> | ::e.g. ''<b>ma</b> ninki <b>yaa</b> qálinki qaathi?'' "did ''the man'' take the pen?" (or "did the pen take ''the man''?) | ||
:*'' | :*''yaa'' can combine to clitic subjects in the same way as ''wâa''. | ||
*''âa'' puts emphasis on a noun (more so than '' | *''âa'' puts emphasis on a noun (more so than ''yaa''). It also follows the noun but puts the following verb into the subjunctive. The noun also remains in the absolutive case even if it is the subject. ''âa'' can again combine to clitic subjects like ''wâa''. | ||
:e.g. ''nínki <b> | :e.g. ''nínki <b>aa</b> qálinki qaathí''/''qálinki nínki <b>aá</b> qaathí'' "it was ''the man'' who took the pen" | ||
:*The interrogative equivalent of ''âa'' is ''mâ'' - ''âa''. | :*The interrogative equivalent of ''âa'' is ''mâ'' - ''âa''. | ||
::e.g. ''<b>ma</b> nínki <b> | ::e.g. ''<b>ma</b> nínki <b>aa</b> qálinki qaathí?'' "was it ''the man'' who took the pen?" | ||
*''wixi'' can be combined with ''âa'' to form ''waxâa'', which is used when the subject follows the verb (allowing for OVS word order). It places emphasis on the subject. | *''wixi'' can be combined with ''âa'' to form ''waxâa'', which is used when the subject follows the verb (allowing for OVS word order). It places emphasis on the subject. | ||
:e.g. ''qálinki <b> | :e.g. ''qálinki <b>waxaa</b> qaathí nínki'' "it was ''the man'' took the pen" (literally: "what took the pen (was) the man") | ||
:*The interrogative equivalent of ''waxâa'' is ''maxâa''. | :*The interrogative equivalent of ''waxâa'' is ''maxâa''. | ||
::e.g. ''qálinki <b> | ::e.g. ''qálinki <b>maxaa</b> qaathí nínki?'' "was it ''the man'' who took the pen?" | ||
*To make a sentence without a focus particle interrogative, the particle ''mâ'' (not to be confused with the homonymous negative particle) is placed before the verb in the indicative. ''mâ'' can combine to clitic subjects as the homonymous negative particle does (but without the ''-an''). | *To make a sentence without a focus particle interrogative, the particle ''mâ'' (not to be confused with the homonymous negative particle) is placed before the verb in the indicative. ''mâ'' can combine to clitic subjects as the homonymous negative particle does (but without the ''-an''). | ||
:e.g. ''ninki <b>má</b> taghi?'' "did the man go?" | :e.g. ''ninki <b>má</b> taghi?'' "did the man go?" | ||