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Wendlandish: Difference between revisions
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====Present participle and continuous tenses==== | |||
The present participle is an important formation in Wendlandish as it is used in forming continuous tenses — a different construction from other Romance languages like e.g. Portuguese ''estou falando/a falar'' or French ''je suis en train de parler''. | |||
The Wendlandish present participle is formed by the corresponding Latin accusative — it is however uninflected as gender wasn't distinguished on it in Latin and due to sound changes both the original -ntem and -ntēs forms both came to end in ''-nts''. Note that the gerund did '''not''' merge as it underwent umlaut (thus forms in ''-ønts'' for all verbs); while unused in modern Wendlandish, it is actually attested in the earliest texts but with a future passive participle meaning. | |||
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The present participle is extremely simple to form, by removing the infinitive ending and adding '''-æjnts''' for ''-æjr'' verbs, '''-jants''' for ''-ajr'' and ''-ir'' verbs, and '''-nts''' for ''-ær'' verbs<ref>In these verbs, the ''-æ-'' is actually part of the stem</ref>: | |||
: ''ømlæjr'' "to walk" (stem ''øml-'') → ''ømlæjnts'' "walking" | |||
: ''viðajr'' "to see" (stem ''við-'') → ''viðjants'' "seeing" (such forms are often pronounced without the /ð/, thus [ʋɪˈjants], [raɪ̯ˈjants] (''hrajðjants'' "believing") and so on) | |||
: ''hnovskir'' "to know" (''hnovsk-'') → ''hnovskjants'' "knowing" | |||
: ''inørnir'' "to intervene" (''inørn-'') → ''inørnjants'' "intervening" | |||
: ''milær'' "to smile" (''milæ-'') → ''milænts'' "smiling" | |||
These forms are used with the corresponding tenses of ''jas'' (present or imperfect), while the future is simply made with the ''kap'' auxiliary verb (it was once a regular form with the infinitive of ''jas'', but it was later omitted so earlier ''jag kap jas ømlæjnts'' "I will be walking" → modern ''jag kap ømlæjnts'' (c.f. simple future ''jag kap ømlæjr'' "I will walk")): | |||
: ''jag so viðjants'' "I am seeing", ''jag jarm viðjants'' "I was seeing" | |||
: ''tsu jar jants'' "you are saying", ''tsu jarar jants'' "you were saying" | |||
: ''if jatt forkastsænts'' "he is eating lunch", ''if jart forkastsænts'' "he was eating lunch" | |||
: ''novr saurm arvejðænts'' "we are working", ''novr jørum arvejðænts'' "we were working" | |||
: ''vovr jæsts gljandænts'' "you (pl.) are looking", ''vovr jærits gljandænts'' "you (pl.) were looking" | |||
: ''ifi saunts hrjæjnts'' "they are making", ''ifi jarants hrjæjnts'' "they were making" | |||
==== Irregular verbs ==== | ==== Irregular verbs ==== | ||