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*Third person clitic pronouns are often omitted. When the this occurs in oblique cases, the corresponding free postposition forms are used (''oó'', ''ák'', ''ás'', ''ál'', and ''ád'' respectively). | *Third person clitic pronouns are often omitted. When the this occurs in oblique cases, the corresponding free postposition forms are used (''oó'', ''ák'', ''ás'', ''ál'', and ''ád'' respectively). | ||
===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
====Suffix Conjugation==== | ====Class I==== | ||
=====Suffix Conjugation===== | |||
Most consonant-initial verbs fall into this category. Example: ''sheeníni'' "to bring". | Most consonant-initial verbs fall into this category. Example: ''sheeníni'' "to bring". | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | ||
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! colspan="5" | Passive Participle<small><sup>1</sup></small> || colspan="4" style="background: none" | <span style="font-weight:normal">''-án-''</span> || colspan="4" style="background: none" | <span style="font-weight:normal">''sheen<b>án-</b>''</span> | ! colspan="5" | Passive Participle<small><sup>1</sup></small> || colspan="4" style="background: none" | <span style="font-weight:normal">''-án-''</span> || colspan="4" style="background: none" | <span style="font-weight:normal">''sheen<b>án-</b>''</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! !! colspan="2" | Present Affirmative !! colspan="2" | Present Subordinate !! colspan="2" | Past Affirmative !! colspan="2" | Past Negative !! colspan="2" | Jussive/Imperative Aff. !! colspan="2" | Jussive/Imperative Neg. | ! !! colspan="2" | Present Affirmative<small><sup>2</sup></small> !! colspan="2" | Present Subordinate<small><sup>2</sup></small> !! colspan="2" | Past Affirmative<small><sup>2</sup></small> !! colspan="2" | Past Negative !! colspan="2" | Jussive/Imperative Aff. !! colspan="2" | Jussive/Imperative Neg. | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 1S | ! 1S | ||
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<small><sup>1</sup></small> Conjugates as an adjective. | <small><sup>1</sup></small> Conjugates as an adjective. | ||
<small><sup>2</sup></small> ''- | <small><sup>2</sup></small> The final vowel in the singular and 1P forms (i.e. ''-á/ó/é'') lose their high tone when non-final and lengthen in questions. | ||
====Prefix Conjugation==== | =====Prefix Conjugation===== | ||
Vowel-initial verbs. Example verb: ''arkíni'' "to see". | Vowel-initial verbs. Example verb: ''arkíni'' "to see". | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | ||
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|} | |} | ||
====Adjectival Conjugation==== | ====Class II: Adjectival Conjugation==== | ||
This used for adjectives and a few stative verbs. The citation form is the 3SM present affirmative. They | This used for adjectives and a few stative verbs. The citation form is the 3SM present affirmative. They each have a Class I counterpart that is used inchoatively. Example: ''cáse'' "red" (inchoative: ''casoóni'' "to become red"). For the infinitive, passive participle, and imperatives/jussives, use the Class I forms. | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | ||
|- | |- | ||
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! colspan="3" | Active Participle || colspan="3" style="background: none" | <span style="font-weight:normal">''-íi''</span> || colspan="3" style="background: none" | <span style="font-weight:normal">''cas<b>íi</b>''</span> | ! colspan="3" | Active Participle || colspan="3" style="background: none" | <span style="font-weight:normal">''-íi''</span> || colspan="3" style="background: none" | <span style="font-weight:normal">''cas<b>íi</b>''</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! !! colspan="2" | Present Affirmative !! colspan="2" | Present | ! !! colspan="2" | Present Affirmative !! colspan="2" | Present Subordinate !! colspan="2" | Past Affirmative !! colspan="2" | Past Negative | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 1S | ! 1S | ||
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| ''-́iini'' || ''cás<b>iini</b>''|| ''-iíni'' || ''cas<b>iíni</b>''|| ''-íishiini'' || ''cas<b>íishiini</b>''|| ''-iishiíni'' || ''cas<b>iishiíni</b>'' | | ''-́iini'' || ''cás<b>iini</b>''|| ''-iíni'' || ''cas<b>iíni</b>''|| ''-íishiini'' || ''cas<b>íishiini</b>''|| ''-iishiíni'' || ''cas<b>iishiíni</b>'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
====Tense, Aspect, Mood, Voice==== | |||
'''Notes:''' | |||
*The Class I forms ending in a high-tone vowel lose the high tone when non-final and lengthen the final vowel when used interrogatively. | |||
=====Simple Present===== | |||
*Used for actions in the present or future, or that started in the past but continue into the present (i.e. English past perfect continuous). | |||
*Main clause: | |||
**Affirmative: "Present indicative" - e.g. ''yarká'' "he sees" | |||
**Negative: ''ma'' + "Present subordinate" - e.g. ''ma yarkó'' "he does not see" | |||
*Subordinate clause: | |||
**Affirmative: "Present subordinate" - e.g. ''akka yarkó'' "that he sees" | |||
**Negative: ''ma'' + "Present subordinate" - e.g. ''akka ma yarkó'' "that he does not see" | |||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||