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Qino: Difference between revisions
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==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
===Orthography=== | ===Orthography=== | ||
Qino can be written in the Arabic or | Qino can be written in the Arabic, Latin, or Ge'ez scripts. In this article, the Latin script (with stress indicated) is used for ease of reading. | ||
====Consonants==== | ====Consonants==== | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Traditional Arabic !! "Modernized" Arabic !! Latin !! IPA !! Notes | ! Traditional Arabic !! "Modernized" Arabic !! Latin !! Ge'ez !! IPA !! Notes | ||
|- | |- | ||
| <big>ـأ أ</big> || <big>أ</big> || ' || ʔ || Here hamzah is shown on alif, but it may occur on waw (ؤ), ya' (ئ), or without a "chair" (ء). | | <big>ـأ أ</big> || <big>أ</big> || ' || አ || ʔ || Here hamzah is shown on alif, but it may occur on waw (ؤ), ya' (ئ), or without a "chair" (ء). | ||
|- | |- | ||
| <big>ببب ب</big> || <big>ب</big> || b || b || Lenited to [β ~ β̞] between vowels. May be indicated in traditional Arabic script as ۋ. | | <big>ببب ب</big> || <big>ب</big> || b || በ || b || Lenited to [β ~ β̞] between vowels. May be indicated in traditional Arabic script as ۋ. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| <big>پپپ پ</big> || <big>ڀ</big> || bh || ɓ || Lenited to [β̞ˀ] between vowels. | | <big>پپپ پ</big> || <big>ڀ</big> || bh || ጰ || ɓ || Lenited to [β̞ˀ] between vowels. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| <big>تتت ت</big> || <big>ت</big> || t || t || | | <big>تتت ت</big> || <big>ت</big> || t || ተ || t || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| <big>ثثث ث</big> || <big>ث</big> || th || θ || Occurs in loanwords. Nativized as /t/. | | <big>ثثث ث</big> || <big>ث</big> || th || ሠ || θ || Occurs in loanwords. Nativized as /t/. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| <big>ججج ج</big> || <big>ج</big> || j || d͡ʒ || Lenited to [ʝ ~ j] between vowels (may be indicated orthographically as ے/y). | | <big>ججج ج</big> || <big>ج</big> || j || ጀ || d͡ʒ || Lenited to [ʝ ~ j] between vowels (may be indicated orthographically as ے/y). | ||
|- | |- | ||
| <big>ڃڃڃ ڃ</big> || <big>ݧ</big> || ny || ɲ || | | <big>ڃڃڃ ڃ</big> || <big>ݧ</big> || ny || ኘ || ɲ || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| <big>چچچ چ</big> || <big>ڇ</big> || jh || ʄ || Lenited to [jˀ] between vowels. | | <big>چچچ چ</big> || <big>ڇ</big> || jh || ጨ || ʄ || Lenited to [jˀ] between vowels. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| <big>ححح ح</big> || <big>ح</big> || x || ħ || | | <big>ححح ح</big> || <big>ح</big> || x || ሐ || ħ || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| <big>خخخ خ</big> || <big>خ</big> || kh || x ~ χ || Occurs in loanwords. | | <big>خخخ خ</big> || <big>خ</big> || kh || ኀ || x ~ χ || Occurs in loanwords. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| <big>ـد د</big> || <big>د</big> || d || d || Lenited to [ð ~ ð̞] between vowels (may be indicated in Arabic script as ذ). | | <big>ـد د</big> || <big>د</big> || d || ደ || d || Lenited to [ð ~ ð̞] between vowels (may be indicated in Arabic script as ذ). | ||
|- | |- | ||
| <big>ـذ ذ</big> || <big>ذ</big> || dz || ð || Occurs in loanwords. Nativized as /d/. May be used for intervocalic allophone of /d/. | | <big>ـذ ذ</big> || <big>ذ</big> || dz || ዘ || ð || Occurs in loanwords. Nativized as /d/. May be used for intervocalic allophone of /d/. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| <big>ـر ر</big> || <big>ر</big> || r || r || Becomes a tap (/ɾ/) between vowels. | | <big>ـر ر</big> || <big>ر</big> || r || ረ || r || Becomes a tap (/ɾ/) between vowels. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| <big>ـز ز</big> || <big>ز</big> || z || z || Occurs in loanwords. | | <big>ـز ز</big> || <big>ز</big> || z || ዘ || z || Occurs in loanwords. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| <big>سسس س</big> || <big>س</big> || s || s || | | <big>سسس س</big> || <big>س</big> || s || ሰ || s || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| <big>ششش ش</big> || <big>ش</big> || sh || ʃ || | | <big>ششش ش</big> || <big>ش</big> || sh || ሸ || ʃ || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| <big>صصص ص</big> || <big>ص</big> || s || s || Occurs in Arabic loanwords. Educated pronunciation is /sˁ/. | | <big>صصص ص</big> || <big>ص</big> || s || ሰ || s || Occurs in Arabic loanwords. Educated pronunciation is /sˁ/. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| <big>ضضض ض</big> || <big>ض</big> || lh || lˀ || In Arabic loanwords, may be pronounced as in Fusha (/dˁ/ or /d͡lˁ/ or whatever) or the "hybrid" pronunciations /ɗ͡l(ˁ)/ or /lˁ/. | | <big>ضضض ض</big> || <big>ض</big> || lh || ፀ || lˀ || In Arabic loanwords, may be pronounced as in Fusha (/dˁ/ or /d͡lˁ/ or whatever) or the "hybrid" pronunciations /ɗ͡l(ˁ)/ or /lˁ/. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| <big>ططط ط</big> || <big>ط</big> || dh || ɗ || Lenited to [ɾˀ] between vowels, which may be indicated orthographically as ڟ/rh. In loanwords, may be pronounced /t̪ˁ/ or the hybrid pronunciation /ɗ̪(ˁ)/. | | <big>ططط ط</big> || <big>ط</big> || dh || ጠ || ɗ || Lenited to [ɾˀ] between vowels, which may be indicated orthographically as ڟ/rh. In loanwords, may be pronounced /t̪ˁ/ or the hybrid pronunciation /ɗ̪(ˁ)/. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| <big>ظظظ ظ</big> || <big>ظ</big> || dz || ð || Occurs in Arabic loanwords. Educated pronunciation is /ðˁ/. Nativized as /d/ or /ɗ/. | | <big>ظظظ ظ</big> || <big>ظ</big> || dz || ጸ || ð || Occurs in Arabic loanwords. Educated pronunciation is /ðˁ/. Nativized as /d/ or /ɗ/. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| <big>ڟڟڟ ڟ</big> || <big>ڟ</big> || rh || ɾˀ || Allophone of /ɗ/ between vowels. May not be distinguished from ط/dh. | | <big>ڟڟڟ ڟ</big> || <big>ڟ</big> || rh || ጠ || ɾˀ || Allophone of /ɗ/ between vowels. May not be distinguished from ط/dh. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| <big>ععع ع</big> || <big>ع</big> || c || ʕ || | | <big>ععع ع</big> || <big>ع</big> || c || ዐ || ʕ || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| <big>غغغ غ</big> || <big>غ</big> || gh || ɣ ~ ʁ || Occurs in loanwords. Nativized as /ɡ/ or /ɠ/. May be used for the intervocalic allophone of /ɡ/. | | <big>غغغ غ</big> || <big>غ</big> || gh || ቐ || ɣ ~ ʁ || Occurs in loanwords. Nativized as /ɡ/ or /ɠ/. May be used for the intervocalic allophone of /ɡ/. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| <big>ڢڢڡ ڡ</big> || <big>ف</big> || f || f || | | <big>ڢڢڡ ڡ</big> || <big>ف</big> || f || ፈ || f || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| <big>ڥڥڥ ڥ</big> || <big>پ</big> || p || p || Occurs in loanwords. Nativized as /b/ or /f/. | | <big>ڥڥڥ ڥ</big> || <big>پ</big> || p || ፐ || p || Occurs in loanwords. Nativized as /b/ or /f/. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| <big>ڧڧٯ ٯ</big> || <big>ق</big> || q || ɠ || Lenited to [ɰˀ] between vowels. In loanwords, may be pronounced /q/ or the hybrid pronunciation /ʛ/. | | <big>ڧڧٯ ٯ</big> || <big>ق</big> || q || ቀ || ɠ || Lenited to [ɰˀ] between vowels. In loanwords, may be pronounced /q/ or the hybrid pronunciation /ʛ/. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| <big>ققق ق</big> || <big>ڹ</big> || ng || ŋ || | | <big>ققق ق</big> || <big>ڹ</big> || ng || ጘ || ŋ || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| <big>ڨڨڨ ڨ</big> || <big>ڠ</big> || g || ɡ || Lenited to [ɣ ~ ɣ̞] between vowels (may be indicated in Arabic script as غ). | | <big>ڨڨڨ ڨ</big> || <big>ڠ</big> || g || ገ || ɡ || Lenited to [ɣ ~ ɣ̞] between vowels (may be indicated in Arabic script as غ). | ||
|- | |- | ||
| <big>ککک ک</big> || <big>ك</big> || k || k || | | <big>ککک ک</big> || <big>ك</big> || k || ከ || k || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| <big>ݣݣݣ ݣ</big> || <big>چ</big> || ch || t͡ʃ || | | <big>ݣݣݣ ݣ</big> || <big>چ</big> || ch || ቸ || t͡ʃ || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| <big>للل ل</big> || <big>ل</big> || l || l || | | <big>للل ل</big> || <big>ل</big> || l || ለ || l || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| <big>ممم م</big> || <big>م</big> || m || m || | | <big>ممم م</big> || <big>م</big> || m || መ || m || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| <big>ننں ں</big> || <big>ن</big> || n || n || | | <big>ننں ں</big> || <big>ن</big> || n || ነ || n || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| <big>ـو و</big> || <big>و</big> || w || w || | | <big>ـو و</big> || <big>و</big> || w || ወ || w || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| <big>ـۋ ۋ</big> || <big>ڤ</big> || v || v || Occurs in loanwords. Nativized as /f/, /b/, or /w/. May be used for intervocalic allophone of /b/. | | <big>ـۋ ۋ</big> || <big>ڤ</big> || v || ቨ || v || Occurs in loanwords. Nativized as /f/, /b/, or /w/. May be used for intervocalic allophone of /b/. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| <big>ههه ه</big> || <big>ه</big> || h || h || | | <big>ههه ه</big> || <big>ه</big> || h || ሀ || h || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| <big>ییی\ـے ی\ے</big> || <big>ي</big> || y || j || In the traditional Arabic script, written as ے when representing a final /i(ː)/ or /-j/. May be used for intervocalic allophone of /d͡ʒ/. | | <big>ییی\ـے ی\ے</big> || <big>ي</big> || y || የ || j || In the traditional Arabic script, written as ے when representing a final /i(ː)/ or /-j/. May be used for intervocalic allophone of /d͡ʒ/. | ||
|} | |} | ||
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Traditional Arabic !! "Modernized" Arabic !! Latin !! IPA !! Notes | ! Traditional Arabic !! "Modernized" Arabic !! Latin !! Ge'ez !! IPA !! Notes | ||
|- | |- | ||
| <big><big>ـَ</big></big> || <big><big>ـَ</big></big> || a || a || | | <big><big>ـَ</big></big> || <big><big>ـَ</big></big> || a || አ || a || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| <big><big>ـٜ</big></big> || <big><big>ـٖ</big></big> || e || e || | | <big><big>ـٜ</big></big> || <big><big>ـٖ</big></big> || e || ኤ || e || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| <big><big>ـِ</big></big> || <big><big>ـِ</big></big> || i || i || | | <big><big>ـِ</big></big> || <big><big>ـِ</big></big> || i || ኢ፣እ || i || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| <big><big>ـٗ</big></big> || <big><big>ـٗ</big></big> || o || o || | | <big><big>ـٗ</big></big> || <big><big>ـٗ</big></big> || o || ኦ || o || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| <big><big>ـُ</big></big> || <big><big>ـُ</big></big> || u || u || | | <big><big>ـُ</big></big> || <big><big>ـُ</big></big> || u || ኦ || u || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| <big><big>ـَا</big></big> || <big><big>ـَا</big></big> || aa || aː || | | <big><big>ـَا</big></big> || <big><big>ـَا</big></big> || aa || ኣ || aː || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| <big><big>ـٜیٰ، ـَےْ</big></big> || <big><big>ـٖي٬ ـَيْ</big></big> || ee || eː || | | <big><big>ـٜیٰ، ـَےْ</big></big> || <big><big>ـٖي٬ ـَيْ</big></big> || ee || ኤ || eː || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| <big><big>ـِے</big></big> || <big><big>ـِي</big></big> || ii || iː || | | <big><big>ـِے</big></big> || <big><big>ـِي</big></big> || ii || ኢ || iː || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| <big><big>ـٗو٬ ـَوْ</big></big> || <big><big>ـٗو، ـَوْ</big></big> || oo || oː || | | <big><big>ـٗو٬ ـَوْ</big></big> || <big><big>ـٗو، ـَوْ</big></big> || oo || ኦ || oː || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| <big><big>ـُو</big></big> || <big><big>ـُو</big></big> || uu || uː || | | <big><big>ـُو</big></big> || <big><big>ـُو</big></big> || uu || ኡ || uː || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| <big><big>ـْ</big></big> || <big><big>ـْ</big></big> || C || C || Used for a consonant not followed by a vowel. | | <big><big>ـْ</big></big> || <big><big>ـْ</big></big> || C || እ || C || Used for a consonant not followed by a vowel. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| <big><big>ـّ</big></big> || <big><big>ـّ</big></big> || CC || Cː || Used for a geminate consonant. | | <big><big>ـّ</big></big> || <big><big>ـّ</big></big> || CC || - || Cː || Used for a geminate consonant. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| <big><big>ـهْ</big></big> || <big><big>ـهْ</big></big> || -V́ (or -Vh) || -V́ || Used for a stressed word-final vowel. | | <big><big>ـهْ</big></big> || <big><big>ـهْ</big></big> || -V́ (or -Vh) || (ህ) || -V́ || Used for a stressed word-final vowel. | ||
|} | |} | ||