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**'''Absolutive''': Citation form, used for the direct object of a verb, the object of most adpositions, and predicative nouns. Personal pronouns have a distinct accusative form that is used for direct objects. | **'''Absolutive''': Citation form, used for the direct object of a verb, the object of most adpositions, and predicative nouns. Personal pronouns have a distinct accusative form that is used for direct objects. | ||
**'''Nominative''': Used for the subject of a verb. Formed as follows: | **'''Nominative''': Used for the subject of a verb. Formed as follows: | ||
***Masculine with absolutive ending in consonant, ''-a'' | ***Masculine with absolutive ending in consonant, ''-a'': ''-u'' - e.g. ''nama'' "person" → ''namu'' | ||
***Feminine/plural with absolutive ending in consonant or ''-a'': ''-i'' - e.g. ''nafa'' "soul" → ''nafi'' | |||
***Feminine/ | ***Absolutive ending in other short, unstressed vowel: unchanged - e.g. ''shimmirti'' "bird (sing.)" → ''shimmirti'' | ||
***Absolutive ending in | |||
***Absolutive ending in a long or stressed vowel: ''-n'' - e.g. ''Faadhumá'' "Fatima" → ''Faadhuman'' | ***Absolutive ending in a long or stressed vowel: ''-n'' - e.g. ''Faadhumá'' "Fatima" → ''Faadhuman'' | ||
**'''Genitive''': Used for possession ("of") and the object of some adpositions. | **'''Genitive''': Used for possession ("of") and the object of some adpositions. | ||
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***Absolutive ending in long or stressed vowel: ''-dhe'' (declines as adjective), ''-dha'' (invariant; present only) - e.g. ''Faadhumá'' → ''Faadhumárhe, Faadhumárha'' | ***Absolutive ending in long or stressed vowel: ''-dhe'' (declines as adjective), ''-dha'' (invariant; present only) - e.g. ''Faadhumá'' → ''Faadhumárhe, Faadhumárha'' | ||
***Independent forms of the copula: ''dha'' (invariant; present only), ''e'' (adjective declension), ''dhe'' (= ''dha + e''; adjective declension) | ***Independent forms of the copula: ''dha'' (invariant; present only), ''e'' (adjective declension), ''dhe'' (= ''dha + e''; adjective declension) | ||
:::e.g. '' | :::e.g. ''Maxammadu nama / nama e / nama dha / nama dhe / name / namarha.'' "Muhammad is a person." | ||
====Number==== | ====Number==== | ||