7,081
edits
Qino: Difference between revisions
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
→Case
(→Stress) |
(→Case) |
||
| Line 337: | Line 337: | ||
***Independent form: ''oo'' | ***Independent form: ''oo'' | ||
**'''Ablative''': Used for source ("from"), comparison ("than"), "in regards to". | **'''Ablative''': Used for source ("from"), comparison ("than"), "in regards to". | ||
***Absolutive ending in consonant: ''-ák'' - e.g. '' | ***Absolutive ending in consonant: ''-ák'' - e.g. ''Maxammad'' → ''Maxammadak'' | ||
***Absolutive ending in vowel: ''-́k'' - e.g. ''nama'' → ''namak'' | ***Absolutive ending in vowel: ''-́k'' - e.g. ''nama'' → ''namak'' | ||
***Independent form: ''ak'' | ***Independent form: ''ak'' | ||
**'''Instrumental''': Used for instrument, means, agent, cause, time. | **'''Instrumental''': Used for instrument, means, agent, cause, time. | ||
***Absolutive ending in consonant: ''-ás'' - e.g. '' | ***Absolutive ending in consonant: ''-ás'' - e.g. ''Maxammad'' → ''Maxammadas'' | ||
***Absolutive ending in vowel: ''-́s'' - e.g. ''nama'' → ''namas'' | ***Absolutive ending in vowel: ''-́s'' - e.g. ''nama'' → ''namas'' | ||
***Independent form: ''as'' | ***Independent form: ''as'' | ||
**'''Comitative''': Used for accompaniment ("in company with"). | **'''Comitative''': Used for accompaniment ("in company with"). | ||
***Absolutive ending in consonant: ''-ál'' - e.g. '' | ***Absolutive ending in consonant: ''-ál'' - e.g. ''Maxammad'' → ''Maxammadal'' | ||
***Absolutive ending in vowel: ''-́l'' - e.g. ''nama'' → ''namal'' | ***Absolutive ending in vowel: ''-́l'' - e.g. ''nama'' → ''namal'' | ||
***Independent form: ''al'' | ***Independent form: ''al'' | ||
**'''Locative''': Used for location. For more specific location, postpositions are used. | **'''Locative''': Used for location. For more specific location, postpositions are used. | ||
***Absolutive ending in consonant: ''-ád'' - e.g. '' | ***Absolutive ending in consonant: ''-ád'' - e.g. ''Maxammad'' → ''Maxammadad'' | ||
***Absolutive ending in vowel: ''-́d'' - e.g. ''nama'' → ''namad'' | ***Absolutive ending in vowel: ''-́d'' - e.g. ''nama'' → ''namad'' | ||
***Independent form: ''ad'' | ***Independent form: ''ad'' | ||
*'''Pseudo-cases:''' | *'''Pseudo-cases:''' | ||
**'''Predicative''': Used for predicative nouns. This is not a true case but rather the absolutive fused to the copula. This fusing is optional and in the present indicative, the copula can be dropped entirely. | **'''Predicative''': Used for predicative nouns. This is not a true case but rather the absolutive fused to the copula. This fusing is optional and in the present indicative, the copula can be dropped entirely. | ||
***Absolutive ending in consonant or short, unstressed vowel: ''-e'' (declines as adjective), ''-dha'' (invariant; present only) - e.g. '' | ***Absolutive ending in consonant or short, unstressed vowel: ''-e'' (declines as adjective), ''-dha'' (invariant; present only) - e.g. ''Maxammad'' → ''Maxammade, Maxámmaddha'' | ||
***Absolutive ending in long or stressed vowel: ''-dhe'' (declines as adjective), ''-dha'' (invariant; present only) - e.g. ''Faadhumá'' → ''Faadhumárhe, Faadhumárha'' | ***Absolutive ending in long or stressed vowel: ''-dhe'' (declines as adjective), ''-dha'' (invariant; present only) - e.g. ''Faadhumá'' → ''Faadhumárhe, Faadhumárha'' | ||
***Independent forms of the copula: ''dha'' (invariant; present only), ''e'' (adjective declension), ''dhe'' (= ''dha + e''; adjective declension) | ***Independent forms of the copula: ''dha'' (invariant; present only), ''e'' (adjective declension), ''dhe'' (= ''dha + e''; adjective declension) | ||