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{{Infobox language | {{Infobox language | ||
|name = Pre- | |name = Pre-Owina | ||
|nativename = | |nativename = | ||
|pronunciation = | |pronunciation = | ||
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==History== | ==History== | ||
:''See also: [[w:Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]]'' | :''See also: [[w:Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]]'' | ||
Pre- | Pre-Owina evolved from the [[w:Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]] language spoken somewhere in the Eurasian steppes. The following are among the notable changes that occurred as the Pre-Owina culture made its way into east Siberia: | ||
* Voiced aspirated consonants became devoiced (but kept their aspiration). | * Voiced aspirated consonants became devoiced (but kept their aspiration). | ||
* Short /e/ and /o/ were raised to /i/ and /u/ to make maximal use of the vowel space. | * Short /e/ and /o/ were raised to /i/ and /u/ to make maximal use of the vowel space. | ||
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* Thematic inflection paradigms for nouns of the three original grammatical genders (masculine, neuter, and feminine) merged, creating a fourth "thematic" gender. | * Thematic inflection paradigms for nouns of the three original grammatical genders (masculine, neuter, and feminine) merged, creating a fourth "thematic" gender. | ||
:* This gender adopted /qin/, a simplification of the Proto-Indo-European word for "other", as its pronoun. | :* This gender adopted /qin/, a simplification of the Proto-Indo-European word for "other", as its pronoun. | ||
* Unlike most Indo-European languages, which simplified the robust case system of Proto-Indo-European, Pre- | * Unlike most Indo-European languages, which simplified the robust case system of Proto-Indo-European, Pre-Owina innovated two new cases under influence from nearby Siberian languages: | ||
:* A [[w:comitative case|comitative]], from the postposition /kum/ ("with") suffixed to the accusative. | :* A [[w:comitative case|comitative]], from the postposition /kum/ ("with") suffixed to the accusative. | ||
:* An [[w:illative case|illative]], from the postposition /xin/ ("in") suffixed to the dative. | :* An [[w:illative case|illative]], from the postposition /xin/ ("in") suffixed to the dative. | ||
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==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
Pre- | Pre-Owina possessed the following consonants: | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" | ||
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* V stands for any vowel | * V stands for any vowel | ||
Pre- | Pre-Owina inherited the phonemic stress system of [[w:Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]]. No syllable in a word had to be stressed, and sometimes more than one were. Here, stress is indicated with an acute accent, written thus: | ||
:'''á é í ó ú''' | :'''á é í ó ú''' | ||
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From [[w:Schleicher's fable|Schleicher's fable]]: | From [[w:Schleicher's fable|Schleicher's fable]]: | ||
:'''PIE:''' h₂áu̯ei̯ h₁i̯osméi̯ h₂u̯l̥h₁náh₂ né h₁ést, só h₁éḱu̯oms derḱt. só gʷr̥hₓúm u̯óǵʰom u̯eǵʰed; só méǵh₂m̥ bʰórom; só dʰǵʰémonm̥ h₂ṓḱu bʰered. | :'''PIE:''' h₂áu̯ei̯ h₁i̯osméi̯ h₂u̯l̥h₁náh₂ né h₁ést, só h₁éḱu̯oms derḱt. só gʷr̥hₓúm u̯óǵʰom u̯eǵʰed; só méǵh₂m̥ bʰórom; só dʰǵʰémonm̥ h₂ṓḱu bʰered. | ||
:'''Pre- | :'''Pre-Owina:''' Qívas xashusij qafoxniqash ní xísat, sú xíkshafes dirkid; sú qinum víkhyam sú mígyaqam phírat, sú thakhyímunam qókyav phírat. | ||
:'''Gloss:''' sheep-F.SG.NOM REL-F.SG.DAT wool-THEM.SG.NOM not be-3SG.PST, and horse-THEM.PL.ACC see-3SG.PST.THEM. and 3PL.THEM.GEN wagon-NEUT.SG.ACC pull-3SG.PST; and load-NEUT.SG.ACC carry-3SG.PST; and person-M.ACC quick-ADV carry-3SG.PST. | :'''Gloss:''' sheep-F.SG.NOM REL-F.SG.DAT wool-THEM.SG.NOM not be-3SG.PST, and horse-THEM.PL.ACC see-3SG.PST.THEM. and 3PL.THEM.GEN wagon-NEUT.SG.ACC pull-3SG.PST; and load-NEUT.SG.ACC carry-3SG.PST; and person-M.ACC quick-ADV carry-3SG.PST. | ||
:'''English:''' A sheep that had no wool saw horses, one of them pulling a heavy wagon, one carrying a big load, and one carrying a man quickly. | :'''English:''' A sheep that had no wool saw horses, one of them pulling a heavy wagon, one carrying a big load, and one carrying a man quickly. | ||