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{{Infobox language
|name = Pre-Owina
|nativename =
|pronunciation =
|region = East Siberia
|states =
|setting =
|speakers =
|date = c. 2000 BC
|fam1 = [[w:Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]
|script = [[w:Latin script|Latin]] (unofficially)
}}
==History==
:''See also: [[w:Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]]''
Pre-Owina evolved from the [[w:Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]] language spoken somewhere in the Eurasian steppes. The following are among the notable changes that occurred as the Pre-Owina culture made its way into east Siberia:
* Voiced aspirated consonants became devoiced (but kept their aspiration).
* Short /e/ and /o/ were raised to /i/ and /u/ to make maximal use of the vowel space.
:* Afterward, vowel length was lost, so /eː/ and /oː/ became simply /e/ and /o/.
* Labialized consonants delabialized when preceding /u/ and /o/, and palatalized consonants depalatalized when preceding /i/.
* The consonants /j/ and /w/ shifted to /ʒ/ and /v/. Unlike most Indo-European languages where syllabic /j/ and /w/ became vocalic /i/ and /u/, here they remained consonantal.
:* When adjacent to a voiceless consonant, /ʒ/ and /v/ became /ʃ/ and /f/.
* Syllabic consonants became disallowed:
:* Syllabic /n/ and /r/ fronted to /e/, while syllabic /l/ vocalized to /o/.
:* The other syllabic consonants (/j/, /w/, and /m/) took on an epenthetic /a/ to separate them from other consonants. /ʃ/ and /f/ kept their voicelessness when pulled out of consonant clusters, thus cementing them as new phonemes.
* The dual number completely disappeared.
* Thematic inflection paradigms for nouns of the three original grammatical genders (masculine, neuter, and feminine) merged, creating a fourth "thematic" gender.
:* This gender adopted /qin/, a simplification of the Proto-Indo-European word for "other", as its pronoun.
* Unlike most Indo-European languages, which simplified the robust case system of Proto-Indo-European, Pre-Owina innovated two new cases under influence from nearby Siberian languages:
:* A [[w:comitative case|comitative]], from the postposition /kum/ ("with") suffixed to the accusative.
:* An [[w:illative case|illative]], from the postposition /xin/ ("in") suffixed to the dative.
==Phonology==
===Consonants===
Pre-Owina possessed the following consonants:
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!  rowspan="2" colspan="2" |
!  rowspan="2" |Labial
!  rowspan="2" |Alveolar
!  rowspan="2" |Palatal-<br>alveolar
!  rowspan="2" |Palatal
!  colspan="3" |Velar
!  colspan="2" |Uvular
|-
!  Palatalized
!  Plain
!  Labialized
!  Plain
!  Labialized
|-
! colspan="2" | Nasal
| *'''m''' /m/
| *'''n''' /n/
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | Plosive
! Voiceless
| *'''p''' /p/
| *'''t''' /t/
|
|
| *'''ky''' /kʲ/
| *'''k''' /k/
| *'''kw''' /kʷ/
|
|
|-
! Voiced
|
| *'''d''' /t/
|
|
| *'''gy''' /gʲ/
| *'''g''' /g/
| *'''gw''' /gʷ/
|
|
|-
! Aspirated
| *'''ph''' /pʰ/
| *'''th''' /tʰ/
|
|
| *'''kyh''' /kʲʰ/
| *'''kh''' /kʰ/
| *'''kwh''' /kʷʰ/
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | Fricative
! Voiceless
| *'''f''' /f/
| *'''s''' /s/
| *'''sh''' /ʃ/
|
|
| *'''x''' /x/
|
| *'''q''' /χ/
| *'''qw''' /χʷ/
|-
! Voiced
| *'''v''' /v/
|
| *'''j''' /ʒ/
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | Affricate
|
|
| *'''ch''' /t͡ʃ/
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | Approximant
|
| *'''l''' /l/
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | Flap/Trill
|
| *'''r''' /r/
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
===Vowels===
The following vowel phonemes are used:
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;"
|-
!
! Front
! Central
! Back
|-
! High
| *'''i''' /i/
|
| *'''u''' /u/
|-
! Mid
| *'''e''' /e/
|
| *'''o''' /o/
|-
! Low
|
| *'''a''' /a/
|
|}
===Phonotactics===
Syllables could be maximally SPAVAPS, where:
* S stands for any sibilant
* P stands for any plosive or fricative
* A stands for any approximant, flap/trill, or nasal
* V stands for any vowel
Pre-Owina inherited the phonemic stress system of [[w:Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]]. No syllable in a word had to be stressed, and sometimes more than one were. Here, stress is indicated with an acute accent, written thus:
:'''á é í ó ú'''
==Grammar==
==Grammar==
===Pronouns===
===Pronouns===
Line 218: Line 28:
|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| ''*xig''
| ''*shig''
| ''*ev''
| ''*e''
| ''*fax''
| ''*far''
| ''*ja''
| ''*ja''
| ''*su''
| ''*su''
| rowspan="2" | ''*tud''
| rowspan="2" | ''*tud''
| ''*siq''
| ''*sir''
| ''*qis''
| ''*ris''
| ''*tuj''
| ''*tuj''
| rowspan="2" | ''*tuq''
| rowspan="2" | ''*tur''
| ''*tiqaj''
| ''*tiraj''
| ''*qini''
| ''*rini''
|-
|-
! Accusative
! Accusative
Line 237: Line 47:
| ''*vos''
| ''*vos''
| ''*tum''
| ''*tum''
| ''*tiq''
| ''*tir''
| ''*qim''
| ''*rim''
| ''*tuns''
| ''*tuns''
| ''*tiqes''
| ''*tires''
| ''*qines''
| ''*rines''
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
| ''*míni''
| ''*míne''
| ''*esu''
| ''*eso''
| ''*tívi''
| ''*tíve''
| ''*shafsu''
| ''*shɔso''
| colspan="2" | ''*safó''
| colspan="2" | ''*sɔfó''
| ''*isiq''
| ''*iser''
| ''*qinchu''
| ''*rincho''
| colspan="2" | ''*tisum''
| colspan="2" | ''*tisom''
| ''*tiqum''
| ''*tirom''
| ''*qinum''
| ''*rinom''
|-
|-
! Dative
! Dative
| ''*míshu''
| ''*mísho''
| ''*esmij''
| ''*esmej''
| ''*pháju''
| ''*phájo''
| ''*fasmij''
| ''*fasmej''
| colspan="2" | ''*smój''
| colspan="2" | ''*smój''
| ''*qij''
| ''*rij''
| ''*qinij''
| ''*rinej''
| colspan="2" | ''*tujmaf''
| colspan="2" | ''*tujmɔf''
| ''*tiqmaf''
| ''*timɔf''
| rowspan="2" | ''*qimus''
| rowspan="2" | ''*rimos''
|-
|-
! Ablative
! Ablative
| ''*míd''
| ''*míd''
| ''*esmid''
| ''*esmed''
| ''*fíd''
| ''*fíd''
| ''*fasmid''
| ''*fasmed''
| colspan="3" | ''*smód''
| colspan="3" | ''*smód''
| ''*qind''
| ''*rind''
| colspan="2" | ''*tujus''
| colspan="2" | ''*tujos''
| ''*tuqus''
| ''*turos''
|-
|-
! Locative
! Locative
Line 283: Line 93:
| ''*fasmaj''
| ''*fasmaj''
| colspan="2" | ''*smaj''
| colspan="2" | ''*smaj''
| ''*qaj''
| ''*raj''
| ''*qinch''
| ''*rinch''
| colspan="2" | ''*chaf''
| colspan="2" | ''*chɔ''
| ''*tiqshaf''
| ''*tishɔ''
| ''*qinchaf''
| ''*rinchɔ''
|-
|-
! Instrumental
! Instrumental
| ''*esmáj''
| ''*esmáj''
| ''*fasmu''
| ''*fasmo''
| colspan="3" | ''*tuj''
| colspan="3" | ''*tuj''
| ''*qinax''
| ''*rinar''
| colspan="2" | ''*tushphaj''
| colspan="2" | ''*tushphaj''
| ''*tiqphaj''
| ''*tiphaj''
| ''*qinash''
| ''*rinash''
|-
|-
! Comitative
! Comitative
| ''*amík''
| ''*amík''
| ''*esmík''
| ''*esmík''
| ''*fíkum''
| ''*fíkom''
| ''*voskum''
| ''*voskom''
| ''*tiqum''
| ''*tərom''
| ''*tudum''
| ''*turom''
| ''*tuqum''
| ''*turom''
| ''*qimum''
| ''*rimom''
| ''*tunsum''
| ''*tunsom''
| ''*tuqum''
| ''*turom''
| ''*tiqem''
| ''*tirəm''
| ''*qiskum''
| ''*riskom''
|-
|-
! Illative
! Illative
| ''*míshuq''
| ''*míshor''
| ''*esmin''
| ''*esmen''
| ''*phájux''
| ''*phájor''
| ''*fasmin''
| ''*fasmen''
| colspan="2" | ''*smósh''
| colspan="2" | ''*smósh''
| ''*shin''
| ''*shin''
| ''*qinchax''
| ''*rinchar''
| colspan="2" | ''*tujman''
| colspan="2" | ''*tujman''
| ''*tuqun''
| ''*turon''
| ''*qinchin''
| ''*rinchen''
|}
|}


Line 349: Line 159:
| ''*-(a)s''
| ''*-(a)s''
| ''*-(a)sh''
| ''*-(a)sh''
| rowspan="2" | ''*-i''
| ''*-e''
| rowspan="3" | ''*-(a)x''
| rowspan="2" | ''*-(a)r''
| rowspan="2" | ''*-ish''
| ''*-esh''
| rowspan="2" | ''*-i''
| ''*-e''
|-
! Vocative
| colspan="4" | ''*-∅/-e''
|-
|-
! Accusative
! Accusative
Line 364: Line 171:
! Genitive
! Genitive
| colspan="3" | ''*-(a)s''
| colspan="3" | ''*-(a)s''
| ''*-shu''
| ''*-sho''
| colspan="4" | ''*-um''
| colspan="4" | ''*-om''
|-
|-
! Dative
! Dative
| colspan="4" | ''*-ij''
| colspan="4" | ''*-ej''
| rowspan="2" colspan="4" | ''*-mus''
| rowspan="2" colspan="4" | ''*-mos''
|-
|-
! Ablative
! Ablative
Line 377: Line 184:
|-
|-
! Locative
! Locative
| colspan="2" | ''*-ij''
| colspan="2" | ''*-ej''
| colspan="2" | ''*-(a)j''
| colspan="2" | ''*-(a)j''
| colspan="3" | ''*-sav''
| colspan="3" | ''*-sɔ''
| ''*-shaf''
| ''*-shɔ''
|-
|-
! Instrumental
! Instrumental
| colspan="4" | ''*-(a)x''
| colspan="4" | ''*-(a)r''
| colspan="3" | ''*-phaj''
| colspan="3" | ''*-phaj''
| ''*-(a)sh''
| ''*-(a)sh''
|-
|-
! Comitative
! Comitative
| ''*-mum''
| ''*-mom''
| ''*-kum''
| ''*-kom''
| ''*-shum''
| ''*-shom''
| ''*-mum''
| ''*-mom''
| ''*-skum''
| ''*-skom''
| ''*-xum''
| ''*-shom''
| ''*-shum''
| ''*-shom''
| ''*-skum''
| ''*-skom''
|-
|-
! Illative
! Illative
| colspan="2" | ''*-shax''
| colspan="2" | ''*-shar''
| ''*-shin''
| ''*-shen''
| ''*-shax''
| ''*-shar''
| colspan="4" | ''*-shin''
| colspan="4" | ''*-shen''
|}
|}


Line 434: Line 241:
|-
|-
!Past
!Past
| ''*-am''
| ''*-ɔm''
| ''*-amí''
| ''*-ɔmí''
| ''*-as''
| ''*-as''
| ''*-ití''
| ''*-etí''
| ''*-at''
| ''*-at''
| ''*-and''
| ''*-and''
| ''*-um''
| ''*-om''
| ''*-umi''
| ''*-ome''
| ''*-is''
| ''*-es''
| ''*-iti''
| ''*-ete''
| ''*-id''
| ''*-ed''
| ''*-und''
| ''*-ond''
|-
|-
!Present
!Present
| ''*-ma''
| ''*-ma''
| ''*-mus''
| ''*-mos''
| ''*-sa''
| ''*-sa''
| ''*-ti''
| ''*-te''
| ''*-ta''
| ''*-ta''
| ''*-anch''
| ''*-anch''
| ''*-u''
| ''*-o''
| ''*-um''
| ''*-om''
| ''*-ash''
| ''*-ash''
| ''*-it''
| ''*-et''
| ''*-umu''
| ''*-omo''
| ''*-unch''
| ''*-onch''
|}
|}
==Sample text==
From [[w:Schleicher's fable|Schleicher's fable]]:
:'''PIE:''' h₂áu̯ei̯ h₁i̯osméi̯ h₂u̯l̥h₁náh₂ né h₁ést, só h₁éḱu̯oms derḱt. só gʷr̥hₓúm u̯óǵʰom u̯eǵʰed; só méǵh₂m̥ bʰórom; só dʰǵʰémonm̥ h₂ṓḱu bʰered.
:'''Pre-Owina:''' Qívas xashusij qafoxniqash ní xísat, sú xíkshafes dirkid; sú qinum víkhyam sú mígyaqam phírat, sú thakhyímunam qókyav phírat.
:'''Gloss:''' sheep-F.SG.NOM REL-F.SG.DAT wool-THEM.SG.NOM not be-3SG.PST, and horse-THEM.PL.ACC see-3SG.PST.THEM. and 3PL.THEM.GEN wagon-NEUT.SG.ACC pull-3SG.PST; and load-NEUT.SG.ACC carry-3SG.PST; and person-M.ACC quick-ADV carry-3SG.PST.
:'''English:''' A sheep that had no wool saw horses, one of them pulling a heavy wagon, one carrying a big load, and one carrying a man quickly.
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