Hadda: Difference between revisions

Hadda (view source)

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 Indicated by prefixes attached to the verb stem. Unlike person prefixes, these do cause the initial consonant to lenite and lenite themselves when occurring after person or other voice prefixes. When multiple voice prefixes co-occur, the order is ''passive/reflexive/middle-inchoative/cessative-causative-inchoative/cessative-intensive'' (the position of the inchoative/cessative relative to the causative depends on if it means "started/stopped causing X" or "caused to start/stop X")  - e.g. ''nutaslaʃiŋafahwaǥaⱳayiɓɓan'' (<small>1S.NOM.2S.INS.PAS.INCH.CAUS.3S.ABS.CESS.INTEN.</small>throw<small>.PST.HAB.IND</small>) "I started to be caused by you to stop habitually throwing it repeatedly".
 *Passive: ''-la-'' e.g. ''laǥaɓɓan'' "is thrown"
-**Indicates that the action is performed on the subject. The patient takes the nominative and the agent takes the instrumental.
+**Indicates that an action is performed on the subject. The patient takes the nominative and the agent takes the instrumental.
 *Middle: ''-ma-'' e.g. ''maǥaɓɓan'' "gets thrown"
-**Indicates that an action affects the subject, without indicating the cause of the change.
+**Indicates that an action affects the subject, without indicating the source of the action.
 *Intensive: Formed by reduplicating ''-Ca-'' or ''-CaCa-'' e.g. ''gaǥaaⱳan'', ''gaⱳaǥaaⱳan'' "is throwing repeatedly/intensely"
 *Causative: ''-ŋa-'' e.g. ''ŋaǥaaⱳan'' "is causing to throw"