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==Pronouns== | ==Pronouns== | ||
Chlouvānem has a series of pronouns which are irregular when compared to other nouns, yet they follow a mostly similar pattern among themselves. As with nouns and adjectives, in Chlouvānem there is mostly no difference between possessive and demonstrative pronouns and adjectives. Note that ''pronouns'' here are defined as a morphological category, as there are many pronominal locutions or nouns acting as pronouns in the Chlouvānem honorific system | Chlouvānem has a series of pronouns which are irregular when compared to other nouns, yet they follow a mostly similar pattern among themselves. As with nouns and adjectives, in Chlouvānem there is mostly no difference between possessive and demonstrative pronouns and adjectives. Note that ''pronouns'' here are defined as a morphological category, as there are many pronominal locutions or nouns acting as pronouns in the Chlouvānem honorific system, as well as nouns standing for pronouns, both in formal and extremely informal speech. | ||
Standard Chlouvānem as spoken today uses the following pronouns: | Standard Chlouvānem as spoken today uses the following morphological pronouns (not including those that follow nominal inflection): | ||
* 1st person '''lili''' (sg.), ''' | * 1st person '''lili''' (sg.), '''lilše''' (dual), and '''main''' (pl.). | ||
* 2nd person '''sāmi''' (sg.), ''' | * 2nd person informal '''sāmi''' (sg.), '''saše''' (dual), and '''nain''' (pl.).
* 2nd person formal superior '''fali''' (sg.) and '''farṣe''' (dual).
* 2nd person formal equal '''vāti''' (sg.) and '''vande''' (dual).
* 2nd person formal inferior '''ūri''' (sg.) and '''ūrḍe''' (dual). | ||
* 3rd person ''parrot'' '''tami''' (sg.), ''' | * 3rd person ''parrot'' '''tami''' (sg.), '''taṃše''' (dual), and '''toman''' (pl.). | ||
* 3rd person ''dragon'' '''tes''' (sg.) and '''tyuše''' (pl.) | * 3rd person ''dragon'' '''tes''' (sg.), '''tesyon''' (dual), and '''tyuše''' (pl.);
* 3rd person ''lotus'' '''tem''' (sg.), '''tamyon''' (dual) and '''tyume''' (pl.) — ''dragon'' and ''lotus'' forms are only distinct from the ''parrot'' ones in direct, accusative, and ergative. | ||
* Reflexive '''demi''' (mandatory for 3rd person, commonly used also for 1st and 2nd). | * Reflexive '''demi''' (mandatory for 3rd person, commonly used also for 1st and 2nd). | ||
The pronouns doubling as adjectives are: | The pronouns doubling as adjectives are: | ||
* Three demonstrative series, all declining for gender but not for number: proximal '''nenė''' (parrot), '''nenayes''' (dragon), '''nenayem''' (lotus); medial '''nunū''' (p.), '''numves''' (d.), '''numvem''' (l.); distal '''nanā''' (p.), '''nanās''' (d.), '''nanām''' (l.). | * Three demonstrative series, all declining for gender but not for number: proximal '''nenė''' (parrot), '''nenayes''' (dragon), '''nenayem''' (lotus); medial '''nunū''' (p.), '''numves''' (d.), '''numvem''' (l.); distal '''nanā''' (p.), '''nanās''' (d.), '''nanām''' (l.). | ||
* The possessives: '''liliā''' (''lilem, liles''); '''meyā''' (''meyem, meyes''); '''sāmiā''' (''sāmim, sāmes''); '''negā''' (''negem, neges''); '''tamiā''' (''tamim, tames''); '''tašñā''' (''tašñem, tašñes''); '''demiā''' (''demim, demes''). | * The possessives: '''liliā''' (''lilem, liles''); '''meyā''' (''meyem, meyes''); '''sāmiā''' (''sāmim, sāmes''); '''faliā''' (''falem, fales''), '''vātiā''' (''vātem, vātes''), '''ūriā''' (''ūrem, ūres''), '''negā''' (''negem, neges''); '''tamiā''' (''tamim, tames''); '''tašñā''' (''tašñem, tašñes''); '''demiā''' (''demim, demes''). Dual and third person plural possessives are, however, not inflected. | ||
Note that both the demonstrative and the possessives are often not declined for gender in common speech in certain areas, most notably the densely populated area of the Jade Coast, including Līlasuṃghāṇa, Līlta, Galiākina, Ilėnimarta, and a few areas near Līṭhalyinām, Talliė, and Lāltaṣveya — an area inhabited by around 100 million people. This also happens in and near Līlikanāna, fourth largest city of the Inquisition, largest in the Southern Far East.<br/> | Note that both the demonstrative and the possessives are often not declined for gender in common speech in certain areas, most notably the densely populated area of the Jade Coast, including Līlasuṃghāṇa, Līlta, Galiākina, Ilėnimarta, and a few areas near Līṭhalyinām, Talliė, and Lāltaṣveya — an area inhabited by around 100 million people. This also happens in and near Līlikanāna, fourth largest city of the Inquisition, largest in the Southern Far East.<br/> | ||
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{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! colspan=4 | !! Direct !! Accusative !! Ergative !! Genitive !! Translative !! Exessive !! Essive !! Dative !! Ablative !! Locative !! Instrumental | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! rowspan=8 | Singular !! colspan=3 | 1st person | ||
| '''lili''' || lū || lęi || liliā || liñ || litь || lęsь || loh || ląu || lea || līni | |||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan= | ! rowspan=4 | 2nd person !! colspan=2 | Informal | ||
| ''' | | '''sāmi''' || sū || sęi || sāmiā || sāñ || sātь || sąsь || soh || sąu || sea || šīni | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan=2 | | ! colspan=2 | Form. sup. | ||
| ''' | | '''fali''' || flū || flęi || faliā || flāñ || flātь || fląsь || floh || fląu || flea || flīni | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! colspan=2 | Form. equal | ||
| ''' | | '''vāti''' || vū || vęi || vāliā || vāñ || vātь || vąsь || voh || vąu || vea || vīni | ||
|- | |||
! colspan=2 | Form. inf. | |||
| '''ūri''' || rū || ūręi || ūriā || ūñ || ūtь || ųsь || ūroh || ųu || ūrea || ūrīni | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=3 colspan=2 | 3rd person !! Parrot | |||
| '''tami''' || tū || tęi || tamiā<br/><small>''arch.:'' tamiai</small> || rowspan=3 | tañ || rowspan=3 | tatь || rowspan=3 | tąsь || rowspan=3 | toh || rowspan=3 | tąu || rowspan=3 | tea || rowspan=3 | tīni | |||
|- | |- | ||
! Dragon | ! Dragon | ||
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| '''tem''' || temu || temie || tamiā<br/><small>''arch.:'' temñi</small> | | '''tem''' || temu || temie || tamiā<br/><small>''arch.:'' temñi</small> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan= | ! colspan=4 | Reflexive pronoun | ||
| '''demi''' || | | '''demi''' || diū || dį || demiā || deñ || detь || dęsь || doh || dąu || dea || dīni | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan= | ! rowspan=8 | Dual !! colspan=3 | 1st person | ||
| ''' | | '''lilše''' || lilut || lilšą || lileṣyā || lilšās || lilšātь || lilšona || lilšoh || lilšų || lilšea || lilešī | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan=2 | | ! rowspan=4 | 2nd person !! colspan=2 | Informal | ||
| ''' | | '''saše''' || sašut || sašą || sareṣyā || sarās || sašātь || sašona || sašoh || sašų || sašea || sarešī | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! colspan=2 | Form. sup. | ||
| ''' | | '''farṣe''' || farṣut || farṣą || fareṣyā || farṣās || farṣātь || farṣona || faršoh || farṣų || farṣea || farešī | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan=2 | Form. equal | |||
| ''' | | '''vande''' || vandut || vandą || vanedyā || vandās || vandātь || vandona || vandoh || vandų || vandea || vanedī | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan=2 | | ! colspan=2 | Form. inf. | ||
| ''' | | '''ūrḍe''' || ūrḍut || ūrḍą || ūredyā || ūrḍās || ūrḍātь || ūrḍona || ūrḍoh || ūrḍų || ūrḍea || ūredī | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan=3 | 3rd person !! Parrot | ! rowspan=3 colspan=2 | 3rd person !! Parrot | ||
| ''' | | '''taṃše''' || taṃšut || taṃšą || rowspan=3 | tameṣyā || rowspan=3 | taṃšās || rowspan=3 | taṃšātь || rowspan=3 | taṃšona || rowspan=3 | taṃšoh || rowspan=3 | taṃšų || rowspan=3 | taṃšea || rowspan=3 | tamešī | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Dragon | ! Dragon | ||
| ''' | | '''tesyon''' || tesyut || tesyą | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Lotus | ! Lotus | ||
| ''' | | '''temyon''' || temyut || temyą | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan=3 | | ! rowspan=5 | Plural !! colspan=3 | 1st person | ||
| ''' | | '''main''' || mū || mayį || maiyā || maiñ || maitь || maisь || mayoh || mąu || męea || menī | ||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! 2nd person !! colspan=2 | Informal | ||
| '''nain''' || lgū || nagį || najyā || negiñ || negitь || negisь || nagoh || lgąu || nagea || lgenī | |||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan= | ! rowspan=3 colspan=2 | 3rd person !! Parrot | ||
| ''' | | '''toman''' || tomau || tomān || rowspan=3 | tomiā || rowspan=3 | tomiñ || rowspan=3 | tomitь || rowspan=3 | tomesь || rowspan=3 | tomåh || rowspan=3 | tomąu || rowspan=3 | tomyea || rowspan=3 | tomenī | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''' | ! Dragon | ||
| '''tyuše''' || tyušau || tyušān | |||
|- | |- | ||
| ''' | ! Lotus | ||
| '''tyune''' || tyumau || tyumān | |||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan=4 | <small>Emphatic pronoun (archaic)</small> | |||
| '''yani''' || yū || yę || yaniā || yañ || yatь || yąsь || yoh || yų || yea || īni | |||
! | |||
| ''' | |||
|} | |} | ||
'''yavyāta''' and '''yakaliyātam''' are used as formal second person plural pronouns; they are however nouns and decline as such (as singular 1-h and 1-m declension respectively, but they take plural verbs and adjectives). Various other nouns may be used as second- or third-person pronouns depending on the situation; see [[Chlouvānem/Morphology#Honorifics|the following section on honorifics]] for a list of them and their usage. | |||
=== Correlatives === | === Correlatives === | ||