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*[[Bhadhagha/Lexicon]]
*[[Bhadhagha/Swadesh list]]
*[[Bhadhagha/Names]]


'''Bhadhagha''' (native name ''Bhadhagha'' /bʰadʰagʰa/; ''bhadhagha'' is from a Camalic language) is a [[Talmic languages|Talmic language]] spoken on Bhadhagha Island off the west of Western Etalocin; its only surviving relative is [[Roshterian]] spoken in Northeast Etalocin. It's inspired by Scottish Gaelic, Irish and Sanskrit.
{{list subpages}}
{{Infobox language
|image =
|imagesize =
|creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]]
|setting = [[Verse:Tricin]]
|name = {{PAGENAME}}
|nativename =a joaþ Voainjŵ
|pronunciation=
|region = Skella, in Talma
|familycolor=PfK
|fam1= [[Proto-Quame|Quame]]
|fam2= [[Talmic languages|Talmic]]
|fam3= Thensaric
|fam4= Tigolic
|iso3=
|script=Talmic script
|notice=IPA
}}
 
'''Vornian''' (''a joaþ Voainjŵ'' /ə joaθ ˈvoainjuː/; Skellan: ''Vornib'') is a minority Tigolic language spoken in the Vorna Island of [[Verse:Tricin/Scella|Scella]], closely related to [[Scellan]]. It is notable for its many vowels.
 
It is aesthetically inspired by Swiss German and Southern American English.


Bhadhagha grammar was created by [[User:Praimhín]].
==Todo==
==Todo==
*''Lanna srasandhacht de h-aofrann cheallò'' = I'm a specialist in cello playing
Non-rhotic with crazy shifts before r
*'' 's laobh'' = is there? (interrogative)
*''camhna, sos, car'' = woman, man, person
*''dèic'' (VN), ''deàmha'' (present tense, nonpronominal subject) = eat
 
==Phonology==
==Phonology==
Based on "literally read Irish".
===Consonants===
===Consonants===
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="text-align:center;"
*'''m n ṇ ñ''' /m n ɳ ŋ/
|-
*'''b d ḍ g''' /p t{{den}} ʈ k/
!colspan="2"| !! Labial !! Alveolar !! Retroflex !! Velar !! Glottal
*'''p t ʈ c''' /pʰ t{{den}}ʰ ʈʰ kʰ/
|-
*'''f þ s x ṣ ll''' /f θ s ʃ ʂ x/
!rowspan="3"|Nasal
*'''v ð z zj ẓ l''' /v ð z ʒ ʐ ɣ/
!<small>plain</small>
*'''ł r j''' /w ɾ j/
| '''m''' m || '''n''' n || || ||
*bl /px/ etc.
|-
!<small>geminate</small>
|  || '''nn''' nː || || ||
|-
!<small>aspirated</small>
| '''mh''' mʱ || '''nh''' nʱ || || ||
|-
!rowspan="6"|Stop
!<small>tenuis</small>
| '''p''' p || '''t''' t || || '''c''' k ||
|-
!<small>aspirated</small>
| '''ph''' pʰ || '''th''' tʰ || || '''ch''' kʰ ||
|-
!<small>prenasalized</small>
| '''bp''' ᵐp || '''dt''' ⁿt || || '''gc''' ᵑk ||
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| '''b''' b || '''d''' d || || '''g''' g ||
|-
!<small>breathy voiced</small>
| '''bh''' bʱ || '''dh''' dʱ || || '''gh''' gʱ ||
|-
!<small>voiced prenasalized</small>
| '''mb''' ᵐb || '''nd''' ⁿd || || '''ng''' ᵑg ||
|-
!rowspan="3"|Fricative
!<small>plain</small>
| '''f''' f || '''s''' s || || || '''h''' h
|-
!<small>aspirated</small>
| '''fh''' fʰ || '''sh''' sʰ || || ||
|-
!<small>prenasalized</small>
| '''mhf''' mʱf || '''nhs''' nʱs || || ||
|-
!rowspan="3"| Liquid
!<small>plain</small>
| || '''l''' l || '''r''' r̠ || ||
|-
!<small>geminate</small>
| || '''ll''' lː || '''rr''' r̠ː || ||
|-
!<small>breathy voiced</small>
| || '''lh''' lʱ || '''rh''' r̠ʱ || ||
|}
====Mutations====
Lenition: Initials "lenite" as in Irish orthography, but null initials get an ''h-''. All possible initials lenite: i.e. initial '''n, l, r, sp, st, sc''' are also "lenited" to '''nh, lh, rh, sph, sth, sch''' /nʰ, lʰ, rʰ, spʰ, stʰ, skʰ/.
 
Eclipsis: Initials "eclipse" as in Irish orthography, but ''s'' (if not in one of ''sp-, st-, sc-'') also eclipses to ''nhs-''.


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Front
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Central
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Back
|-
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
|-
! style="" |Close
| '''i''' /i/
| '''ì''' /iː/
|
|
| '''u''' /u/
| '''ù''' /uː/
|-
! style="" |Mid
| '''e''' /e/
| '''è''' /eː/
|
|
| '''o''' /o/
| '''ò''' /oː/
|-
! style="" |Open
|
|
| '''a''' /a/
| '''à''' /aː/
|
|
|}
Diphthongs are all read as written.
'''a''' in an unstressed syllable becomes '''e''' if the previous vowel ends in an /i/.
===Prosody===
====Stress====
====Intonation====
===Phonotactics===
<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
===Morphophonology===
==Morphology==
===Pronouns===
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
|+
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural
|-
!|1
|''nà''
|''àmh''
|-
!|2 (familiar)
|''hiar''
|''sèid''
|-
!|2 (polite)
|colspan="2"|''Sthàna''
|-
!|3 (masculine)
|''u''
|rowspan="3"|''àr''
|-
!|3 (feminine)
|''i''
|-
!|3 (inanimate)
|''ci''
|}
===Prepositions===
Prepositions are inflected, as in the ancestral Thensarian. The pronoun ''Sthàna'' is not fused with the preposition, however.
The sequences ''le'' + ''an'' and ''de'' + ''an'' contract to ''len'' /lɛn/ and ''den'' /dɛn/.
The 1sg and 2sg forms of prepositions are stressed on the last syllable; all other forms have initial stress.
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
|+ '''Inflection of prepositions'''
|-
!|
!me!!you (sg.)!!him!!her!!it!!us!!you (pl.)!!them!!relative
|-
!|''ar'' 'on'
|''arainn''||''arais''||''or''||''ari''||''arè''||''arad''||''arac''||''arar''||''aram''
|-
!|''de-L, d'-'' 'in, at'
|''dèinn''||''dèis''||''diù''||''dì''||''dè''||''diad''||''diac''||''diar''||''diam''
|-
!|''ful'' 'around'
|''fulainn''||''fulais''||''fulu''||''fuili''||''fulè''||''fulad''||''fulac''||''fular''||''fulam''
|-
!|''geil'' 'from'
|''geilinn''||''geilis''||''gela''||''geili''||''geilè''||''geilid''||''geilic''||''geilir''||''geilim''
|-
!|''go'' 'with'
|''guainn''||''gòis''||''gù''||''guì''||''gè''||''guad''||''guac''||''guar''||''guam''
|-
!|''le'' 'to'
|''linn''||''leis''||''leo''||''lèi''||''lè''||''liod''||''lioc''||''lior''||''liom''
|-
!|''nae'' 'with (instrumental)'
|''naìnn''||''naìs''||''nae''||''naì''||''nè''||''naed''||''naec''||''naer''||''naem''
|-
!|''ri'' 'of'
|''rìnn''||''rìs''||''riù''||''rì''||''rè''||''rìod''||''rìoc''||''rìor''||''rìom''
|}
===Nouns===
The plural of nouns is always ''-a'' if the noun ends in a C, or ''-n'' if the noun ends in a V. There are some irregular plurals:
*''sos'' 'man', ''sois'' 'men'
Bhadhagha lost grammatical gender.
The definite article is ''an''-L for singular nouns and ''na''-N for plural nouns. Colloquial Bhadhagha may drop the definite article in the singular (leaving behind just the lenition), and also in the plural (leaving behind the eclipsis) if the initial C of the noun is "eclipsable" (i.e. is one of ''∅, p, t, c, b, d, g, f, s''). If the noun cannot eclipse, the ''na'' is always used. Personal names and place names do not undergo lenition, however.
<!--
casual bhadhagha  could overgeneralize 'an' into an emphatic particle
h-eafhad = the cat
an h-eafhad = THE cat
an eafhad = (specifically) a cat
-->
The Thensarian relativizer ''rin'' turned into a genitive marker: ''(an) schain ri Aodhàn'' (Aodhàn's friend). It can be omitted in casual Bhadhagha: ''schain Aodhàn''.
===Adjectives===
Adjectives inflect similarly to nouns.
Attributive adjectives agree in mutation with the noun if the noun is definite. For example: "a black cat" is ''eafhad flumh'' and "the black cat" is ''(an) h-eafhad fhlumh''.
===Copula===
Bhadhagha has a copula ''laidh'' which inflects as follows:
Present tense: ''lanna, lair, lù, laì, lac, lamh, laid, lar, laobh'' -- and ''laidh'' for nonpronominal subjects
Past tense: ''g'lanna, g'lair, g'lù, g'laì, g'lac, g'lamh, g'laid, g'lar, g'laobh'' -- and ''g'laidh'' for nonpronominal subjects
Future tense: ''lathanna, lathair, ...''
Examples: ''Lanna dùbhòinn'' (I'm a teacher), ''Lù ìon'' (It's blue)
As in Welsh, the copula is also used with progressive verbs:
:''Laidh (an) dhùbhòinn d'èinteach.'' (The teacher is sleeping.)
:''Lamh de nachtach fhòdhan.'' (We're hunting the game.)
===Verbs===
The Bhadhagha verbal system is very different from that of [[Old Bhadhagha]]. A modern Bhadhagha verb has only three principal parts: the present analytic, the future analytic, and the verbal noun.
Bhadhagha analogized the analytic forms of verbs to all persons, and fused the personal pronoun with the verb:
<poem>
molaigh ná -> molanna "I thank"
molaigh fiar -> molair "thou thankest"
molaigh hú -> molù "he thanks"
molaigh hí -> molaì "she thanks"
molaigh cé -> molac "it thanks"
molaigh -> molaigh or mola "... thanks" (with nonpronominal subjects)
molaigh gámh -> molamh "we thank" (both exc. and inc.!)
molaigh séid -> molaid "ye thank"
molaigh hár -> molar "they thank"
molaigh mé -> molam "... who/that thank(s)"
Impersonal: molaobh "one thanks"
</poem>
The past tense is marked by a séimhiú on the verb as in Irish, except that the suffixes are the same as in the present tense. This comes from a construction that translates to "it was the case that ...". Even non-lenitable consonants get aspirated in casual Bhadhagha, though in the written language a particle is used when the first consonant isn't lenitable.
The future tense is derived from the Old Bhadhagha future tense:
<poem>
moltanna, moltair, moltù, moltaì, moltac, moltamh, moltaid, moltar, moltam, moltaobh
</poem>
The verbal noun is extremely irregular in Bhadhagha. One somewhat common way of deriving verbal nouns is with a prefix (''ao''+N) but other verbal nouns may use the suffixes ''-ach'', ''-ta/-te'' or ''-st''. Verbs loaned from Camalic simply use the stem as the verbal noun. Some verbal nouns are suppletive.
Perfect tenses use the construction ''tainn'' ('after', often pronounced ''tann'') followed by the verbal noun.
Verbs are negated with ''cha'' or ''chan''. In the past tense, ''cha do''-L is used.
The imperative uses the verbal noun form.
==Syntax==
Bhadhagha is a head-initial, topic-comment language with V2 order. It is wh-in-situ.
===Faulty accusative===
The "faulty accusative" (as in Modern Standard Arabic) particle is ''am'', which is used for both definite and indefinite nouns. It is inserted before a noun after a head verb when there's a phrase between the head verb and the noun.
For example:
:''Shos h-aonca tua am u?'' (The head is ''h-aonca''; ''am'' is used because there is ''tua'' between ''h-aonca'' and ''u''.)
:DEF.man PST-feed-NPRO who AM he
:Who fed the man?
Compare (with no ''am''):
:''Shos laidh tua tann aoncach ___ u?'' (The head is ''aoncach'')
:DEF.man COP who after feed-VN he
:Who has fed the man?
:''Shos h-aoncù ___ tua?'' (The head is ''h-aoncù'')
:DEF.man PST-feed-he who
:Whom did the man feed?
===Topic-prominence===
The man thanks the teacher = Shos molù dhùbhòinn (lit. the man, he thanks the teacher), or Dhùbhòinn mola shos am u (lit. the teacher, the man thanks him)
The teacher thanks the man = Dhùbhòinn molù shos (lit. the teacher, he thanks the man), or Shos mola dhùbhòinn am u  (lit. the man, the teacher thanks him)
===Relative clauses===
Relative clauses work similarly. The resumptive pronoun ''mi'' is used to refer back to the head of the relative clause.
Dhùbhòinn ri mhola shos am mi - The teacher who the man thanked (lit: the teacher REL the man thanked RES)
Dhùbhòinn ri mholam shos - The teacher who thanked the man (lit: the teacher REL RES thanked the man)
Shois ri h-aoncam àr - The men who fed them (lit: the men REL RES fed them)
Shois ri h-aoncar mi - The men who they fed (lit: the men REL they fed RES)
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Dependent clauses===
====Complement clauses====
The complementizer is ''bhà''; complement clauses, by default, are VSO and have no topic.
:'''''Linn càid bhà dheàmha shaobh ri Praimhìn am shmodh.'''''
:''I know that Praimhìn's dog ate the bone.''
It is not impossible to topicalize a complement clause however:
:'''''Ducnanna bhà Shèinimh lac nòs ag Rhostairimh lac nuighil.'''''
:''I think Chick Corean is easy and Roshterian is hard.''
One can also use ''le'' + subject to introduce a complement clause:
:'''''Thobha Aladh liù am chrìgh.'''''
:''Aladh said he had gone.''
==Vocabulary==
Bhadhagha vocabulary includes many Camalic loans. An example of a Camalic word in Bhadhagha is ''eafhad'' (cat).
==Example texts==
===The North Wind and the Sun===
[to be edited]
'''''Bhòlcoll ag h-Unn'''''
==Other resources==
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. -->
<!-- Template area -->
[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Talmic languages]]
[[Category:Talmic languages]]
IlL
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