Pamarėska: Difference between revisions

Jump to navigation Jump to search

Pamarėska (view source)

Revision as of 19:06, 13 August 2017

6,489 bytes added ,  13 August 2017
no edit summary
mNo edit summary
No edit summary
Line 109: Line 109:
! uo /uo/
! uo /uo/
! ei /eɪ̯~e:/
! ei /eɪ̯~e:/
! au /ɑʊ̯/
! au /ɑʊ̯~ɔʊ̯/
|}
|}
*Ei and au, are rather diphthongoids than true diphthongs.
*Ei and au, are rather diphthongoids than true diphthongs.
Line 180: Line 180:
|
|
| r
| r
|
| rʲ
|
|
|
|
Line 203: Line 203:
*[[4|4]] [w] occures after back vowels, while [ʋ] - after front ones.
*[[4|4]] [w] occures after back vowels, while [ʋ] - after front ones.


*Dental consonants like [t̪] and [d̪] are usually written as plain /t/ and /d/.
*Dental consonants such as [t̪] and [d̪] are usually written as plain /t/ and /d/ respectively.
===Orthography===
===Orthography===
Pomorian has three different orthografies, all of which use Latin alphabet: the standard, traditional and eastern. The traditional orthography is based mostly on German and Polish ones, it used digraphs like sch, ai and ei, instead of modern š, and ė. The Eastern (or dictionary) orthography was used after a spelling reform in 1952 and is still used in dictionaries and as a standard for Eastern dialects, because it's more phonemic, than a traditional one. The Pomorian standard orthography came into use after 1989 reform and combines both previous orthographies, though is mostly phonemic.
Pomorian has three different orthografies, all of which use Latin alphabet: the standard, traditional and eastern. The traditional orthography is based mostly on German and Polish ones, it used digraphs like sch, ai and ei, instead of modern š, and ė. The Eastern (or dictionary) orthography was used after a spelling reform in 1952 and is still used in dictionaries and as a standard for Eastern dialects, because it's more phonemic, than a traditional one. The Pomorian standard orthography came into use after 1989 reform and combines both previous orthographies, though is mostly phonemic.
Line 231: Line 231:
|}
|}
</center>
</center>
Palatalization is indicated with a silent "i" after a palatal consonant. Occasionally "ť" and "ď" can be used to indicate /c/ and /ɟ/ respectively as in the Eastern orthography.
Palatalization is indicated with a silent "'''i'''" after a palatal consonant. Occasionally "'''ť'''" and "'''ď'''" can be used to indicate '''/c/''' and '''/ɟ/''' respectively.


===Prosody===
===Prosody===
Line 237: Line 237:


===Phonotactics===
===Phonotactics===
Every syllable in Pomorian can have an onset, a nucleus (always present) and a coda, with a nucleus being a vowel. If to mark vowels with V, consonants - with C and approximants - with R, than the biggest possible syllable would look like CCRVCC, which can seldom be found among Pomorian words. Typical syllables are C(R)V and C(R)VC. V (a vowel) can occure only word-initially, because VV clusters are not allowed in Pomorian. There is also a principle according to which a consonant with higher sonority should be closer to a nucleus than one with lower sonority, for example in the word ''/ˈstoː.rɛ/'' - heavy - /t/ is higher on the sonority than ''/s/'' and appears closer to ''/oː/'' which is the nucleus.
Every syllable in Pomorian can have an onset, a nucleus (always present) and a coda, with a nucleus being a vowel. If to mark vowels with V, consonants - with C and approximants - with R, than the biggest possible syllable would look like CCRVCC, which can seldom be found among Pomorian words. Typical syllables are C(R)V and C(R)VC. V (a vowel) can occure only word-initially, because VV clusters are not allowed in Pomorian. There is also a principle according to which a consonant with higher sonority should be closer to a nucleus than one with lower sonority, for example in the word ''/ˈstoː.rɛ/'' - heavy - '''/t/''' is higher on the sonority than '''/s/''' and appears closer to '''/oː/''' which is the nucleus.
===Morphophonology===
===Morphophonology===
Ablaut, still productive in Pomorian, was inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic period. It changes the morphological form of the word. For example ''"snė͂ge"'' (older ''snai͂ges'') means "snow", ''"snigtì"'' (older ''"snigteĩ"'') to snow ''"snẽdze"''(older ''"snegḗt"'') "it snows". Also ablaut appears in imperfective mood of different verbs:
Ablaut, still productive in Pomorian, was inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic period. It changes the morphological form of the word. For example ''"snė͂ge"'' (older ''snai͂ges'') means "snow", ''"snigtì"'' (older ''"snigteĩ"'') to snow ''"snẽdze"''(older ''"snegḗt"'') "it snows". Also ablaut appears in imperfective mood of different verbs:
Line 263: Line 263:


===Nouns===
===Nouns===
There are seven (or six if count the sixth and the seventh as one) noun declensions in Pomorian. Nouns have seven cases: '''Nominative''', '''Genitive''', '''Dative''', '''Accusative''', '''Instrumental''', '''Locative''' and '''Vocative'''. In Pomorian Proper most nouns have only two numbers: '''singular''' and '''plural''', while in Western and Southern dialects there is also a '''dual''' number. Some noun cases can have two endings: long (with an unsterssed "u" at the end) or short (without an "u"). Also the Accusative plural of some words like ''mariå'' has two endings: ''"-e"'' and ''"-i"''. Those endings are interchangeable and can specifically be used in poetry or in dialectal speech.
There are seven (or six if count the sixth and the seventh as one) noun declensions in Pomorian. Nouns have seven cases: '''Nominative''', '''Genitive''', '''Dative''', '''Accusative''', '''Instrumental''', '''Locative''' and '''Vocative'''. In Pomorian Proper most nouns have only two numbers: '''singular''' and '''plural''', while in Western and Southern dialects there is also a '''dual''' number. Some noun cases can have two endings: long (with an unsterssed "u" at the end) or short (without an "u"). Also the Accusative plural of some words like ''mariå'' has two endings: ''"-e"'' and ''"-i"''. Those endings are interchangeable and can specifically be used in poetry or in dialectal speech.


Line 318: Line 319:
|gród'''e''' ||gród'''ė'''
|gród'''e''' ||gród'''ė'''
|gãlv'''a''' ||gãlv'''o'''
|gãlv'''a''' ||gãlv'''o'''
|màr'''ia''' ||màri'''io'''
|màr'''ia''' ||màr'''io'''
|-
|-


Line 457: Line 458:
'''*-n (feminine), *-n (neuter)'''
'''*-n (feminine), *-n (neuter)'''


{|class=wikitable style=text-align:right
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
|-
!
!
Line 506: Line 507:
'''*-t, -s (neuter)'''
'''*-t, -s (neuter)'''


{|class=wikitable style=text-align:right
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
|-
!
!
Line 513: Line 514:
|-
|-
!
!
!singular
!dual
!plural
!singular
!singular
!dual
!dual
Line 547: Line 551:
|}
|}
====Seventh declension====
====Seventh declension====
This declension is sometimes considered to be a part of sixth one. It has only two nous in it: ''mūti'' (mother) and ''dukti'' (daughter).
This declension is sometimes considered to be a part of sixth one. It has only two nouns in it: ''mūti'' (mother) and ''dukti'' (daughter).


'''*-r (feminine)'''
'''*-r (feminine)'''
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:right
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
|-
!
!
Line 563: Line 567:
!dual
!dual
!plural
!plural
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
Line 597: Line 600:
===Adjectives===
===Adjectives===
===Verbs===
===Verbs===
Every Pomorian verb belongs to one of four different conjugations:
*'''The first''' conjugation, which is the most common, contains verbs whose infitives end in '''-ti before a consonant'''. There are some irregulare verb patterns in this conjugation.
*'''The second''' conjugation encompasses verbs with infintive form endings '''-ėti (with -ėj- in the present tense)''', '''-oti''','''uoti'''. Verbs with infinitives ending in '''-įti''' and '''ąti''' are a subclass of this conjugation.
*'''The third''' conjugation contains verbs with infintives ending in '''-yti''' and '''-ėti'''.
*'''The fourth''' conjugation contains few old athematic and auxillary verbs. Almost all of these verbs are irregular.
====Active Voice====
In Pomorian active voice has four moods: '''Indicative''', '''Imperative''', '''Conditional''' and '''Indirect''', but the last one isn't usually considered to be a mood.
=====Indicative mood=====
There are two simple and four compound tenses.
'''Present tense'''
This tense describe present or ongoing events without a definite time. Conjugation types are marked with numbers.
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!
! colspan=1| '''1'''
! colspan=1| '''2a'''
! colspan=1| '''2b'''
! colspan=1| '''3'''
! colspan=1| '''4'''
|-
!
!'''vestì - to lead'''
!'''žinóti - to know'''
!'''cetįti - to wish for something'''
!'''zodýti - to decide'''
!'''bū́ti - to be'''
|-
|align="right"|'''I'''
|ved'''å̀''' ||žin'''ójå''' ||cet'''ìnå''' ||zoď'''å̀''' ||'''esmì'''
|-
|align="right"|'''You (singular)'''
|ved'''esì'''  ||žin'''ójesi''' ||cet'''ìnesi''' ||zoď'''èsi''' ||'''esì'''
|-
|align="right" |'''He/She/It'''
|ved'''è'''  ||žin'''óje''' ||cet'''ìne''' ||zõď'''e''' ||'''e͂st'''
|-
|align="right"|'''We'''
|ved'''emà''' ||žin'''ójema''' ||cet'''ìnema''' ||zoď'''èma''' ||'''esmà'''
|-
|align="right"|'''You (plural)'''
|ved'''ė́te''' ||žin'''ójete''' ||cet'''ìnete''' ||zoď'''ète''' ||'''estè'''
|-
|align="right"|'''They'''
|ved'''ą́''' ||žin'''óją''' ||cet'''ìną''' ||zõď'''ą''' ||'''są͂t'''
|-
|}
In Pomorian Proper there is no dual for verbs, but in dialects forms for "we two", "you two" and "they to" are still in use. The verb ''būti'' conjugates for dual even in Standard, though these forms are seldom used by today speakers:
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!
!'''bū́ti - to be'''
|-
|align="right"|'''We two'''
|esvà
|-
|align="right"|'''You two'''
|està
|-
|align="right" |'''They two'''
|e͂ste
|-
|}
'''Past tense'''
This is the basic tense to describe actions in the past. Like in Present tense the stress pattern of a verb is usually predictable.
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!
! colspan=1| '''1'''
! colspan=1| '''2a'''
! colspan=1| '''2b'''
! colspan=1| '''3'''
! colspan=1| '''4'''
|-
!
!'''vestì - to lead'''
!'''žinóti - to know'''
!'''cetįti - to wish for something'''
!'''zodýti - to decide'''
!'''bū́ti - to be'''
|-
|align="right"|'''I'''
|ved'''uõ''' ||žin'''óju''' ||cet'''ìnu''' ||zoď'''úo''' ||'''buvù'''
|-
|align="right"|'''You (singular)'''
|ved'''eĩ'''  ||žin'''ójei''' ||cet'''ìnei''' ||zoď'''éi''' ||'''buveĩ'''
|-
|align="right" |'''He/She/It'''
|ved'''ė́'''  ||žin'''ójė''' ||cet'''ìnė''' ||zõď'''ė''' ||'''bū͂'''
|-
|align="right"|'''We'''
|ved'''omè''' ||žin'''ójeme''' ||cet'''ìnome''' ||zoď'''óme''' ||'''bùvome'''
|-
|align="right"|'''You (plural)'''
|ved'''ė́tè''' ||žin'''ójėte''' ||cet'''ìnėte''' ||zoď'''ė́te''' ||'''bùvote'''
|-
|align="right"|'''They'''
|ved'''ę́''' ||žin'''óję''' ||cet'''ìnę''' ||zõď'''ę''' ||'''bū͂vę'''
|-
|}
The verb ''būti'' also conjugates for dual.
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!
!'''bū́ti - to be'''
|-
|align="right"|'''We two'''
|bùvė
|-
|align="right"|'''You two'''
|bùva
|-
|align="right" |'''They two'''
|bùve
|-
|}
'''Perfect tenses'''
There are three perfect tenses in Pomorian (present, past and future), which are all formed by using the verb ''''būti'''' in the respective tense and person as well as the active past adjectival participle ('''the l-paticiple''') in its respective number and gender:
{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
|-
!'''zodýti - to decide'''
! colspan=1| '''Present perfect'''
! colspan=1| '''Past perfect'''
! colspan=1| '''Future perfect'''
|-
|align="right"|'''I'''
|esmì zodie͂lu/ zodie͂li/ zodie͂lå
|buvù zodie͂lu/ zodie͂li/ zodie͂lå
|bą́då zodie͂lu/ zodie͂li/ zodie͂lå
|-
|align="right"|'''You (singular)'''
|esì zodie͂lu/ zodie͂li/ zodie͂lå
|buveĩ zodie͂lu/ zodie͂li/ zodie͂lå
|bą́desi zodie͂lu/ zodie͂li/ zodie͂lå
|-
|align="right"|'''He/She/It'''
|e͂s(t) zodie͂lu/ zodie͂li/ zodie͂lå
|bū͂ zodie͂lu/ zodie͂li/ zodie͂lå
|bą́de zodie͂lu/ zodie͂li/ zodie͂lå
|-
|align="right"|'''We two'''
|esvà zodie͂lu/ zodie͂li/ zodie͂lå
|bùvė zodie͂lu/ zodie͂li/ zodie͂lå
|bą́deva zodie͂lu/ zodie͂li/ zodie͂lå
|-
|align="right"|'''You two'''
|està zodie͂lu/ zodie͂li/ zodie͂lå
|bùva zodie͂lu/ zodie͂li/ zodie͂lå
|bą́deta zodie͂lu/ zodie͂li/ zodie͂lå
|-
|align="right"|'''They two'''
|e͂ste zodie͂lu/ zodie͂li/ zodie͂lå
|bùve zodie͂lu/ zodie͂li/ zodie͂lå
|bą́dete zodie͂lu/ zodie͂li/ zodie͂lå
|-
|align="right"|'''We'''
|esmà zodie͂lū/ zodie͂lio
|bùvome zodie͂lū/ zodie͂lio
|bą́dema zodie͂lū/ zodie͂lio
|-
|align="right"|'''You (plural)'''
|estè zodie͂lū/ zodie͂lio
|bùvote zodie͂lū/ zodie͂lio
|bą́dete zodie͂lū/ zodie͂lio
|-
|align="right"|'''They'''
|są͂(t) zodie͂lū/ zodie͂lio
|bū͂vę zodie͂lū/ zodie͂lio
|bą́dą zodie͂lū/ zodie͂lio
|}
These tenses are roughly equivalent English perfect tenses (I had read / I will have read). They usually indicate an action that happened before another action or to indicate that an action is complete.
The '''n-participle''' (''zodie͂nu/ zodie͂ni/ zodie͂nå'') is used  instead of l-participle to indicate a quick, momentary action and '''š-participle''' (''zodie͂šu/ zodie͂ši/ zodie͂šå'') is to indicate actions which lasted for a certain period of time similarly to English Perfect-Continuous tense. For example: ''"Esmi zodielu"'' means "I have just decided"; ''"Esmi zodienu ši"'' - "I've already decided it", ''"Dilgau zodiešu esmi ši"'' - literally "I've been deciding  it for a long time".
===Adverbs===
===Adverbs===
===Particles===
===Particles===
Line 611: Line 795:
<!-- etc. etc. -->
<!-- etc. etc. -->
==Dialects==
==Dialects==
[[File:POMORZE_2016 - Copy.png|thumb| Area with more than 4% of total population speaking Pomorian. Pamarėskė sačinė (Pomorian dialectals)]]
[[File:POMORZE_2016 - Copy.png|thumb| Area with more than 4% of total population speaking Pomorian. Pamarėskė sačinė (Pomorian dialects)]]
Pomorian consists of  
Pomorian consists of  
# Northern and North-Western
# Northern and North-Western
Raistas
2,334

edits

Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/80616"

Navigation menu