Vėtuhapamarėska: Difference between revisions

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* Phonetically speaking sequences of a vowel and an approximant were not real diphthongs, but they also were descending or ascending and took part in ablaut.
* Phonetically speaking sequences of a vowel and an approximant were not real diphthongs, but they also were descending or ascending and took part in ablaut.
===Prosody===
===Prosody===
Old Pomorian was a pitch-accented language. Little can be found out about its stress from the few attestations but it is generally considered to be very similar to modern Pomorian. There were also two different types of accent - acute and circumflex, but it is not accepted whether acute was the falling and circumflex - the rising accent. According to the newest data and the research of extinct southern dialects there could actually be three distinct accents, all of which having long or short variation  
Old Pomorian was a pitch-accented language. Little can be found out about its stress from the few attestations but it is generally considered to be similar to modern Pomorian. There were also two different types of accent - acute and circumflex, but it is not accepted whether acute was the falling and circumflex - the rising accent (the accent system is speculated to be reversed in modern Pomorian). According to the newest data and the research of extinct southern dialects there could actually be three distinct accents, all of which having long or short variation. Some scholars even propose that Old Pomorian had broken tone similar to Danish stød or Latvian lauzta intonacija which then became a long acute accent in modern language. But this topic still needs more research, yet nothing can be stated for sure.
==Grammar==
Almost all the Old pomorian morphology is reconstructed and not attested. The internal reconstruction was used by comparing different dialects.
===Nouns===
Noun declension patterns were pretty much recognizable with few differences in endings. There were also seven declensions same as in modern Pomorian.
'''-es (masculine), -ā (feminine), -an (neuter)'''
 
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!
! colspan=2| grā́des = hail
! colspan=2| galvā́ = head
! colspan=2| mârjan = sea
|-
!
!singular
!dual
!plural
!singular
!dual
!plural
!singular
!dual
!plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|grā́d'''es''' || grā́d'''ā''' ||grā́d'''ai'''
|galv'''ā́''' || gàlv'''ai''' ||gàlv'''ā'''
|mar'''jan''' || ||mar'''jā'''
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|grā́d'''ā''' || grā́d'''au''' ||grā́d'''un'''
|galv'''ā́''' || galv'''âu''' ||galv'''un'''
|màr'''jā''' || ||mar'''jun'''
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|grā́d'''āu''' || grā́d'''amā''' ||grā́d'''ams'''
|gãlv'''ēi''' || galv'''ā́mā''' ||galv'''âms'''
|màr'''jāu''' || ||mar'''iãms'''
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|grā́d'''an''' || grā́d'''ā''' ||grā́d'''us'''
|gãlv'''ān''' || gàlv'''ai''' ||gãlv'''es'''
|màr'''jan''' || ||màr'''jes'''
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|grā́d'''umis''' || grā́d'''amā''' ||grā́d'''aimy'''
|gâlv'''ajān''' || galv'''ā́mā''' ||galv'''ā̂my'''
|màr'''jumis''' || ||mar'''jâmy'''
|-
|align="right"|'''Locative'''
|grā́d'''ejē''' || grā́d'''au''' ||grā́d'''aihu'''
|gâlv'''ajē''' || galv'''âu''' ||galv'''ā̂su'''
|mâr'''ejē''' || ||mar'''jā̂su'''
|-
|align="right"|'''Vocative'''
|grā́d'''e''' || grā́d'''ā''' ||grā́d'''ai'''
|gãlv'''a''' || gàlv'''ai''' ||gãlv'''ā'''
|màr'''ja''' || ||màr'''jā'''
|-
 
|}
===Verbs===
Verb conjugation was a bit different from modern Pomorian being more archaic. More verbs belong to the fourth conjugation type. Simple present and past tenses have been reconstructed for Old Pomorian. Verb endings are in the table below.
{|
|
{| class="wikitable"  style="text-align: center"
|+ Present tense
! person
! Singular || Dual || Plural
|-
! 1st
| *-āu, *-am 1 || -(d)vā || -ema
|-
! 2nd
| -esi || -ta || -ete
|-
! 3rd
| -eti || -te || -anti
|}
|
{| class="wikitable"  style="text-align: center"
|+ Past tense
! person
! Singular || Dual || Plural
|-
! 1st
| -au || -vai || -āme
|-
! 2nd
| *-ais, *-ēi 2 || -va || -āte
|-
! 3rd
| -ēt || -ve || -ent
|}
|}
'''Notes:'''
# Both endings could be reconstructed for 1st person singular in present tense. The former ending is from Eastern dialects, the latter - from Western ones.
# According to the modern language the -ais ending is reconstructible for 2nd person singular in past tense, but the form -ēi was attested. However it is not precisely known whether the -ēi ending was real or it could be a misspelling.
 
==Development==
===To Early and Old Pomorian===
* *ē, *ō > *ī, *ū before a final sonorant.
* *ā and *ō > *ā, a change shared with Proto-Slavic.
 
These changes happened before the IIIth century CE. It was the time when Early Pomorian separated from Early Proto-Slavic while still remaining a dialect of it. Some loanwords from Proto-Germanic and old Indo-Iranian languages and then also from Gothic were entering the language during this time. There were some changes in morphological structure but nothing major had happened by the VIIIth century, when the palatalization of velars started similar to the [[w:Slavic first palatalization|first Slavic palatalization]].
* *k, *g, *x > *č /t͡ɕ/, *dž /d͡ʑ/, *š /ɕ/ before front vowels.
*sk, *zg > *škj, *žgj before front vowels.
Some Germanic words borrowed during this time were also affected by the palatalization. Despite started in the VIII century this process has not finished yet in the North-Western dialect, where words both with and without the palatalization appeared.
 
At first the nasalization happened only with long vowels approximately in XIIth - XIIIth centuries, after which Old pomorian started developing into Middle Pomorian.
===To Middle Pomorian===
* In the XIII century most final consonants fell out.
* Nasalization of short vowels happened after fricatives. These short nasal vowels than merged with the long ones in all dialects except Southern.
* In the late XIVth century the process called the iotation happened resulting in new palatal phonemes.


[[Category:Pamarėska]]
[[Category:Pamarėska]]
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