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→Present definite
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Vowel harmony traces are present in the 2S masculine and 2P subjects, as verbs whose roots have as last vowel '''e''' or '''i''' use ''-eb'' and ''-veb'', e.g. ''szlek'' "to drive" → ''szlekeb'' "you (sg) drive", ''szlekvet'' "you (pl) drive"; ''fkin'' "to throw" → ''fkineb'' "you (sg) throw", ''fkinvet'' "you (pl) throw".<br/> | Vowel harmony traces are present in the 2S masculine and 2P subjects, as verbs whose roots have as last vowel '''e''' or '''i''' use ''-eb'' and ''-veb'', e.g. ''szlek'' "to drive" → ''szlekeb'' "you (sg) drive", ''szlekvet'' "you (pl) drive"; ''fkin'' "to throw" → ''fkineb'' "you (sg) throw", ''fkinvet'' "you (pl) throw".<br/> | ||
Note that no gender distinction in 2nd person singular is present in all Tulfasyzdor dialects, most Gorjanor ones, and southern Karynaktjor. The 2nd person plural is archaic in Askandor, where the 3rd person forms are used (as in pronouns, where the courtesy (V) forms have replaced the T ones). | Note that no gender distinction in 2nd person singular is present in all Tulfasyzdor dialects, most Gorjanor ones, and southern Karynaktjor. The 2nd person plural is archaic in Askandor, where the 3rd person forms are used (as in pronouns, where the courtesy (V) forms have replaced the T ones). | ||
====Present definite==== | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! ''kog'' (to see)<br/>→ Subjects<br/>↓ Objects !! 1S !! 2S !! 3S Masc. !! 3S Fem. !! 1P Incl. !! 1P Excl. !! 2P !! 3P Masc. !! 3P Fem. | |||
|- | |||
! — | |||
| kog'''e''' || kog'''jol''' || kog'''yzso''' || kog'''yszy''' || kog'''etjel''' || kog'''ette''' || kog'''ult''' || kog'''yzsda''' || kog'''ysztu''' | |||
|- | |||
! 1S | |||
| ''(avkog)'' || '''v'''kog'''jol''' || '''v'''kog'''yzso''' || '''v'''kog'''yszy''' || '''v'''kog'''etjel''' || '''v'''kog'''ette''' || '''v'''kog'''ult''' || '''v'''kog'''yzsda''' || '''v'''kog'''ysztu''' | |||
|- | |||
! 2S Masc. | |||
| '''ky'''kog'''e''' || '''ky'''kog'''jol''' || '''ky'''kog'''yzso''' || '''ky'''kog'''yszy''' || '''ky'''kog'''etjel''' || '''ky'''kog'''ette''' || '''ky'''kog'''ult''' || '''ky'''kog'''yzsda''' || '''ky'''kog'''ysztu''' | |||
|- | |||
! 2S Femm. | |||
| '''ze'''kog'''e''' || '''ze'''kog'''jol''' || '''ze'''kog'''yzso''' || '''ze'''kog'''yszy''' || '''ze'''kog'''etjel''' || '''ze'''kog'''ette''' || '''ze'''kog'''ult''' || '''ze'''kog'''yzsda''' || '''ze'''kog'''ysztu''' | |||
|- | |||
! 3S Masc. | |||
| '''szy'''kog || '''szy'''kog'''ob''' || '''szy'''kog'''ybe''' || '''szy'''kog'''s''' || '''szy'''kog'''yth''' || '''szy'''kog'''bjel''' || '''szy'''kog'''t''' || '''szy'''kog'''vot''' || '''szy'''kog'''st''' || '''szy'''kog'''thyt''' | |||
|- | |||
! 3S Fem. | |||
| '''edh'''kog || '''edh'''kog'''ob''' || '''edh'''kog'''ybe''' || '''edh'''kog'''s''' || '''edh'''kog'''yth''' || '''edh'''kog'''bjel''' || '''edh'''kog'''t''' || '''edh'''kog'''vot''' || '''edh'''kog'''st''' || '''edh'''kog'''thyt''' | |||
|- | |||
! 1P Incl. | |||
| '''jo'''kog'''e''' || '''jo'''kog'''jol''' || '''jo'''kog'''yzso''' || '''jo'''kog'''yszy''' || '''jo'''kog'''etjel''' || '''jo'''kog'''ette''' || '''jo'''kog'''ult''' || '''jo'''kog'''yzsda''' || '''jo'''kog'''ysztu''' | |||
|- | |||
! 1P Excl. Masc. | |||
| '''dho'''kog'''e''' || '''dho'''kog'''jol''' || '''dho'''kog'''yzso''' || '''dho'''kog'''yszy''' || '''dho'''kog'''etjel''' || '''dho'''kog'''ette''' || '''dho'''kog'''ult''' || '''dho'''kog'''yzsda''' || '''dho'''kog'''ysztu''' | |||
|- | |||
! 1P Excl. Femm. | |||
| '''zso'''kog'''e''' || '''zso'''kog'''jol''' || '''zso'''kog'''yzso''' || '''zso'''kog'''yszy''' || '''zso'''kog'''etjel''' || '''zso'''kog'''ette''' || '''zso'''kog'''ult''' || '''zso'''kog'''yzsda''' || '''zso'''kog'''ysztu''' | |||
|- | |||
! 2P Masc. | |||
| '''kyth'''kog'''e''' || '''kyth'''kog'''jol''' || '''kyth'''kog'''yzso''' || '''kyth'''kog'''yszy''' || '''kyth'''kog'''etjel''' || '''kyth'''kog'''ette''' || '''kyth'''kog'''ult''' || '''kyth'''kog'''yzsda''' || '''kyth'''kog'''ysztu''' | |||
|- | |||
! 2P Femm. | |||
| '''szte'''kog'''e''' || '''szte'''kog'''jol''' || '''szte'''kog'''yzso''' || '''szte'''kog'''yszy''' || '''szte'''kog'''etjel''' || '''szte'''kog'''ette''' || '''szte'''kog'''ult''' || '''szte'''kog'''yzsda''' || '''szte'''kog'''ysztu''' | |||
|- | |||
! 3P Masc. | |||
| '''tszy'''kog || '''tszy'''kog'''ob''' || '''tszy'''kog'''ybe''' || '''tszy'''kog'''s''' || '''tszy'''kog'''yth''' || '''tszy'''kog'''bjel''' || '''tszy'''kog'''t''' || '''tszy'''kog'''vot''' || '''tszy'''kog'''st''' || '''tszy'''kog'''thyt''' | |||
|- | |||
! 3P Fem. | |||
| '''thte'''kog || '''thte'''kog'''ob''' || '''thte'''kog'''ybe''' || '''thte'''kog'''s''' || '''thte'''kog'''yth''' || '''thte'''kog'''bjel''' || '''thte'''kog'''t''' || '''thte'''kog'''vot''' || '''thte'''kog'''st''' || '''thte'''kog'''thyt''' | |||
|} | |||
The same observations made with the indefinite forms about uses apply here (and in all other forms): Tulfasyzdor, most of Gorjanor, and SE Karynaktjor do not distinguish 2Sm and 2Sf; Askandor does not use 2P forms.<br/> | |||
The 1S object affix is ''va-'', but assumes the form ''v-'' before single consonants (apart ''v'' itself). ''avkog'' is the reflexive. | |||
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --> | <!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --> | ||