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Proto-Rathmosian: Difference between revisions
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→Morphology
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| '''''-kun''''' || ''negukun''|| '''''-nkun''''' || ''negunkun''|| '''''-rkun''''' || ''negurkun'' | | '''''-kun''''' || ''negukun''|| '''''-nkun''''' || ''negunkun''|| '''''-rkun''''' || ''negurkun'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |||
==Verbs== | |||
The primary division in verbal morphology is made between dynamic or '''Class I''' verbs and stative or '''Class II''' verbs. Dynamic verbs denote actions and verbs of motion while stative verbs refer to states of being and include the large class of adjectival verbs, such as ''dreg-'' "to be red". Semantics govern the class to which a given verb belongs. | |||
Class I verbs have two conjugations: the '''imperfect''', denoting incompleted or continuous action often understood as non-past, and the '''perfect''' denoting completed action, usually referring to the past. Class I verbs may also be '''active''', in which the subject is focussed, or '''passive''' in which the patient is promoted to the subject of the verb. Passive forms are created by lengthening the vowel of the root, e.g. ''ker-'' "rule" (active), ''keer-'' "ruled" (passive). As Class II verbs are stative they are understood to be imperfect and have only one conjugation, and as they are always intransitive they have no passive. However Class II verbs may be taken over into Class I with an inchoative sense. | |||
Conjugation is agglutinative, formed mostly with suffixes though there are several prefixes and changes to the stem of the verb. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|+ '''Elements of the Verb''' | |||
|- | |||
| Prefixes || '''Root''' || Derivation || Aspect Marker || Valency Marker || Absolutive || Ergative | |||
|} | |||
The aspect markers are ''-n-'' for the imperfective and ''-k-'' for the perfective in Class I. Class II verbs are not marked for aspect. | |||
The valency markers are ''-a-'' for intransitive verbs, ''-i-'' for antipassive verbs and ''-u-'' for transitive verbs. | |||
The absolutive markers agree with the subject of a intransitive verb or the direct object of an transitive verb. The 3rd person may be animate or inanimate. The 1st and 2nd person forms differ depending on whether they are followed by an ergative marker. | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | |||
|+ '''Absolutive Markers''' | |||
|- | |||
! width="50;" | !! width="100;" | Singular !! width="100;" | Plural | |||
|- | |||
! 1 | |||
| ''-f-, -p'' || ''-mf-, -mp'' | |||
|- | |||
! 2 | |||
| ''-h-, -k'' || ''-nh-, -nk'' | |||
|- | |||
! 3an | |||
| ''-s-'' || ''-ns-'' | |||
|- | |||
! 3in | |||
| ''-b-'' || ''-w-'' | |||
|} | |||
The ergative markers agree with the subject of a transitive verb. Since inanimate nouns cannot be the agent of a verb, by definintion, there are no inanimate ergative markers. | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | |||
|+ '''Ergative Markers''' | |||
|- | |||
! width="50;" | !! width="100;" | Singular !! width="100;" | Plural | |||
|- | |||
! 1 | |||
| ''-em'' || ''-ib'' | |||
|- | |||
! 2 | |||
| ''-en'' || ''-ig'' | |||
|- | |||
! 3an | |||
| ''-er'' || ''-id'' | |||
|} | |} | ||
=Syntax= | =Syntax= | ||
=Vocabulary= | =Vocabulary= | ||