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===Orthography=== | ===Orthography=== | ||
===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | |||
|+ Kola consonant phonemes | |||
! colspan="2" | | |||
! Labial | |||
! Alveolar | |||
! Retroflex | |||
! Palatal/ <br /> Postalveolar | |||
! Velar | |||
! Pharyngeal | |||
! Glottal | |||
|- | |||
! colspan = "2" | Nasal | |||
| m | |||
| n | |||
| | |||
| ɲ | |||
| ŋ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="3" | Stop | |||
! ejective | |||
| pʼ | |||
| tʼ | |||
| (ʈʼ)<small><sup>1</sup></small> | |||
| | |||
| kʼ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! aspirated | |||
| pʰ | |||
| tʰ | |||
| (ʈʰ)<small><sup>1</sup></small> | |||
| | |||
| kʰ | |||
| | |||
| ʔ | |||
|- | |||
! voiced | |||
| b | |||
| d | |||
| (ɖ)<small><sup>1</sup></small> | |||
| | |||
| ɡ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="3" | Affricate | |||
! ejective | |||
| | |||
| t͡sʼ | |||
| | |||
| t͡ʃʼ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! aspirated | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| t͡ʃʰ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! voiced | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| d͡ʒ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" | Fricative | |||
! voiceless | |||
| f | |||
| s | |||
| (ʂ)<small><sup>1</sup></small> | |||
| ʃ | |||
| χ | |||
| ħ | |||
| h | |||
|- | |||
! voiced | |||
| v | |||
| z | |||
| (ʐ)<small><sup>1</sup></small> | |||
| (ʒ)<small><sup>2</sup></small> | |||
| ʁ | |||
| ʕ | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! colspan = "2" | Approximant/Liquid | |||
| w | |||
| l | |||
| r | |||
| j | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
'''Notes:''' | |||
<small><sup>1</sup></small> The "retroflex" consonants /ʈʼ, ʈʰ, ɖ, ʂ, ʐ/ are not truly retroflex but rather apical alveolar or post-alveolar. They occur dialectally and correspond to standard /t͡ʃʼ, t͡ʃʰ, d͡ʒ, ʃ, d͡ʒ/ respectively. | |||
<small><sup>2</sup></small> The distinction between /d͡ʒ/ and /ʒ/ has been lost in the standard language (where they occur in free variation), but is still present in some dialects. | |||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||