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Valthungian: Difference between revisions
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→ja- and jō-stems
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===ja- and jō-stems=== | ===ja- and jō-stems=== | ||
While traditionally listed as sub-classes of a- and ō-stems, the j-stem nouns differ from these in two important ways: Umlaut and Palatalization. ( | While traditionally listed as sub-classes of a- and ō-stems, the j-stem nouns differ from these in two important ways: Umlaut and Palatalization. In the examples below, an asterisk (*) by a form indicates that Umlaut applies to that form. A dagger (†) indicates that palatalization '''and''' umlaut both apply. (Umlaut can be triggered without palatalization, but wherever palatalization occurs, umlaut does as well.) | ||
'''Umlaut''': If the stressed vowel of the stem is a back vowel (a, ā, o, ǭ, ō, u, or ū), there is umlaut in this form. (Note: Umlaut does ''not'' occur if any unstressed syllables intercede between the stressed vowel and the ending; for example, ''þūsande'' ‘thousand’ is a feminine ijō-stem noun, but there is no umlaut in the dative or genitive (''þūsanǧis'', ''þūsanǧa'') because of the unstressed /a/ between the /ū/ and the ending.) | |||
'''Palatalization''': If the stem ends in d, g, t, k, s, or v there is palatalization in this form. (In this case, b/v alternation will be considered a type of palatalization, because it occurs in the same environment.) | |||
====Strong ja-stem (masculine)==== | ====Strong ja-stem (masculine)==== | ||
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|align="center"| har'''jis''' ||align="center"| har'''jis''' ||align="center"| har'''ja''' ||align="center"| har'''i''' ||align="center"| har'''jōs''' ||align="center"| har'''jē''' ||align="center"| har'''jam''' ||align="center"| har'''jans''' | |align="center"| har'''jis''' ||align="center"| har'''jis''' ||align="center"| har'''ja''' ||align="center"| har'''i''' ||align="center"| har'''jōs''' ||align="center"| har'''jē''' ||align="center"| har'''jam''' ||align="center"| har'''jans''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="center"| h<span style="color:blue">e</span>r'''is''' | |align="center"| h<span style="color:blue">e</span>r'''is'''† ||align="center"| h<span style="color:blue">e</span>r'''is'''† ||align="center"| h<span style="color:blue">e</span>r'''ia'''† ||align="center"| har'''e''' ||align="center"| h<span style="color:blue">e</span>r'''is'''† ||align="center"| h<span style="color:blue">e</span>r'''ia'''† ||align="center"| h<span style="color:blue">e</span>r'''im'''† ||align="center"| h<span style="color:blue">e</span>r'''ins'''† | ||
|- | |- | ||
|colspan=8| <small> | |colspan=8| <small>Note that the accusative singular is the ''only'' form which does not have umlaut or palatalization.</small> | ||
</small> | |||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
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|align="center"| fergún'''e''' ||align="center"| fergýn'''is'''*† ||align="center"| fergýn'''ia'''*† ||align="center"| fergún'''e''' ||align="center"| fergýn'''ia'''*† ||align="center"| fergýn'''ia'''*† ||align="center"| fergýn'''im'''*† ||align="center"| fergýn'''ia'''*† | |align="center"| fergún'''e''' ||align="center"| fergýn'''is'''*† ||align="center"| fergýn'''ia'''*† ||align="center"| fergún'''e''' ||align="center"| fergýn'''ia'''*† ||align="center"| fergýn'''ia'''*† ||align="center"| fergýn'''im'''*† ||align="center"| fergýn'''ia'''*† | ||
|- | |- | ||
|colspan=8| <small> | |colspan=8| <small>Like the masculine form, but the nominative singular is the same as the accusative, and the nominative and accusative plural are the same as the dative singular (just as with the a-stems).</small> | ||
</small> | |||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||