Valthungian: Difference between revisions

Jump to navigation Jump to search

Valthungian (view source)

Revision as of 20:43, 25 October 2017

30,740 bytes removed ,  25 October 2017
→‎Nouns
Line 713: Line 713:
|-
|-
|}
|}
<!--
|colspan=9 width=900|'''Type II: Syllabic''' (“n.st.m.a.syl”)<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;for roots ending in VCR (VCl-, VCm-, VCn-, VCr-)
|-
|align="center"| ak'''raz''' ||align="center"| ak'''ris''' ||align="center"| ak'''rai''' ||align="center"| ak'''rą''' ||align="center"| ak'''rōz''' ||align="center"| ak'''rǫ̂''' ||align="center"| ak'''ramaz''' ||align="center"| ak'''ranz''' ||rowspan=4 valign="top"| ‘''field''’
|-
|align="center"| ak'''rs''' ||align="center"| ak'''ris''' ||align="center"| ak'''ra''' ||align="center"| ak'''r''' ||align="center"| ak'''rōs''' ||align="center"| ak'''rē''' ||align="center"| ak'''ram''' ||align="center"| ak'''rans'''
|-
|align="center"| akr'''<span style="color:red">a</span>s''' ||align="center"| akr'''is''' ||align="center"| akr'''a''' ||align="center"| akr'''<span style="color:red">a</span>''' ||align="center"| akr'''as''' ||align="center"| akr'''a''' ||align="center"| akr'''<span style="color:red">am</span>''' ||align="center"| akr'''<span style="color:red">an</span>s'''
|-
|colspan=8| <small>For those nouns ending in a syllabic sonorant in Gothic (‹r›, ‹l›, ‹m›, or ‹n› after another consonant), a vowel must be added to certain endings (indicated in red). Consquently, the metathesis observed in the default form is undone. (Or, more accurately, is blocked from occurring in the first place.) </small>
|-
|colspan=9 width=900|'''Type IIIa: Devoicing/Spirantization Merging''' (“n.st.m.ba”)<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;for roots ending in Vb- and Vf-
|-
|align="center"| hlai'''baz''' ||align="center"| hlai'''bis''' ||align="center"| hlai'''bai''' ||align="center"| hlai'''bą''' ||align="center"| hlai'''bōz''' ||align="center"| hlai'''bǫ̂''' ||align="center"| hlai'''bamaz''' ||align="center"| hlai'''banz''' ||rowspan=4 valign="top"| ‘''bread''’
|-
|align="center"| hlai'''<span style="color:red">f</span>s''' ||align="center"| hlai'''bis''' ||align="center"| hlai'''ba''' ||align="center"| hlai'''<span style="color:red">f</span>''' ||align="center"| hlai'''bōs''' ||align="center"| hlai'''bē''' ||align="center"| hlai'''bam''' ||align="center"| hlai'''bans'''
|-
|align="center"| þlǣ'''<span style="color:red">f</span>s''' ||align="center"| þlǣ'''<span style="color:blue">v</span>is''' ||align="center"| þlǣ'''<span style="color:blue">v</span>a''' ||align="center"| þlǣ'''<span style="color:red">f</span>''' ||align="center"| þlǣ'''<span style="color:blue">v</span>as''' ||align="center"| þlǣ'''<span style="color:blue">v</span>a''' ||align="center"| þlǣ'''<span style="color:blue">v</span>ma''' ||align="center"| þlǣ'''<span style="color:blue">v</span>nas'''
|-
|colspan=8| <small>For roots ending in ‹b›, it is devoiced to ‹f› in the nominative and accusative singular (at a time before Gothic), indicated in red. ‹b› is spirantized (that is, becomes ‹v›) in the rest of the endings, indicated in blue.  (This was the case in Gothic as well, though the spirantization was not indicated in writing.) In the case of those roots ending in ‹f›, the ‹f› is voiced to ‹v› in the same environment that ‹b› is spirantized, so as far as Gutish is concerned, these two paradigms are identical.</small>
|-
|colspan=9 width=900|'''Type IIIb: Devoicing/Spirantization Merging''' (“n.st.m.da”)<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;for roots ending in Vd- and Vþ-
|-
|align="center"| au'''daz''' ||align="center"| au'''dis''' ||align="center"| au'''dai''' ||align="center"| au'''dą''' ||align="center"| au'''dōz''' ||align="center"| au'''dǫ̂''' ||align="center"| au'''damaz''' ||align="center"| au'''danz''' ||rowspan=4 valign="top"| ‘''fortune''’
|-
|align="center"| au'''<span style="color:red">þ</span>s''' ||align="center"| au'''dis''' ||align="center"| au'''da''' ||align="center"| au'''<span style="color:red">þ</span>''' ||align="center"| au'''dōs''' ||align="center"| au'''dē''' ||align="center"| au'''dam''' ||align="center"| au'''dans'''
|-
|align="center"| ǭ'''<span style="color:red">þ</span>s''' ||align="center"| ǭ'''<span style="color:blue">ð</span>is''' ||align="center"| ǭ'''<span style="color:blue">ð</span>a''' ||align="center"| ǭ'''<span style="color:red">þ</span>''' ||align="center"| ǭ'''<span style="color:blue">ð</span>as''' ||align="center"| ǭ'''<span style="color:blue">ð</span>a''' ||align="center"| ǭ'''<span style="color:blue">ð</span>ma''' ||align="center"| ǭ'''<span style="color:blue">ð</span>nas'''
|-
|colspan=8| <small>Same idea as above. For roots ending in ‹d›, it is devoiced to ‹þ› in the nominative and accusative singular (at a time before Gothic), indicated in red. ‹d› is spirantized (that is, becomes ‹ð›) in the rest of the endings, indicated in blue.  (This was the case in Gothic as well, though the spirantization was not indicated in writing.) In the case of those roots ending in ‹þ›, the ‹þ› is voiced to ‹ð› in the same environment that ‹d› is spirantized, so as far as Gutish is concerned, these two paradigms are identical.</small>
|-
|colspan=9 width=900|'''Type IIIc: Devoicing''' (“n.st.m.za”)<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;for roots ending in Vz-
|-
|align="center"| gai'''zaz''' ||align="center"| gai'''zis''' ||align="center"| gai'''zai''' ||align="center"| gai'''zą''' ||align="center"| gai'''zōz''' ||align="center"| gai'''zǫ̂''' ||align="center"| gai'''zamaz''' ||align="center"| gai'''zanz''' ||rowspan=4 valign="top"| ‘''spear''’
|-
|align="center"| gai'''<span style="color:red">s</span>''' ||align="center"| gai'''zis''' ||align="center"| gai'''za''' ||align="center"| gai'''<span style="color:red">s</span>''' ||align="center"| gai'''zōs''' ||align="center"| gai'''zē''' ||align="center"| gai'''zam''' ||align="center"| gai'''zans'''
|-
|align="center"| gǣ'''<span style="color:red">s</span>''' ||align="center"| gǣ'''<span style="color:blue">ž</span>is''' ||align="center"| gǣ'''<span style="color:blue">ž</span>a''' ||align="center"| gǣ'''<span style="color:red">s</span>''' ||align="center"| gǣ'''<span style="color:blue">ž</span>as''' ||align="center"| gǣ'''<span style="color:blue">ž</span>a''' ||align="center"| gǣ'''<span style="color:blue">ž</span>ma ||align="center"| gǣ'''<span style="color:blue">ž</span>nas'''
|-
|colspan=8| <small>Same idea as above, with an extra twist. For roots ending in ‹ž›, it is devoiced to ‹s› in the nominative and accusative singular (at a time before Gothic), indicated in red. ‹ž› remains in the rest of the endings, indicated in blue. In addition to the devoicing in the nominative and accusative, the nominative ending ‹s› is deleted or assimilated.</small>
|-
|colspan=9 width=900|'''Type IVa: Post-Approximant Spirantization''' (“n.st.m.rba”)<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;for roots ending in Vlb- and Vrb-
|-
|align="center"| hwer'''baz''' ||align="center"| hwer'''bis''' ||align="center"| hwer'''bai''' ||align="center"| hwer'''bą''' ||align="center"| hwer'''bōz''' ||align="center"| hwer'''bǫ̂''' ||align="center"| hwer'''bamaz''' ||align="center"| hwer'''banz''' ||rowspan=4 valign="top"| ‘''planet''’
|-
|align="center"| ƕaír'''bs''' ||align="center"| ƕaír'''bis''' ||align="center"| ƕaír'''ba''' ||align="center"| ƕaír'''b''' ||align="center"| ƕaír'''bōs''' ||align="center"| ƕaír'''bē''' ||align="center"| ƕaír'''bam''' ||align="center"| ƕaír'''bans'''
|-
|align="center"| hwer'''<span style="color:red">b</span>s''' ||align="center"| hwer'''<span style="color:blue">v</span>is''' ||align="center"| hwer'''<span style="color:blue">v</span>a''' ||align="center"| hwer'''<span style="color:red">b</span>''' ||align="center"| hwer'''<span style="color:blue">v</span>as''' ||align="center"| hwer'''<span style="color:blue">v</span>a''' ||align="center"| hwer'''<span style="color:blue">v</span><span style="color:red">am</span>''' ||align="center"| hwer'''<span style="color:blue">v</span><span style="color:red">an</span>s'''
|-
|colspan=8| <small>Like the above, this deals with nouns ending in ‹b›, which spirantizes to ‹v› in most declensions, but it is prevented from devoicing to ‹f› in the nominative and accusative by a consonant before it. This is a rule inhereited from Gothic. Metathesis in the dative and accusative plural is also blocked. This occurs for stems ending in ‹rb›, ‹rd›, ‹lb›, and ‹ld›.</small>
|-
|colspan=9 width=900|'''Type IVb: Post-Approximant Spirantization''' (“n.st.m.rda”)<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;for roots ending in Vld- and Vrd-
|-
|align="center"| bar'''daz''' ||align="center"| bar'''dis''' ||align="center"| bar'''dai''' ||align="center"| bar'''dą''' ||align="center"| bar'''dōz''' ||align="center"| bar'''dǫ̂''' ||align="center"| bar'''damaz''' ||align="center"| bar'''danz''' ||rowspan=4 valign="top"| ‘''beard''’
|-
|align="center"| bar'''ds''' ||align="center"| bar'''dis''' ||align="center"| bar'''da''' ||align="center"| bar'''d''' ||align="center"| bar'''dōs''' ||align="center"| bar'''dē''' ||align="center"| bar'''dam''' ||align="center"| bar'''dans'''
|-
| align="center"| bar'''<span style="color:red">ǧ</span>''' ||align="center"| bar'''<span style="color:blue">ð</span>is''' ||align="center"| bar'''<span style="color:blue">ð</span>a''' ||align="center"| bar'''<span style="color:red">d</span>''' ||align="center"| bar'''<span style="color:blue">ð</span>as''' ||align="center"| bar'''<span style="color:blue">ð</span>a''' ||align="center"| bar'''<span style="color:blue">ð</span><span style="color:red">am</span>''' ||align="center"| bar'''<span style="color:blue">ð</span><span style="color:red">an</span>s'''
|-
|colspan=8| <small>This is the same idea as the “rda” declension above, with the additional twist that Gothic ‹ds›, when word-final, palatalizes and becomes ‹ǧ›. There is also spirantization in the other declensions except for the accusative singular, which retains the original ‹d›, and metathesis is blocked in the dative and accusative plural.</small>
|-
|colspan=9 width=900|'''Type IVc: Post-Approximant Spirantization''' (“n.st.m.rza”)<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;for roots ending in Vlz- and Vrz-
|-
|align="center"| am'''zaz''' ||align="center"| am'''zis''' ||align="center"| am'''zai''' ||align="center"| am'''zą''' ||align="center"| am'''zōz''' ||align="center"| am'''zǫ̂''' ||align="center"| am'''zamaz''' ||align="center"| am'''zanz''' ||rowspan=4 valign="top"| ‘''shoulder''’
|-
|align="center"| am'''<span style="color:red">s</span>''' ||align="center"| am'''zis''' ||align="center"| am'''za''' ||align="center"| am'''<span style="color:red">s</span>''' ||align="center"| am'''zōs''' ||align="center"| am'''zē''' ||align="center"| am'''zam''' ||align="center"| am'''zans'''
|-
|align="center"| am'''<span style="color:red">s</span>''' ||align="center"| am'''<span style="color:blue">ž</span>is''' ||align="center"| am'''<span style="color:blue">ž</span>a''' ||align="center"| am'''<span style="color:red">s</span>''' ||align="center"| am'''<span style="color:blue">ž</span>as''' ||align="center"| am'''<span style="color:blue">ž</span>a''' ||align="center"| am'''<span style="color:blue">ž</span><span style="color:red">am</span> ||align="center"| am'''<span style="color:blue">ž</span><span style="color:red">ans</span>'''
|-
|colspan=8| <small>This paradigm differs from the version above in that a consonant occurring before a voiced fricative (‹ž›) has the affect of blocking metathesis in the dative and accusative plural (in red).</small>
|-
|colspan=9 width=900|'''Type Va: Post-Approximant Inter-Sonorant Voicing''' (“n.st.m.lfa”)<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;for roots ending in Vlf- and Vrf-
|-
|align="center"| wul'''faz''' ||align="center"| wul'''fis''' ||align="center"| wul'''fai''' ||align="center"| wul'''fą''' ||align="center"| wul'''fōz''' ||align="center"| wul'''fǫ̂''' ||align="center"| wul'''famaz''' ||align="center"| wul'''fanz''' ||rowspan=4 valign="top"| ‘''wolf''’
|-
|align="center"| wul'''fs''' ||align="center"| wul'''fis''' ||align="center"| wul'''fa''' ||align="center"| wul'''f''' ||align="center"| wul'''fōs''' ||align="center"| wul'''fē''' ||align="center"| wul'''fam''' ||align="center"| wul'''fans'''
|-
|align="center"| wul'''<span style="color:red">f</span>s''' ||align="center"| wul'''<span style="color:blue">v</span>is''' ||align="center"| wul'''<span style="color:blue">v</span>a''' ||align="center"| wul'''<span style="color:red">f</span>''' ||align="center"| wul'''<span style="color:blue">v</span>as''' ||align="center"| wul'''<span style="color:blue">v</span>a''' ||align="center"| wul'''<span style="color:blue">v</span><span style="color:red">am</span>''' ||align="center"| wul'''<span style="color:blue">v</span><span style="color:red">an</span>s'''
|-
|colspan=8| <small>Scary name, but it’s really just the same as the above, but for nouns ending in ‹f›.</small>
|-
|colspan=9 width=900|'''Type Vb: Post-Approximant Inter-Sonorant Voicing''' (“n.st.m.lþa”)<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;for roots ending in Vlþ- and Vrþ-
|-
|colspan=9 width=900|'''Type VIa: Post-Approximant Inter-Sonorant Voicing''' (“n.st.m.ga”)<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;for roots ending in Vg-, Vng-, Vlg-, Vrg-
|-
|align="center"| da'''gaz''' ||align="center"| da'''gis''' ||align="center"| da'''gai''' ||align="center"| da'''gą''' ||align="center"| da'''gōz''' ||align="center"| da'''gǫ̂''' ||align="center"| da'''gamaz''' ||align="center"| da'''ganz''' ||rowspan=4 valign="top"| ‘''day''’
|-
|align="center"| da'''gs''' ||align="center"| da'''gis''' ||align="center"| da'''ga''' ||align="center"| da'''g''' ||align="center"| da'''gōs''' ||align="center"| da'''gē''' ||align="center"| da'''gam''' ||align="center"| da'''gans'''
|-
|align="center"| da'''<span style="color:red">ǧ</span>'''  ||align="center"| dag'''is''' ||align="center"| dag'''a''' ||align="center"| dag ||align="center"| dag'''as''' ||align="center"| dag'''a''' ||align="center"| dag'''ma''' ||align="center"| dag'''nas'''
|-
|colspan=8| <small>This is the same as the default with the only exception that there is palatalization of ‹g› in the nominative singular.</small>
|-
|colspan=9 width=900|'''Type VIIa: /r/-Assimilation''' (“n.st.m.ra”)<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;for roots ending in r-
|-
|align="center"| we'''raz''' ||align="center"| we'''ris''' ||align="center"| we'''rai''' ||align="center"| we'''rą''' ||align="center"| we'''rōz''' ||align="center"| we'''rǫ̂''' ||align="center"| we'''ramaz''' ||align="center"| we'''ranz''' ||rowspan=4 valign="top"| ‘''man''’
|-
|align="center"| waí'''r''' ||align="center"| waí'''ris''' ||align="center"| waí'''ra''' ||align="center"| waí'''r''' ||align="center"| waí'''rōs''' ||align="center"| waí'''rē''' ||align="center"| waí'''ram''' ||align="center"| waí'''rans'''
|-
|align="center"| we'''<span style="color:red">r</span>''' ||align="center"| wer'''is''' ||align="center"| wer'''a''' ||align="center"| wer ||align="center"| wer'''as''' ||align="center"| wer'''a''' ||align="center"| wer'''ma''' ||align="center"| wer'''nas'''
|-
|colspan=8| <small>This is the same as the default with the only exception that the nominative singular ‹s› is assimilated (in pre-Gothic times). This rule expands slightly in Gutish; whereas in Gothic it applied only to light syllables, by Gutish times it applies to all nouns ending in ‹r›.</small>
|-
|colspan=9 width=900|'''Type VIIb: /s/-Assimilation''' (“n.st.m.sa”)<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;for roots ending in s-
|-
|align="center"| waps'''az''' ||align="center"| waps'''is''' ||align="center"| waps'''ai''' ||align="center"| waps'''ą''' ||align="center"| waps'''ōz''' ||align="center"| waps'''ǫ̂''' ||align="center"| waps'''amaz''' ||align="center"| waps'''anz''' ||rowspan=4 valign="top"| ‘''wasp''’
|-
|align="center"| wap'''s''' ||align="center"| waps'''is''' ||align="center"| waps'''a''' ||align="center"| wap'''s''' ||align="center"| waps'''ōs''' ||align="center"| waps'''ē''' ||align="center"| waps'''am''' ||align="center"| waps'''ans'''
|-
|align="center"| wap'''<span style="color:red">s</span>''' ||align="center"| waps'''is''' ||align="center"| waps'''a''' ||align="center"| wap'''<span style="color:red">s</span>''' ||align="center"| waps'''as''' ||align="center"| waps'''a''' ||align="center"| waps'''ma''' ||align="center"| waps'''nas'''
|-
|colspan=8| ''s is dropped/assimilated from the nominative.''
|-
|colspan=9 width=900|'''Type VIIc: Cluster Simplification and Palatalization''' (“n.st.m.ska”)<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;for roots ending in Vsk-
|-
|align="center"| fisk'''az''' ||align="center"| fisk'''is''' ||align="center"| fisk'''ai''' ||align="center"| fisk'''ą''' ||align="center"| fisk'''ōz''' ||align="center"| fisk'''ǫ̂''' ||align="center"| fisk'''amaz''' ||align="center"| fisk'''anz''' ||rowspan=4 valign="top"| ‘''fish''’
|-
|align="center"| fisk'''s''' ||align="center"| fisk'''is''' ||align="center"| fisk'''a''' ||align="center"| fisk ||align="center"| fisk'''ōs''' ||align="center"| fisk'''ē''' ||align="center"| fisk'''am''' ||align="center"| fisk'''ans'''
|-
|align="center"| fi'''<span style="color:red">š</span>k'''  ||align="center"| fišk'''is''' ||align="center"| fišk'''a''' ||align="center"| fišk ||align="center"| fišk'''as''' ||align="center"| fišk'''a''' ||align="center"| fišk'''am''' ||align="center"| fišk'''ans'''
|-
|colspan=8| ''s is dropped from the nominative.''
|-
|colspan=9 width=900|'''Type VIId: Cluster Simplification''' (“n.st.m.ska”)<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;for roots ending in Vsp-, Vst-, Vft-
|-
|align="center"| ast'''az''' ||align="center"| ast'''is''' ||align="center"| ast'''ai''' ||align="center"| ast'''ą''' ||align="center"| ast'''ōz''' ||align="center"| ast'''ǫ̂''' ||align="center"| ast'''amaz''' ||align="center"| ast'''anz''' ||rowspan=4 valign="top"| ‘''branch''’
|-
|align="center"| ast'''s''' ||align="center"| ast'''is''' ||align="center"| ast'''a''' ||align="center"| ast ||align="center"| ast'''ōs''' ||align="center"| ast'''ē''' ||align="center"| ast'''am''' ||align="center"| ast'''ans'''
|-
|align="center"| a'''<span style="color:red">st</span>'''  ||align="center"| ast'''is''' ||align="center"| ast'''a''' ||align="center"| ast ||align="center"| ast'''as''' ||align="center"| ast'''a''' ||align="center"| ast'''ma''' ||align="center"| ast'''nas'''
|-
|colspan=8| ''s is dropped from the nominative.''
|-
|colspan=9 width=900|'''Type VIIIa: Metathetical Blocking with /m/''' (“n.st.m.ska”)<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;for roots ending in m-
|-
|align="center"| wurm'''az''' ||align="center"| wurm'''is''' ||align="center"| wurm'''ai''' ||align="center"| wurm'''ą''' ||align="center"| wurm'''ōz''' ||align="center"| wurm'''ǫ̂''' ||align="center"| wurm'''amaz''' ||align="center"| wurm'''anz''' ||rowspan=4 valign="top"| ‘''wurm''’
|-
|align="center"| waúrm'''s''' ||align="center"| waúrm'''is''' ||align="center"| waúrm'''a''' ||align="center"| waúrm ||align="center"| waúrm'''ōs''' ||align="center"| waúrm'''ē''' ||align="center"| waúrm'''am''' ||align="center"| waúrm'''ans'''
|-
|align="center"| worm'''s''' ||align="center"| worm'''is''' ||align="center"| worm'''a''' ||align="center"| worm ||align="center"| worm'''as''' ||align="center"| worm'''a''' ||align="center"| wor'''<span style="color:red">mam</span>''' ||align="center"| worm'''nas'''
|-
|colspan=8| ''no metathesis in dat pl only''
|-
|colspan=9 width=900|'''Type VIIIa: Metathetical Blocking with /n/''' (“n.st.m.ska”)<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;for roots ending in n-
|-
|align="center"| uhn'''az''' ||align="center"| uhn'''is''' ||align="center"| uhn'''ai''' ||align="center"| uhn'''ą''' ||align="center"| uhn'''ōz''' ||align="center"| uhn'''ǫ̂''' ||align="center"| uhn'''amaz''' ||align="center"| uhn'''anz''' ||rowspan=4 valign="top"| ‘''oven''’
|-
|align="center"| auhn'''s''' ||align="center"| auhn'''is''' ||align="center"| auhn'''a''' ||align="center"| auhn ||align="center"| auhn'''ōs''' ||align="center"| auhn'''ē''' ||align="center"| auhn'''am''' ||align="center"| auhn'''ans'''
|-
|align="center"| ǭn'''s''' ||align="center"| ǭn'''is''' ||align="center"| ǭn'''a''' ||align="center"| ǭn ||align="center"| ǭn'''as''' ||align="center"| ǭn'''a''' ||align="center"| ǭn'''ma''' ||align="center"| ǭn'''<span style="color:red">an</span>s'''
|-
|colspan=8| ''no metathesis in acc pl only''
|-
|colspan=9 width=900|'''Type IXa: Assimilation of /b/''' (“n.st.m.mba”)<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;for roots ending in mb-
|-
|align="center"| lamb'''az''' ||align="center"| lamb'''is''' ||align="center"| lamb'''ai''' ||align="center"| lamb'''ą''' ||align="center"| lamb'''ōz''' ||align="center"| lamb'''ǫ̂''' ||align="center"| lamb'''amaz''' ||align="center"| lamb'''anz''' ||rowspan=4 valign="top"| ‘''lamb, sheep''’
|-
|align="center"| lamb'''s''' ||align="center"| lamb'''is''' ||align="center"| lamb'''a''' ||align="center"| lamb ||align="center"| lamb'''ōs''' ||align="center"| lamb'''ē''' ||align="center"| lamb'''am''' ||align="center"| lamb'''ans'''
|-
|align="center"| la'''<span style="color:red">m</span>s''' ||align="center"| lamb'''is''' ||align="center"| lamb'''a''' ||align="center"| la'''<span style="color:red">m</span>''' ||align="center"| lamb'''as''' ||align="center"| lamb'''a''' ||align="center"| lamb'''<span style="color:red">am</span>''' ||align="center"| lamb'''<span style="color:red">an</span>s'''
|-
|colspan=8| ''b is lost in nom and acc sg''
|-
|colspan=9 width=900|'''Type IXa: nd''' (“n.st.m.nda”)<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;for roots ending in nd-
|-
|align="center"| wendaz ||align="center"| wendaiz ||align="center"| wendai ||align="center"| wendą ||align="center"| wendōz ||align="center"| wendǫ̂ ||align="center"| wendamaz ||align="center"| wendanz ||rowspan=4 valign="top"| ‘''wind''’
|-
|align="center"| winds ||align="center"| windis ||align="center"| winda ||align="center"| wind ||align="center"| windōs ||align="center"| windē ||align="center"| windam ||align="center"| windans
|-
|align="center"| win'''<span style="color:red">ǧ</span>''' ||align="center"| win'''dis''' ||align="center"| win'''da''' ||align="center"| win'''d''' ||align="center"| win'''das''' ||align="center"| win'''da''' ||align="center"| win'''<span style="color:red">dam</span>''' ||align="center"| win'''<span style="color:red">dan</span>s'''
|-
|colspan=8| In addition to those a-stem nouns ending in nd-, nounds from the “nd-stems,” such as ''frīnǧ'' ‘friend’, have been assimilated into this declension, adding ‹a› to the declension of the dative singular and nominative plural, and adding ‹n› to the accusative plural.
|-
|}-->


====Strong a-stem (neuter)====
====Strong a-stem (neuter)====
Line 907: Line 731:
|-
|-
|}
|}
<!--
|colspan=9 width=900|'''Type II: Syllabic''' (“n.st.m.a.syl”)<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;for roots ending in VCR (VCl-, VCm-, VCn-, VCr-)
|-
|align="center"| aþ'''ną''' ||align="center"| aþ'''nis''' ||align="center"| aþ'''nai''' ||align="center"| aþ'''ną''' ||align="center"| aþ'''nōz''' ||align="center"| aþ'''nǫ̂''' ||align="center"| aþ'''namaz''' ||align="center"| aþ'''nanz''' ||rowspan=4 valign="top"| ‘''season''’
|-
|align="center"| aþ'''n''' ||align="center"| aþ'''nis''' ||align="center"| aþ'''na''' ||align="center"| aþ'''n''' ||align="center"| aþ'''na''' ||align="center"| aþ'''nē''' ||align="center"| aþ'''nam''' ||align="center"| aþ'''na'''
|-
|align="center"| að'''n<span style="color:red">a</span>''' ||align="center"| að'''nis''' ||align="center"| að'''na''' ||align="center"| að'''n<span style="color:red">a</span>''' ||align="center"| að'''na''' ||align="center"| að'''na''' ||align="center"| að'''n<span style="color:red">am</span>''' ||align="center"| að'''n<span style="color:red">a</span>'''
|-
|colspan=8| <small>For those nouns ending in a syllabic sonorant in Gothic (‹r›, ‹l›, ‹m›, or ‹n› after another consonant), a vowel must be added to certain endings (indicated in red). Consquently, the metathesis observed in the default form is undone. (Or, more accurately, is blocked from occurring in the first place.) </small>
|-
|colspan=9 width=900|'''Type IIIa: Devoicing/Spirantization Merging''' (“n.st.m.ba”)<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;for roots ending in Vb- and Vf-
|-
|align="center"| hrō'''fą''' ||align="center"| hrō'''fis''' ||align="center"| hrō'''fai''' ||align="center"| hrō'''fą''' ||align="center"| hrō'''fō''' ||align="center"| hrō'''fǫ̂''' ||align="center"| hrō'''famaz''' ||align="center"| hrō'''fō''' ||rowspan=4 valign="top"| ‘''roof''’
|-
|align="center"| hrō'''<span style="color:red">f</span>s''' ||align="center"| hrō'''fis''' ||align="center"| hrō'''fa''' ||align="center"| hrō'''<span style="color:red">f</span>''' ||align="center"| hrō'''fōs''' ||align="center"| hrō'''fē''' ||align="center"| hrō'''fam''' ||align="center"| hrō'''fans'''
|-
|align="center"| þrō'''<span style="color:red">f</span>''' ||align="center"| þrō'''<span style="color:blue">v</span>is''' ||align="center"| þrō'''<span style="color:blue">v</span>a''' ||align="center"| þrō'''<span style="color:red">f</span>''' ||align="center"| þrō'''<span style="color:blue">v</span>a''' ||align="center"| þrō'''<span style="color:blue">v</span>a''' ||align="center"| þrō'''<span style="color:blue">v</span>ma''' ||align="center"| þrō'''<span style="color:blue">v</span>a'''
|-
|colspan=8| <small>For roots ending in ‹b›, it is devoiced to ‹f› in the nominative and accusative singular (at a time before Gothic), indicated in red. ‹b› is spirantized (that is, becomes ‹v›) in the rest of the endings, indicated in blue.  (This was the case in Gothic as well, though the spirantization was not indicated in writing.) In the case of those roots ending in ‹f›, the ‹f› is voiced to ‹v› in the same environment that ‹b› is spirantized, so as far as Gutish is concerned, these two paradigms are identical.</small>
|-
|colspan=9 width=900|'''Type IIIb: Devoicing/Spirantization Merging''' (“n.st.m.da”)<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;for roots ending in Vd- and Vþ-
|-
|align="center"| blō'''þą''' ||align="center"| blō'''þis''' ||align="center"| blō'''þai''' ||align="center"| blō'''þą''' ||align="center"| blō'''dō''' ||align="center"| blō'''dǫ̂''' ||align="center"| blō'''damaz''' ||align="center"| blō'''dō''' ||rowspan=4 valign="top"| ‘''blood''’
|-
|align="center"| blō'''<span style="color:red">þ</span>''' ||align="center"| blō'''þis''' ||align="center"| blō'''þa''' ||align="center"| blō'''<span style="color:red">þ</span>''' ||align="center"| blō'''þa''' ||align="center"| blō'''þē''' ||align="center"| blō'''þam''' ||align="center"| blō'''þa'''
|-
|align="center"| blō'''<span style="color:red">þ</span>''' ||align="center"| blō'''<span style="color:blue">ð</span>is''' ||align="center"| blō'''<span style="color:blue">ð</span>a''' ||align="center"| blō'''<span style="color:red">þ</span>''' ||align="center"| blō'''<span style="color:blue">ð</span>a''' ||align="center"| blō'''<span style="color:blue">ð</span>a''' ||align="center"| blō'''<span style="color:blue">ð</span>ma''' ||align="center"| blō'''<span style="color:blue">ð</span>a'''
|-
|colspan=8| <small>Same idea as above. For roots ending in ‹d›, it is devoiced to ‹þ› in the nominative and accusative singular (at a time before Gothic), indicated in red. ‹d› is spirantized (that is, becomes ‹ð›) in the rest of the endings, indicated in blue.  (This was the case in Gothic as well, though the spirantization was not indicated in writing.) In the case of those roots ending in ‹þ›, the ‹þ› is voiced to ‹ð› in the same environment that ‹d› is spirantized, so as far as Gutish is concerned, these two paradigms are identical.</small>
|-
|colspan=9 width=900|'''Type IIIc: Devoicing''' (“n.st.m.za”)<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;for roots ending in Vz-
|-
|align="center"| deu'''zą''' ||align="center"| deu'''zis''' ||align="center"| deu'''zai''' ||align="center"| deu'''zą''' ||align="center"| deu'''zō''' ||align="center"| deu'''zǫ̂''' ||align="center"| deu'''zamaz''' ||align="center"| deu'''zō''' ||rowspan=4 valign="top"| ‘''creature''’
|-
|align="center"| diu'''<span style="color:red">s</span>''' ||align="center"| diu'''zis''' ||align="center"| diu'''za''' ||align="center"| diu'''<span style="color:red">s</span>''' ||align="center"| diu'''za''' ||align="center"| diu'''zē''' ||align="center"| diu'''zam''' ||align="center"| diu'''za'''
|-
|align="center"| ǧu'''<span style="color:red">s</span>''' ||align="center"| ǧu'''<span style="color:blue">ž</span>is''' ||align="center"| ǧu'''<span style="color:blue">ž</span>a''' ||align="center"| ǧu'''<span style="color:red">s</span>''' ||align="center"| ǧu'''<span style="color:blue">ž</span>a''' ||align="center"| ǧu'''<span style="color:blue">ž</span>a''' ||align="center"| ǧu'''<span style="color:blue">ž</span>ma ||align="center"| ǧu'''<span style="color:blue">ž</span>a'''
|-
|colspan=9 width=900|'''Type IXa: Assimilation of /b/''' (“n.st.n.mba”)<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;for roots ending in mb-
|-
|align="center"| lamb'''ą''' ||align="center"| lamb'''is''' ||align="center"| lamb'''ai''' ||align="center"| lamb'''ą''' ||align="center"| lamb'''ō''' ||align="center"| lamb'''ǫ̂''' ||align="center"| lamb'''amaz''' ||align="center"| lamb'''ō''' ||rowspan=4 valign="top"| ‘''lamb''’
|-
|align="center"| la'''mb''' ||align="center"| la'''mbis''' ||align="center"| la'''mba''' ||align="center"| la'''mb''' ||align="center"| la'''mba''' ||align="center"| la'''mbē''' ||align="center"| la'''mbam''' ||align="center"| la'''mba'''
|-
|align="center"| la'''<span style="color:red">m</span>''' ||align="center"| la'''mbis''' ||align="center"| la'''mba''' ||align="center"| la'''<span style="color:red">m</span>''' ||align="center"| la'''mba''' ||align="center"| la'''mba''' ||align="center"| la'''<span style="color:red">mbam</span>''' ||align="center"| la'''mba'''
|-
|colspan=9 width=900|'''lba''' (“n.st.n.lba”)<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;for roots ending in lb-, rba
|-
|align="center"| kalb'''ą''' ||align="center"| kalb'''is''' ||align="center"| kalb'''ai''' ||align="center"| kalb'''ą''' ||align="center"| kalb'''ō''' ||align="center"| kalb'''ǫ̂''' ||align="center"| kalb'''amaz''' ||align="center"| kalb'''ō''' ||rowspan=4 valign="top"| ‘''calf''’
|-
|align="center"| ka'''lb''' ||align="center"| ka'''lbis''' ||align="center"| ka'''lba''' ||align="center"| ka'''lb''' ||align="center"| ka'''lba''' ||align="center"| ka'''lbē''' ||align="center"| ka'''lbam''' ||align="center"| ka'''lba'''
|-
|align="center"| ka'''<span style="color:red">lb</span>''' ||align="center"| ka'''lbis''' ||align="center"| ka'''lba''' ||align="center"| ka'''<span style="color:red">lb</span>''' ||align="center"| ka'''lba''' ||align="center"| ka'''lba''' ||align="center"| ka'''<span style="color:red">lbam</span>''' ||align="center"| ka'''lba'''
|-
|colspan=9 width=900|'''rda''' (“n.st.m.rda”)<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;for roots ending in rda-, lda-
|-
|align="center"| wu'''rdą''' ||align="center"| wu'''rdis''' ||align="center"| wu'''rdai''' ||align="center"| wu'''rdą''' ||align="center"| wu'''rdō''' ||align="center"| wu'''rdǫ̂''' ||align="center"| wu'''rdamaz''' ||align="center"| wu'''rdō''' ||rowspan=4 valign="top"| ‘''word''’
|-
|align="center"| waú'''<span style="color:red">rd</span>''' ||align="center"| waú'''rdis''' ||align="center"| waú'''rda''' ||align="center"| waú'''<span style="color:red">rd</span>''' ||align="center"| waú'''rda''' ||align="center"| waú'''rdē''' ||align="center"| waú'''rdam''' ||align="center"| waú'''rda'''
|-
|align="center"| wo'''<span style="color:red">rd</span>''' ||align="center"| wo'''<span style="color:blue">rð</span>is''' ||align="center"| wo'''<span style="color:blue">rð</span>a''' ||align="center"| wo'''<span style="color:red">rd</span>''' ||align="center"| wo'''<span style="color:blue">rð</span>a''' ||align="center"| wo'''<span style="color:blue">rð</span>a''' ||align="center"| wo'''<span style="color:blue">rð</span>ma''' ||align="center"| wo'''<span style="color:blue">rð</span>a'''
|-
|}
-->


====Strong ō-stem (feminine)====
====Strong ō-stem (feminine)====
Line 1,154: Line 911:
|-
|-
|}
|}
===wja- and wjō-stems===
Um... stay tuned. These are a little bit too "varsity-level" for what I want to include on this page right now.
===i-stems===
====Strong i-stem (masculine & feminine)====
The feminine i-stem paradigm is identical to that of the masculine.
====Strong i-stem (neuter)====
There were no neuter i-stems in Gothic - these were all assimilated into other classes - however some did exist in the ancestor of Gutish.
====Consonant-stems====
Proto-Germanic and Gothic consonant-stems don't really belong here under i-stem nouns, but these were all assimilated into the i-stem class in Gutish.
===u-stems===
====Strong u-stem (masculine & feminine)====
The feminine u-stem paradigm is identical to that of the masculine.
====Strong u-stem (neuter)====
===r-stems===
This is a small class of masculine and feminine nouns that make up some of the oldest words in the Proto-Indo-European lexicon.  There are six extant examples of this category in Gutish (only four were attested in Gothic), all consisting of immediate family members.  Rather than expound on a formula to remember them, here: Just memorize them all!
fader – brōþēr – mōdēr – duhtēr – swistēr – þeuhtēr
fadar – brōþar – [mōdar] – dauhtar – swistar – [þiuhtar]
faðra – brōðra – mōðra – dǭtra – swistra – þjūtra
‘father’ – ‘brother’ – ‘mother’ – ‘daughter’ – ‘sister’ – ‘grandson’
===an- and ōn-stems===
====Weak an-stem (masculine)====
====Weak an-stem (neuter)====
====Weak ōn-stem (feminine)====
===jan- and jōn-stems===
====Weak jan-stem (masculine)====
====Weak jan-stem (neuter)====
====Weak jōn-stem (feminine)====
===ijan- and ijōn-stems===
While these are technically a class, their declension is identical to that of the jan- and jōn-stems.
===wan- and wōn-stems===
====Weak wan-stem (masculine)====
====Weak wan-stem (neuter)====
====Weak wōn-stem (feminine)====
===īn-stems===
This is a highly productive class of exclusively feminine nouns.


==Verbs==
==Verbs==
Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/89796"

Navigation menu