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Is Burunking: Difference between revisions
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===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
Verbs | Verbs are marked for aspect and variations in tense, mood and valency are indicated by means of particles that follow the verb. Person, gender and number are not marked on verbs. | ||
==== | One of the defining features of Is Burunking is a relatively small class of '''true verbs''' (less than 50), which carry a range of rather generic senses. A large proportion of these verbs are associated with movement along a specific path, and beside the simple ''ibii'' "move, travel" there are verbs meaning "go (away from speaker), go (away from 3rd person), go up, go down, go in, go out, come (to speaker), come (to 3rd person)". Others are associated with basic human functions ("consume, expel, perceive"), actions ("do, collect, hit") or existence ("be, have"). These 'true' verbs may take a limited number of prefixes to extend their meaning, e.g. ''erakash'' "teach" < ''ekash'' "learn". To create a much wider variety of senses the true verbs, whether simple or prefixed, are compounded with other elements, primarily nouns, other verbs, adjectives and adverbs. | ||
====The True Verbs==== | |||
True verbs consist of a prefix and a root. In the base form of the verb (i.e. when it stands alone), the prefix is ''e-, i-'' or ''y-'' and bears no particular meaning. The following are the main true verbs: | |||
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| ''egosh'' || heat, cook, boil || ''ilung'' || have, hold, contain, use, enjoy | | ''egosh'' || heat, cook, boil || ''ilung'' || have, hold, contain, use, enjoy | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''ekash'' || learn || ''inua'' || (make) sound | | ''ekash'' || learn || ''inua'' || speak(make) sound | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''elaz'' || divide, split, undo || ''ipush'' || perceive, know, see | | ''elaz'' || divide, split, undo || ''ipush'' || perceive, know, see | ||
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The base | The following prefixes may be used with the true verbs, replacing the ''e-, i-'' or ''y-'' of the base: | ||
* ''era-'' (causative), e.g. ''erakash'' "teach" < ''ekash'' "learn", ''erayeki'' "build, erect" < ''eyeki'' "stand". | |||
The root of a true verb may also be reduplicated to form a verb with intensive or frequentative meaning, e.g. ''ewaiwas'' "stomp, trample", ''inuanua'' "shout, roar", ''eralulu'' "destroy". | |||
====Compound Verbs==== | |||
The range of meaning of each true verb is extended considerably by compounding with other forms, according to a few simple rules. In each case the other element precedes the main verb and the meaningless prefix of the base form is lost (''era-'' is also reduced to ''-ra''). | |||
* '''Noun + Verb''' in which the noun denotes the object of the verb. | |||
* '''Adjective + Verb''' to denote various senses of being or becoming the quality of the adjective. | |||
* '''Verb + Verb''' in which the first verb modifies the sense of the second. | |||
* '''Adverb + Verb''' in which the adverbs denotes the method, direcion or means of doing the action. | |||
====Conjugation==== | ====Conjugation==== | ||