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Qino: Difference between revisions
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→Case
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****''u'': add epenthetic ''-w-'' followed by ''-ow/ey'' | ****''u'': add epenthetic ''-w-'' followed by ''-ow/ey'' | ||
--> | --> | ||
**'''Predicative''': Used for predicative nouns. This is not a true case but rather the absolutive fused to the copula. This fusing is optional, and in the present indicative the copula | **'''Predicative''': Used for predicative nouns. This is not a true case but rather the absolutive fused to the copula. This fusing is optional, and in the present indicative the copula is usually dropped entirely (except for emphasis). | ||
***Absolutive ending in consonant or short, unstressed vowel: ''-é'' (declines as adjective; inchoative: ''-achi'')<!--, ''-dha'' (invariant; present only; doesn't affect stress)--> - e.g. ''Maxámmad'' → ''Maxammade<!--, Maxámmaddha-->'' | ***Absolutive ending in consonant or short, unstressed vowel: ''-é'' (declines as adjective; inchoative: ''-achi'')<!--, ''-dha'' (invariant; present only; doesn't affect stress)--> - e.g. ''Maxámmad'' → ''Maxammade<!--, Maxámmaddha-->'' | ||
***Absolutive ending in long or stressed vowel: ''-shé'' (declines as adjective; inchoative: ''-chi'')<!--, ''-dha'' (invariant; present only)--> - e.g. ''makiiná'' → ''makiinashe<!--, makiinadha-->'' | ***Absolutive ending in long or stressed vowel: ''-shé'' (declines as adjective; inchoative: ''-chi'')<!--, ''-dha'' (invariant; present only)--> - e.g. ''makiiná'' → ''makiinashe<!--, makiinadha-->'' | ||
***Independent forms of the copula: ''dha'' (invariant; present only), ''(sh)e'' (adjective declension; inchoative: ''achi'')<!--, ''dhe'' (= ''dha + e''; adjective declension)--> | ***Independent forms of the copula: <!--''dha'' (invariant; present only),-->''(sh)e'' (adjective declension; inchoative: ''achi'')<!--, ''dhe'' (= ''dha + e''; adjective declension)--> | ||
:::e.g. ''Maxammadú nama / nama e / nama she | :::e.g. ''Maxammadú nama / nama e / nama she / <!--nama dha / nama dhe / -->namé<!-- / námadha-->.'' "Muhammad is a person." | ||
::::''namiye'' "I am a person"; ''namaché'' "I have become a person" | ::::''namiye'' "I am a person"; ''namaché'' "I have become a person" | ||