Tigol/Proto-Tigol: Difference between revisions

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===Vowels===
===Vowels===
Themsaran has six vowels, short and long. Short vowels have one mora (except for epenthetic ''e'' which has zero morae), and long vowels have two morae.
Themsaran has six vowels, short and long. Short vowels have one mora (except for epenthetic ''e'' which has zero morae), and long vowels have two morae. Short vowels in open syllables were pronounced approximately 1.5 times as long as short vowels in closed syllables; long vowels in closed syllables, 2.5 times as long; open long vowels, thrice as long.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="graytable lightgraybg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="graytable lightgraybg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 90px; "|
! style="width: 90px; "|
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======Present======
======Present======
The present is used for events that take/are taking place in the present time, or for gnomic statemnets.
The present is used for events that take/are taking place in the present time, or for gnomic statemnets.
======Past imperfective======
======Past perfective======
======Future imperfective======
Future imperfective is also used as imperatives where the imperfectiveness of the action is emphasized ("[you shall] always/regularly walk!").
======Future prefective======


======Jussive======
======Jussive======
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{| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
{| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
|-
|-
!colspan="15" |'''Pronominal enclitics on prepositions'''
!colspan="15" |'''Inflection of prepositions'''
|-
|-
!|1sg
!|1sg
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!|4pl.f
!|4pl.f
|-
|-
|''-(e)n''
|''-en''
|''-ze''
|''-ze''
|''-vi''
|''-vi''
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|}
|}


The following are inflections of prepositions:


{| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed " style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
{| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
|-
|-
!colspan="15" |'''Inflection of ''ā, āC'' (comitative)'''
!colspan="15" |'''Inflection of example preposition'''
|-
|-
!|1sg
!|1sg
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!|3sg.m
!|3sg.m
!|3sg.f
!|3sg.f
!|4sg.m
!|3sg.m.inv
!|4sg.f
!|3sg.f.inv
!|1ex
!|1ex
!|1in
!|1in
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!|3pl.m
!|3pl.m
!|3pl.f
!|3pl.f
!|4pl.m
!|3pl.m.inv
!|4pl.f
!|3pl.f.inv
|-
|-
|''âħan''
|''aštén''
|''āzzé''
|''aštezé''
|''āvví''
|''aštví''
|''āħá''
|''aštú''
|''āħé''
|''aští''
|''ātthú''
|''aštethú''
|''ātthí''
|''aštethí''
|''ǎm''
|''aštám''
|''ǎnt''
|''ašént''
|''āsrá''
|''aštesrá''
|''āsré''
|''aštesré''
|''āħách''
|''aštéch''
|''āħár''
|''aštér''
|''ātthéch''
|''aštethech''
|''ātthér''
|''-ther''
|}
|}


 
The following prepositions have completely regular inflection:
{| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
* ''ašt'' 'without'
* ''chaŋ'' (''! definite object'') 'concerning'
* ''det'' 'towards'
* ''dienem'' 'inside, amidst'
* ''flyr'' 'agent'
* ''ħal'' 'in front of'
* ''mel'' 'agent,  interchangeable with ''flyr'''
* ''rimên'' 'because of (cause)'
* ''tor'' 'because (implication)'
* ''trig'' 'around'
 
The following are inflections of irregular prepositions:
 
{| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed " style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
|-
|-
!colspan="15" |'''Inflection of ''di, d''' 'in, at''''
!colspan="15" |'''Inflection of ''ā, āC'' (comitative)'''
|-
|-
!|1sg
!|1sg
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!|3sg.m
!|3sg.m
!|3sg.f
!|3sg.f
!|4sg.m
!|3sg.m.inv
!|4sg.f
!|3sg.f.inv
!|1ex
!|1ex
!|1in
!|1in
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!|3pl.m
!|3pl.m
!|3pl.f
!|3pl.f
!|4pl.m
!|3pl.m.inv
!|4pl.f
!|3pl.f.inv
|-
|-
|''dîen''
|''âħan''
|''dîeze''
|''āzzé''
|''dîevi''
|''āvví''
|''dîe''
|''āħá''
|''dî''
|''āħé''
|''dîethu''
|''ātthú''
|''dîethi''
|''ātthí''
|''dîem''
|''ǎm''
|''dîent''
|''ǎnt''
|''dîesra''
|''āsrá''
|''dîesre''
|''āsré''
|''dîech''
|''āħách''
|''dîer''
|''āħár''
|''dîethech''
|''ātthéch''
|''dîether''
|''ātthér''
|}
|}


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{| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
{| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
|-
|-
!colspan="15" |'''Inflection of ''vo'' 'to, for''''
!colspan="15" |'''Inflection of ''di, d''' 'in, at''''
|-
|-
!|1sg
!|1sg
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!|3sg.m
!|3sg.m
!|3sg.f
!|3sg.f
!|4sg.m
!|3sg.m.inv
!|4sg.f
!|3sg.f.inv
!|1ex
!|1ex
!|1in
!|1in
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!|3pl.m
!|3pl.m
!|3pl.f
!|3pl.f
!|4pl.m
!|3pl.m.inv
!|4pl.f
!|3pl.f.inv
|-
|-
|''vôjen''
|''dîen''
|''vôzze''
|''dîeze''
|''vôvve''
|''dîevi''
|''vū''
|''dîe''
|''vȳ''
|''dî''
|''vôthu''
|''dîethu''
|''vôthi''
|''dîethi''
|''vōtám''
|''dîem''
|''vônt''
|''dîent''
|''vōsrá''
|''dîesra''
|''vōsré''
|''dîesre''
|''vōjéch'', ''vôch''
|''dîech''
|''vōjér'', ''vôr''
|''dîer''
|''vosséch''
|''dîethech''
|''vossér''
|''dîether''
|}
|}
 
 
 
 
{| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="15" |'''Inflection of ''vo'' 'to, for''''
|-
!|1sg
!|2sg.m
!|2sg.f
!|3sg.m
!|3sg.f
!|3sg.m.inv
!|3sg.f.inv
!|1ex
!|1in
!|2pl.m
!|2pl.f
!|3pl.m
!|3pl.f
!|3pl.m.inv
!|3pl.f.inv
|-
|''vôjen''
|''vôzze''
|''vôvví''
|''vū''
|''vȳ''
|''vôthu''
|''vôthi''
|''vōtám''
|''vônt''
|''vōsrá''
|''vōsré''
|''vōjéch'', ''vôch''
|''vōjér'', ''vôr''
|''vosséch''
|''vossér''
|}
 
 
{| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="15" |'''Inflection of ''nai'<nowiki></nowiki>'' 'with, by means of''''
|-
!|1sg
!|2sg.m
!|2sg.f
!|3sg.m
!|3sg.f
!|3sg.m.inv
!|3sg.f.inv
!|1ex
!|1in
!|2pl.m
!|2pl.f
!|3pl.m
!|3pl.f
!|3pl.m.inv
!|3pl.f.inv
|-
|''nâin''
|''naizé''
|''naiví''
|''nājú''
|''nājí''
|''naithú''
|''naithí''
|''nājám''
|''nâint''
|''naisrá''
|''naisré''
|''nâich''
|''nâir''
|''naithéch''
|''naithér''
|}
 
 
{| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
{| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
|-
|-
!colspan="15" |'''Inflection of ''nai'<nowiki></nowiki>'' 'with, by means of''''
!colspan="15" |'''Inflection of ''la'' 'also'''
|-
|-
!|1sg
!|1sg
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!|3sg.m
!|3sg.m
!|3sg.f
!|3sg.f
!|4sg.m
!|3sg.m.inv
!|4sg.f
!|3sg.f.inv
!|1ex
!|1ex
!|1in
!|1in
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!|3pl.m
!|3pl.m
!|3pl.f
!|3pl.f
!|4pl.m
!|3pl.m.inv
!|4pl.f
!|3pl.f.inv
|-
|-
|''nâin''
|''lâin''
|''naizé''
|''laizé''
|''naivé''
|''laiví''
|''nājú''
|''lajú''
|''nājí''
|''lâi''
|''naithú''
|''laithú''
|''naithí''
|''laithí''
|''nājám''
|''lajám''
|''nâint''
|''lâint''
|''naisrá''
|''laisrá''
|''naisré''
|''laisré''
|''nâich''
|''lâich''
|''nâir''
|''lâir''
|''naithéch''
|''laséch''
|''naithér''
|''lasér''
|}
|}


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{| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
{| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
|-
|-
!colspan="15" |'''Inflection of ''la'' 'also'''
!colspan="15" |'''Inflection of ''gle, gl'<nowiki></nowiki>'' 'from' (ablative, partitive, substance)'''
|-
|-
!|1sg
!|1sg
Line 2,011: Line 2,107:
!|3sg.m
!|3sg.m
!|3sg.f
!|3sg.f
!|4sg.m
!|3sg.m.inv
!|4sg.f
!|3sg.f.inv
!|1ex
!|1in
!|2pl.m
!|2pl.f
!|3pl.m
!|3pl.f
!|4pl.m
!|4pl.f
|-
|''lâin''
|''laizé''
|''laivé''
|''lajú''
|''lâi''
|''laithú''
|''laithí''
|''lajám''
|''lâint''
|''laisrá''
|''laisré''
|''lâich''
|''lâir''
|''laséch''
|''lasér''
|}
 
 
{| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="15" |'''Inflection of ''gle, gl'<nowiki></nowiki>'' 'from' (ablative, partitive, substance)'''
|-
!|1sg
!|2sg.m
!|2sg.f
!|3sg.m
!|3sg.f
!|4sg.m
!|4sg.f
!|1ex
!|1ex
!|1in
!|1in
Line 2,057: Line 2,115:
!|3pl.m
!|3pl.m
!|3pl.f
!|3pl.f
!|4pl.m
!|3pl.m.inv
!|4pl.f
!|3pl.f.inv
|-
|-
|''glên''
|''glên''
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|''glēthér''
|''glēthér''
|}
|}
The following prepositions have completely regular inflection:
* ''ašt'' 'without'
* ''chaŋ'' (''! definite object'') 'concerning'
* ''det'' 'towards'
* ''dienem'' 'inside, amidst'
* ''flyr'' 'agent'
* ''ħal'' 'in front of'
* ''mel'' 'agent,  interchangeable with ''flyr'''
* ''rimên'' 'because of (cause)'
* ''tor'' 'because (implication)'
* ''trig'' 'around'


===Numerals===
===Numerals===
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====Relative clauses====
====Relative clauses====
The participial relative clause is introduced with a participle. An active participle's possessor is the object and a passive participle's possessor is the agent.
The participial relative clause is introduced with a participle. An active participle's possessor is the object and a passive participle's possessor is the agent. It is the default relative clause formation method.


The finite relative clause is introduced optionally with a relativizer ''rin'' (non-restrictive and default) or ''nitrôg'' (restrictive; etymologically "whenever"). When the head is omitted, the relativizer is mandatory.
The finite relative clause is introduced optionally with a relativizer ''rin'' (non-restrictive and default) or ''nitrôg'' (restrictive; etymologically "whenever"). When the head is omitted, the relativizer is mandatory. The finite relative clause is used when there is focusing of the verb or some other constituent in the embedded clause.


====Complement clauses====
====Complement clauses====
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