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Tigol/Proto-Tigol: Difference between revisions
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| tʃ | | tʃ ⟨ŧ⟩ | ||
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|- | |- | ||
!scope="row"|1sg | !scope="row"|1sg | ||
|colspan="2"|''- | |colspan="2"|''-ŧen'' | ||
|colspan="2"|''-an'' | |colspan="2"|''-an'' | ||
|colspan="2"| | |colspan="2"| | ||
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|- | |- | ||
!scope="row"|2sg.f | !scope="row"|2sg.f | ||
|colspan="2"|''- | |colspan="2"|''-ŧve'' | ||
|colspan="2"|''-va'' | |colspan="2"|''-va'' | ||
|colspan="2"| | |colspan="2"| | ||
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|- | |- | ||
!scope="row"|3sg.m | !scope="row"|3sg.m | ||
|colspan="2"|''- | |colspan="2"|''-ŧu'' | ||
|colspan="2"|''-au'' | |colspan="2"|''-au'' | ||
|colspan="2"| | |colspan="2"| | ||
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|- | |- | ||
!scope="row"|3sg.f | !scope="row"|3sg.f | ||
|colspan="2"|''- | |colspan="2"|''-ŧi'' | ||
|colspan="2"|''-ai'' | |colspan="2"|''-ai'' | ||
|colspan="2"| | |colspan="2"| | ||
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|- | |- | ||
!scope="row"|4sg.m | !scope="row"|4sg.m | ||
|colspan="2"|''- | |colspan="2"|''-šŧu'' | ||
|colspan="2"|''-ath'' | |colspan="2"|''-ath'' | ||
|colspan="2"| | |colspan="2"| | ||
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|- | |- | ||
!scope="row"|4sg.f | !scope="row"|4sg.f | ||
|colspan="2"|''- | |colspan="2"|''-šŧi'' | ||
|colspan="2"|''-eth'' | |colspan="2"|''-eth'' | ||
|colspan="2"| | |colspan="2"| | ||
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|- | |- | ||
!scope="row"|1ex | !scope="row"|1ex | ||
|colspan="2"|''- | |colspan="2"|''-ŧem'' | ||
|colspan="2"|''-iem'' | |colspan="2"|''-iem'' | ||
|colspan="2"| | |colspan="2"| | ||
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|- | |- | ||
!scope="row"|1in | !scope="row"|1in | ||
|colspan="2"|''- | |colspan="2"|''-ŧent'' | ||
|colspan="2"|''-ant'' | |colspan="2"|''-ant'' | ||
|colspan="2"| | |colspan="2"| | ||
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|- | |- | ||
!scope="row"|2pl.m | !scope="row"|2pl.m | ||
|colspan="2"|''- | |colspan="2"|''-ŧis'' | ||
|colspan="2"|''-ais'' | |colspan="2"|''-ais'' | ||
|colspan="2"| | |colspan="2"| | ||
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|- | |- | ||
!scope="row"|2pl.f | !scope="row"|2pl.f | ||
|colspan="2"|''- | |colspan="2"|''-ŧith'' | ||
|colspan="2"|''-aith'' | |colspan="2"|''-aith'' | ||
|colspan="2"| | |colspan="2"| | ||
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|- | |- | ||
!scope="row"|3pl.m | !scope="row"|3pl.m | ||
|colspan="2"|''- | |colspan="2"|''-ŧech'' | ||
|colspan="2"|''-āch'' | |colspan="2"|''-āch'' | ||
|colspan="2"| | |colspan="2"| | ||
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|- | |- | ||
!scope="row"|3pl.f | !scope="row"|3pl.f | ||
|colspan="2"|''- | |colspan="2"|''-ŧer'' | ||
|colspan="2"|''-air'' | |colspan="2"|''-air'' | ||
|colspan="2"| | |colspan="2"| | ||
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|- | |- | ||
!scope="row"|4pl.m | !scope="row"|4pl.m | ||
|colspan="2"|''- | |colspan="2"|''-šŧech'' | ||
|colspan="2"|''-thāch'' | |colspan="2"|''-thāch'' | ||
|colspan="2"| | |colspan="2"| | ||
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|- | |- | ||
!scope="row"|4pl.f | !scope="row"|4pl.f | ||
|colspan="2"|''- | |colspan="2"|''-šŧer'' | ||
|colspan="2"|''-thair'' | |colspan="2"|''-thair'' | ||
|colspan="2"| | |colspan="2"| | ||
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Every noun falls under one of three tonal paradigms. | Every noun falls under one of three tonal paradigms. | ||
*''kanûar'' ('sitting'): The most common paradigm, the downstep remains stationary, except as required by downstep rules or in the presence of the downstep-attracting absolute possession suffixes. | *''kanûar'' ('sitting'): The most common paradigm, the downstep remains stationary, except as required by downstep rules or in the presence of the downstep-attracting absolute possession suffixes. | ||
*'' | *''šanŧîel'' ('shunning/evading'): The downstep is never on the suffix. | ||
====Irregular nouns==== | ====Irregular nouns==== | ||
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A descendant of a language with developed noun and adjective cases, Themsaran preserves vestigial case marking. | A descendant of a language with developed noun and adjective cases, Themsaran preserves vestigial case marking. | ||
=====Irregular definiteness===== | =====Irregular definiteness===== | ||
The definite unpossessed inflection is a generalization from the accusative case, which marked the definite direct object in addition to adverbial uses, certain oblique objects and time expressions. As such definiteness is required in objects of a small number of prepositions, and some time expressions (e.g. ''nǐežȁm''/''minâm''/''krúamâm'' (< *''nējžȁ-mî'' etc., instead of **''nējžè-mî'') "today"/"tonight"/"tomorrow", '' | The definite unpossessed inflection is a generalization from the accusative case, which marked the definite direct object in addition to adverbial uses, certain oblique objects and time expressions. As such definiteness is required in objects of a small number of prepositions, and some time expressions (e.g. ''nǐežȁm''/''minâm''/''krúamâm'' (< *''nējžȁ-mî'' etc., instead of **''nējžè-mî'') "today"/"tonight"/"tomorrow", ''nǐežȁŧ'' ("that day"), ''krúamâ/ra̋zȁ/ħíŋšȁ/minâ'' "in the morning/at daytime/at dusk/at night") and adverbial expressions. | ||
=====Fossilized oblique cases===== | =====Fossilized oblique cases===== | ||
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<!--sg--> | <!--sg--> | ||
'' | ''ŧá'' | ||
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<!--pl--> | <!--pl--> | ||
'' | ''ŧû'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|4.f | !|4.f | ||
| | | | ||
<!--sg--> | <!--sg--> | ||
'' | ''ŧî'' | ||
| | | | ||
<!--pl--> | <!--pl--> | ||
'' | ''ŧân'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
The fourth person has a more "focused" meaning, so it is used as the obviative and for other functions. | The fourth person has a more "focused" meaning, so it is used as the obviative and for other functions. | ||
====Demonstrative==== | ====Demonstrative==== | ||
The demonstratives have identical endings to personal pronouns in feminine singular and the plural. The adnominal demonstratives are ''mé'' (near speaker), ''ħé'' (near hearer), and '' | The demonstratives have identical endings to personal pronouns in feminine singular and the plural. The adnominal demonstratives are ''mé'' (near speaker), ''ħé'' (near hearer), and ''ŧá'' (distal; identical to 4th person pronoun), and the pronominal demonstratives are ''ím(é)'', ''íž(á)'', and ''íŧ(á)''. | ||
When a demonstrative modifies a noun phrase, the noun and adjective modified take the indefinite form if unpossessed, and the definite form if possessed. | When a demonstrative modifies a noun phrase, the noun and adjective modified take the indefinite form if unpossessed, and the definite form if possessed. | ||
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|''mé'' | |''mé'' | ||
|''ħé'' | |''ħé'' | ||
|'' | |''ŧá'' | ||
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|''ímé'' | |''ímé'' | ||
|''ížá'' | |''ížá'' | ||
|'' | |''íŧá'' | ||
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|''mélt'' | |''mélt'' | ||
|''ħélt'' | |''ħélt'' | ||
|'' | |''ŧélt'' | ||
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|''mách; dátè'' | |''mách; dátè'' | ||
|''ħách'' | |''ħách'' | ||
|'' | |''ŧách'' | ||
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|''mêr'' | |''mêr'' | ||
|''ħêr'' | |''ħêr'' | ||
|'' | |''ŧêr'' | ||
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|''měn'' | |''měn'' | ||
|''ħěn'' | |''ħěn'' | ||
|'' | |''ŧěn'' | ||
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The participle, which is available for all verbal categories, is used to construct VOS clauses, where O and S are full noun phrases, or O is a noun and S is a third- or fourth-person pronoun. VOS sentences lend more emphasis to the predicate than the neutral VSO. The tense of a participle is the tense relative to the tense of the main clause. | The participle, which is available for all verbal categories, is used to construct VOS clauses, where O and S are full noun phrases, or O is a noun and S is a third- or fourth-person pronoun. VOS sentences lend more emphasis to the predicate than the neutral VSO. The tense of a participle is the tense relative to the tense of the main clause. | ||
The possessor of the first infinitive represents the verb's subject. It is used in reason clauses, time clauses, indirect speech (as the first infinitive copula ''váls'' + participle) whose truth is doubted by the speaker, and more rarely purpose clauses. | The possessor of the first infinitive represents the verb's subject. It is used in reason clauses, time clauses, indirect speech (as the first infinitive copula ''váls'' + participle) whose truth is doubted by the speaker, and more rarely purpose clauses. | ||
The possessor of the second infinitive represents the verb's object. It is used as a complement to certain verbs and in any other situation calling for a verb with no independent subject or TAM, and is used adverbially with prepositions. | The possessor of the second infinitive represents the verb's object. It is used as a complement to certain verbs and in any other situation calling for a verb with no independent subject or TAM, and is used adverbially with prepositions. | ||
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|''-(j)u'' | |''-(j)u'' | ||
|''-(j)i'' | |''-(j)i'' | ||
|''- | |''-ŧ(u)'' | ||
|''- | |''-ŧi'' | ||
|''-th(u)'' | |''-th(u)'' | ||
|''-thi'' | |''-thi'' | ||
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|''-(e)ch'', ''-ū'' | |''-(e)ch'', ''-ū'' | ||
|''-(e)r'', ''-īn'' | |''-(e)r'', ''-īn'' | ||
|''- | |''-ŧech'', ''-ŧū'' | ||
|''- | |''-ŧer'', ''-ŧīn'' | ||
|''-thech'', ''-thū'' | |''-thech'', ''-thū'' | ||
|''-ther'', ''-thīn'' | |''-ther'', ''-thīn'' | ||
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All humans are born free and equal in dignity and rights. | All humans are born free and equal in dignity and rights. | ||
''Tor pláħévnier | ''Tor pláħévnier ŧlâħe ie ftiļiny̋že vōjéch, širŋúre tolbasêich ān nadnék nai hélki šyrfǎmīd.'' | ||
as.implied.by bestow.{{sc|pass}}.{{sc|first.inf}}-{{sc|3pl.f/conj}} reason and conscience {{sc|dat}}.{{sc|3pl.m}}, compulsory.-{{sc|sg.m.pred}} behave.{{sc|first.inf-3pl.m›def}} {{sc|com}} one.another {{sc|ins}} spirit-{{sc|3sg.f›indef.sg/conj}} brotherhood. | as.implied.by bestow.{{sc|pass}}.{{sc|first.inf}}-{{sc|3pl.f/conj}} reason and conscience {{sc|dat}}.{{sc|3pl.m}}, compulsory.-{{sc|sg.m.pred}} behave.{{sc|first.inf-3pl.m›def}} {{sc|com}} one.another {{sc|ins}} spirit-{{sc|3sg.f›indef.sg/conj}} brotherhood. | ||