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→Converbs
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=====Converbs===== | =====Converbs===== | ||
Converbs are used for actions that occur simultaneously/subsequently or that make up one verbal meaning. It may occur in the imperfect or perfect. | Converbs are used for actions that occur simultaneously/subsequently or that make up one verbal meaning. Multiple converbs can be used in series. It may occur in the imperfect or perfect. Class 1 & 2 (but not class 3) converbs agree with the subject in person and gender. | ||
The imperfect converb is used for an action/state that was occurring when another verb occurred, similarly to the present participle in English. It is formed with the suffix ''-aa'' for classes 1 & 2 and ''-ii'' for class 3 | The imperfect converb is used for an action/state that was occurring when another verb occurred, similarly to the present participle in English. It is formed with the suffix ''-aa'' for classes 1 & 2 and ''-ii'' for class 3. | ||
:e.g. ''<b>Yardaa</b> ka mana galé.'' "'''Running''', he entered the house." | :e.g. ''<b>Yardaa</b> ka mana galé.'' "'''Running''', he entered the house." | ||
::''Ka mana <b>galtaa</b> kitaaba ka sheentá.'' "'''Entering''' the house, she gives him a book." | |||
::''<b>Furanii</b> dhalatté.'' "She was born '''free'''." | ::''<b>Furanii</b> dhalatté.'' "She was born '''free'''." | ||
The perfect converb is used for an actions that occur subsequently to each other. It is formed with the suffix ''-ee'' for classes 1 & 2 and ''-iishii'' for class 3 | The perfect converb is used for an actions that occur subsequently to each other. It is formed with the suffix ''-ee'' for classes 1 & 2 and ''-iishii'' for class 3. | ||
:e.g. ''<b>Yardee</b> ka mana galé.'' "'''Having run''', he entered the house." | :e.g. ''<b>Yardee</b> ka mana galé.'' "'''Having run''', he entered the house." (or "He '''ran''' and entered the house.") | ||
::''Ka mana <b>galtee</b> kitaaba ka sheentá.'' "'''Having entered''' the house, she gives him a book." | |||
::''<b>Furaniishii</b> xidhanté.'' "'''Having been free''', she was imprisoned." | ::''<b>Furaniishii</b> xidhanté.'' "'''Having been free''', she was imprisoned." | ||
In many cases, interchanging the two forms does not greatly affect the meaning. This can be seen with the "running" examples above. | In many cases, interchanging the two forms does not greatly affect the meaning. This can be seen with the "running" examples above. Converbs can also sometimes be interchanged with a conjunction, in which case the converb implies a closer association between the verbs. | ||
:e.g. ''<b>Kacee</b> ka manak <b>baxee</b> bunni mana <b>galee</b> shaahi cabbé.'' "He '''got up''', '''left''' the house, '''entered''' a café, and drank tea." (lit.: '''Having got up''', '''having left''' the house, '''having entered''' a café, he drank tea,) | |||
::''Kacé ka manak<b>ne</b> baxé bunni mana<b>ne</b> galé shaahi<b>ne</b> cabbé.'' "He got up '''and''' left the house '''and''' entered a café '''and''' drank tea." | |||
====Derivation==== | ====Derivation==== | ||