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*''-itaana (m.)'': verb-derived nouns - e.g. ''cabbitaana'' "drink; juice" | *''-itaana (m.)'': verb-derived nouns - e.g. ''cabbitaana'' "drink; juice" | ||
===Pronouns=== | ====Pronouns==== | ||
====Personal Pronouns==== | =====Personal Pronouns===== | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | ||
|+ Qino independent personal pronouns | |+ Qino independent personal pronouns | ||
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*The reflexive, reciprocal, and imperonal object pronouns can be used as postpositional objects. | *The reflexive, reciprocal, and imperonal object pronouns can be used as postpositional objects. | ||
====Demonstratives==== | =====Demonstratives===== | ||
Demonstratives are used to specify something. They can occur as an article before a noun or can be used independently. There are three demonstratives: the definite, proximate, and distal demonstratives. The definite article is unaccented, while the others are accented if they occur at the beginning of a noun phrase. | Demonstratives are used to specify something. They can occur as an article before a noun or can be used independently. There are three demonstratives: the definite, proximate, and distal demonstratives. The definite article is unaccented, while the others are accented if they occur at the beginning of a noun phrase. | ||
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|} | |} | ||
====Indefinite Pronoun==== | =====Indefinite Pronoun===== | ||
The indefinite pronoun ''mitta'' is used to refer to something that is indefinite. It can be translated as "one". It is equivalent to the numeral one - e.g. ''case mitta'' "a red one"; ''mit nama'' "one person" | The indefinite pronoun ''mitta'' is used to refer to something that is indefinite. It can be translated as "one". It is equivalent to the numeral one - e.g. ''case mitta'' "a red one"; ''mit nama'' "one person" | ||
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|} | |} | ||
====Adverbial Pronouns==== | =====Adverbial Pronouns===== | ||
Adverbial pronouns indicate how an action is performed or in what state something is. They are also used to form comparisons. | Adverbial pronouns indicate how an action is performed or in what state something is. They are also used to form comparisons. | ||
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:e.g. ''Atú <b>soona</b>'' "You are '''like that'''"; ''<b>Sinas</b> ardi'' "Run '''like this'''" | :e.g. ''Atú <b>soona</b>'' "You are '''like that'''"; ''<b>Sinas</b> ardi'' "Run '''like this'''" | ||
====Interrogative Pronouns==== | =====Interrogative Pronouns===== | ||
All of these decline regularly unless otherwise indicated (or unless they contain an irregular component such as ''mitta''). Some particularly important case forms are specified. | All of these decline regularly unless otherwise indicated (or unless they contain an irregular component such as ''mitta''). Some particularly important case forms are specified. | ||
*''maxa'': what - e.g. ''<b>Maxa</b> tarkaa?'' "'''What''' do you see?" | *''maxa'': what - e.g. ''<b>Maxa</b> tarkaa?'' "'''What''' do you see?" | ||
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*''ma si'': like what; how (condition) - e.g. ''<b>Ma si</b> atí?'' "'''How''' are you (''f.'')?" | *''ma si'': like what; how (condition) - e.g. ''<b>Ma si</b> atí?'' "'''How''' are you (''f.'')?" | ||
*''ma sis'' (instrument of ''ma si''): in what way - e.g. ''<b>Ma sis</b> tana daqaa?'' "'''How''' do I wash this?" | *''ma sis'' (instrument of ''ma si''): in what way - e.g. ''<b>Ma sis</b> tana daqaa?'' "'''How''' do I wash this?" | ||
====Numbers==== | |||
=====Cardinal Numbers===== | |||
When used with a noun, the dependent forms are used. When used as a pronoun, the independent forms are used. All numbers are grammatically feminine except for "one", which can be either gender. The masculine form of "one" (i.e. ''mitta'') is used for counting. | |||
Cardinal numbers come before nouns in the unmarked form. If there is no unmarked form, the singulative is used - e.g. ''lammá nama'' "two people" (NOT ''*lammá namooti''); ''áfar afka'' "four mouths/languages" (NOT ''*áfar afaani'') | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | |||
|+ Qino cardinal numbers | |||
|- | |||
! !! Independent !! Dependent | |||
|- | |||
! 0 | |||
| || | |||
|- | |||
! 1 | |||
| mitta (''m.''); mitti (''f.'') || mit | |||
|- | |||
! 2 | |||
| lamma || lammá | |||
|- | |||
! 3 | |||
| sidexa || sidex | |||
|- | |||
! 4 | |||
| afara || afar | |||
|- | |||
! 5 | |||
| shana || shan | |||
|- | |||
! 6 | |||
| lexa || lex | |||
|- | |||
! 7 | |||
| todba || todbá | |||
|- | |||
! 8 | |||
| siddeeta || siddeet | |||
|- | |||
! 9 | |||
| sagaala || sagaal | |||
|- | |||
! 10 | |||
| tamana || taman | |||
|- | |||
! 11 | |||
| tamana shi mitta || taman shi mit | |||
|- | |||
! 20 | |||
| lammáatama || lammaatam | |||
|- | |||
! 30 | |||
| sóddoma || soddom | |||
|- | |||
! 40 | |||
| afártama || afartam | |||
|- | |||
! 50 | |||
| kóntoma || kontom | |||
|- | |||
! 60 | |||
| léxtama || lextam | |||
|- | |||
! 70 | |||
| todbáatama || todbaatam | |||
|- | |||
! 80 | |||
| siddéettama || siddeettam | |||
|- | |||
! 90 | |||
| sagáaltama || sagaaltam | |||
|- | |||
! 100 | |||
| baqala || baqal | |||
|- | |||
! 1000 | |||
| kuma || kum | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
===Attributives=== | |||
Attributives (also called definitives) modify a noun/pronoun and occur at the beginning of the noun phrase. Some agree with the noun in gender/number, but most are invariable. Strictly speaking, words that can occur independently (such as articles) or that are declined forms of nouns/verbs are not attributives, but they are included here for convenience. | |||
====Articles==== | |||
See [[Qino#Demonstratives|Demonstratives]]. | |||
====Numerals==== | |||
See [[Qino#Numbers|Numbers]]. | |||
====Genitives==== | |||
Nouns/pronouns in the genitive behave as attributives. They must occur with a head noun or pronoun and are accented - e.g. ''<b>kiishi</b> mana'' "'''my''' house", ''<b>Maxammadi</b> ka'' "Mohammad's one". | |||
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====Quantifiers==== | |||
Quantifiers are accented and occur at the beginning of the noun phrase. Some are listed below. | |||
*''kulli'': all (can also occur as a pronoun, in which case it declines as a feminine noun) | |||
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====Attributive Verbs==== | |||
Verbs (and there arguments) can occur attributively before a noun. Verbs used like this always occur in the singular. Class 3 verbs may reduplicate when qualifying plural or collective nouns. | |||
====True Attributives==== | |||
These are words that cannot occur independently and are not a noun/pronoun/verb form. Some are listed below. | |||
*''kale'': other | |||
*''lab'': male (derived from the noun ''labba'' "man/men") | |||
*''dubar'': female (derived from the noun ''dubara'' "woman/women") | |||
*''kulli'': all; every | |||
===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== |
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