Qino: Difference between revisions

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*''-itaana (m.)'': verb-derived nouns - e.g. ''cabbitaana'' "drink; juice"
*''-itaana (m.)'': verb-derived nouns - e.g. ''cabbitaana'' "drink; juice"


===Pronouns===
====Pronouns====
====Personal Pronouns====
=====Personal Pronouns=====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Qino independent personal pronouns
|+ Qino independent personal pronouns
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*The reflexive, reciprocal, and imperonal object pronouns can be used as postpositional objects.
*The reflexive, reciprocal, and imperonal object pronouns can be used as postpositional objects.


====Demonstratives====
=====Demonstratives=====
Demonstratives are used to specify something. They can occur as an article before a noun or can be used independently. There are three demonstratives: the definite, proximate, and distal demonstratives. The definite article is unaccented, while the others are accented if they occur at the beginning of a noun phrase.
Demonstratives are used to specify something. They can occur as an article before a noun or can be used independently. There are three demonstratives: the definite, proximate, and distal demonstratives. The definite article is unaccented, while the others are accented if they occur at the beginning of a noun phrase.


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====Indefinite Pronoun====
=====Indefinite Pronoun=====
The indefinite pronoun ''mitta'' is used to refer to something that is indefinite. It can be translated as "one". It is equivalent to the numeral one - e.g. ''case mitta'' "a red one"; ''mit nama'' "one person"
The indefinite pronoun ''mitta'' is used to refer to something that is indefinite. It can be translated as "one". It is equivalent to the numeral one - e.g. ''case mitta'' "a red one"; ''mit nama'' "one person"


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====Adverbial Pronouns====
=====Adverbial Pronouns=====
Adverbial pronouns indicate how an action is performed or in what state something is. They are also used to form comparisons.
Adverbial pronouns indicate how an action is performed or in what state something is. They are also used to form comparisons.


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:e.g. ''Atú <b>soona</b>'' "You are '''like that'''"; ''<b>Sinas</b> ardi'' "Run '''like this'''"
:e.g. ''Atú <b>soona</b>'' "You are '''like that'''"; ''<b>Sinas</b> ardi'' "Run '''like this'''"


====Interrogative Pronouns====
=====Interrogative Pronouns=====
All of these decline regularly unless otherwise indicated (or unless they contain an irregular component such as ''mitta''). Some particularly important case forms are specified.
All of these decline regularly unless otherwise indicated (or unless they contain an irregular component such as ''mitta''). Some particularly important case forms are specified.
*''maxa'': what - e.g. ''<b>Maxa</b> tarkaa?'' "'''What''' do you see?"
*''maxa'': what - e.g. ''<b>Maxa</b> tarkaa?'' "'''What''' do you see?"
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*''ma si'': like what; how (condition) - e.g. ''<b>Ma si</b> atí?'' "'''How''' are you (''f.'')?"
*''ma si'': like what; how (condition) - e.g. ''<b>Ma si</b> atí?'' "'''How''' are you (''f.'')?"
*''ma sis'' (instrument of ''ma si''): in what way - e.g. ''<b>Ma sis</b> tana daqaa?'' "'''How''' do I wash this?"
*''ma sis'' (instrument of ''ma si''): in what way - e.g. ''<b>Ma sis</b> tana daqaa?'' "'''How''' do I wash this?"
====Numbers====
=====Cardinal Numbers=====
When used with a noun, the dependent forms are used. When used as a pronoun, the independent forms are used. All numbers are grammatically feminine except for "one", which can be either gender. The masculine form of "one" (i.e. ''mitta'') is used for counting.
Cardinal numbers come before nouns in the unmarked form. If there is no unmarked form, the singulative is used - e.g. ''lammá nama'' "two people" (NOT ''*lammá namooti''); ''áfar afka'' "four mouths/languages" (NOT ''*áfar afaani'')
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Qino cardinal numbers
|-
! !! Independent !! Dependent
|-
! 0
|  ||
|-
! 1
| mitta (''m.''); mitti (''f.'') || mit
|-
! 2
| lamma || lammá
|-
! 3
| sidexa || sidex
|-
! 4
| afara || afar
|-
! 5
| shana || shan
|-
! 6
| lexa || lex
|-
! 7
| todba || todbá
|-
! 8
| siddeeta || siddeet
|-
! 9
| sagaala || sagaal
|-
! 10
| tamana || taman
|-
! 11
| tamana shi mitta || taman shi mit
|-
! 20
| lammáatama || lammaatam
|-
! 30
| sóddoma || soddom
|-
! 40
| afártama || afartam
|-
! 50
| kóntoma || kontom
|-
! 60
| léxtama || lextam
|-
! 70
| todbáatama || todbaatam
|-
! 80
| siddéettama || siddeettam
|-
! 90
| sagáaltama || sagaaltam
|-
! 100
| baqala || baqal
|-
! 1000
| kuma || kum
|-
|}
===Attributives===
Attributives (also called definitives) modify a noun/pronoun and occur at the beginning of the noun phrase. Some agree with the noun in gender/number, but most are invariable. Strictly speaking, words that can occur independently (such as articles) or that are declined forms of nouns/verbs are not attributives, but they are included here for convenience.
====Articles====
See [[Qino#Demonstratives|Demonstratives]].
====Numerals====
See [[Qino#Numbers|Numbers]].
====Genitives====
Nouns/pronouns in the genitive behave as attributives. They must occur with a head noun or pronoun and are accented - e.g. ''<b>kiishi</b> mana'' "'''my''' house", ''<b>Maxammadi</b> ka'' "Mohammad's one".
<!--
====Quantifiers====
Quantifiers are accented and occur at the beginning of the noun phrase. Some are listed below.
*''kulli'': all (can also occur as a pronoun, in which case it declines as a feminine noun)
-->
====Attributive Verbs====
Verbs (and there arguments) can occur attributively before a noun. Verbs used like this always occur in the singular. Class 3 verbs may reduplicate when qualifying plural or collective nouns.
====True Attributives====
These are words that cannot occur independently and are not a noun/pronoun/verb form. Some are listed below.
*''kale'': other
*''lab'': male (derived from the noun ''labba'' "man/men")
*''dubar'': female (derived from the noun ''dubara'' "woman/women")
*''kulli'': all; every


===Verbs===
===Verbs===
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