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Dama Diwan: Difference between revisions
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*Only the 16 letters a b d e g i j k m n o r s t u w (including the combinations TS and DS) may be used when writing Dama with the Latin alphabet. Palatal sounds (e.g. /c/, /ɟ/) should be considered phonemically same as velar (k/g), and not same as dentals (t/d). The sound /p/ should be avoided, at least by making it emphatic or ejective, and lateral sounds should not be accepted in Dama. | *Only the 16 letters a b d e g i j k m n o r s t u w (including the combinations TS and DS) may be used when writing Dama with the Latin alphabet. Palatal sounds (e.g. /c/, /ɟ/) should be considered phonemically same as velar (k/g), and not same as dentals (t/d). The sound /p/ should be avoided, at least by making it emphatic or ejective, and lateral sounds should not be accepted in Dama. | ||
:These limitation define the acoustic "flavor" and character of Dama, just like a Pythagorean or analogous musical scale that has limited positions so that everything played on it sounds pleasant and harmonious. | :These limitation define the acoustic "flavor" and character of Dama, just like a Pythagorean or analogous musical scale that has limited positions so that everything played on it sounds pleasant and harmonious. | ||
==== An ideal standardized form / NAMA KAWEN WAMO ==== | |||
The very idea of Dama Diwan having an ideal standardized version seems well incongruous to its concept of being the easiest language to all and personalizable in all those ways explained previously; that is why it has a great many allophones to its phonemes, so that each person can use the easiest for him/her. Then why should we define a standardized form? It is not meant to be used by the users of Dama, and even the most enthusiastic promoter of Dama cannot use that standardized form exactly. Still, there may be some usefulness in describing such a standardized form, for that can be the "shopfront display" of Dama; it will help the language appear neat, small and easy, as it really is, before one gets to know the many allophones and alternative usages that may give a false impression that the language is too rich. Also, the ideal standardized form will set a "golden" central form to be targeted, although nobody has to achieve it. This standardize ideal form has been defined by all forms of divination, especially dreams, and by the practical usage of the language during its 3 complete years of use. So, all the phonemes will be presented below with their ideal standardized forms: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! Vowel !! in the stems of words !! in the affixes | |||
|- | |||
| A || /ɐ/ || /ä/ | |||
|- | |||
| I || /i/ || /e/ | |||
|- | |||
| U || /u/ || /o/ | |||
|} | |||
In extended Dama, when a vowel is lengthened for intensification, it changes its height: it becomes close if it was open (in monosyllabic words) and it becomes open if it was close (in the stems of disyllabic words). Vowel lenghthening for showing intensification is also accompanied by a higher tone (pitch). | |||
The stressed syllable of words is the first syllable; however, if the second syllable of disyllabic words is lengthened for showing diminution, that second syllable is stressed instead of the first one. | |||
A /h/ is inserted between vowels belonging to different words. A /ʔ/ is inserted between vowels of the same word (occurring only in extended Dama). When a I or U is next to another vowel within a word, it turns to /j/ / /w/ respectively. If there are two successive vowels in a word of extended Dama, the second one is stressed, except if the first one is A, then this A is stressed. | |||
In extended Dama, WUv- and JIv- (v=vowel) are turned to WOv- and JEv- respectively. Prefixes are never stressed. | |||
In singing or chanting, monosyllabic words are followed by /x/, which turns to the same consonant as the following if it is k / t / b / r / s; e.g., TO BE SIRO is to be pronounced TOB BES SIRO; but TO NE JATO is to be pronounced as TOx NEx JATO (because there is no "repeatable" consonant after the /x/). | |||
In conversation, /x/ is not used, but only a /ʔ/ at the end of stressed monosyllabic words followed by j / w / n / m. | |||
Monosyllabic words are stressed unless they are joined to the previous disyllabic word, in which case they are pronounced with the previous disyllabic as if it were one trisyllabic word. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! Consonant !! as first consonant of a word !! as second consonant of a word | |||
|- | |||
| J || /ʝ/ || /ʝ/ | |||
|- | |||
| W || /ɸ/+U; /w/ elsewhere || /β/+O; /w/ elsewhere | |||
|- | |||
| B || /b/ || /b/ | |||
|- | |||
| R || /r/ || /ɽɽ/ | |||
|- | |||
| M || /m/ || /m/ | |||
|- | |||
| S || /s/ || /s/ | |||
|- | |||
| N || /n/ || /ɳ/ || /ŋ/ in the end of words | |||
|- | |||
| K || /k/ || /g/+A/E, /k/ elsewhere | |||
|- | |||
| T || /tʰ/ || /ʈ/ | |||
|} | |||
In syntax, postpositions are used; the genitive as preposition may be used marginally, and only after punctuation. | |||
==== languages not to be used / TJAWAN KIWA SIJO ==== | ==== languages not to be used / TJAWAN KIWA SIJO ==== | ||