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If the downstep occurred word-finally, the first syllable of a following high tone word would have slightly lower pitch. In [[w:Pausa|pausa]], a word final high short syllable is realized as a falling, short vowel. | If the downstep occurred word-finally, the first syllable of a following high tone word would have slightly lower pitch. In [[w:Pausa|pausa]], a word final high short syllable is realized as a falling, short vowel. | ||
Clitics, unmarked, phonologically behave as parts of the following word and inherit the tone of the following word. | Clitics, unmarked, phonologically behave as parts of the following word and inherit the tone of the following word. Preceding a word with high lexical tone, the clitic is marked as high. | ||
===Phonotactics=== | ===Phonotactics=== | ||
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The inceptive is the suffix ''-iħ'' (first conjugation) placed after the stem. | The inceptive is the suffix ''-iħ'' (first conjugation) placed after the stem. | ||
======Cessative====== | ======Cessative====== | ||
The cessative is the suffix ''- | The cessative is the suffix ''-lša'' (second conjugation). | ||
======Perfect====== | ======Perfect====== | ||
The perfect is formed periphrastically. The perfect clitic ''lakš'' is used with the past tenses to give the present perfect or pluperfect (there is no distinction) tense and is used with the future tenses to give the future perfect tenses. | The perfect is formed periphrastically. The perfect clitic ''lakš'' is used with the past tenses to give the present perfect or pluperfect (there is no distinction) tense and is used with the future tenses to give the future perfect tenses. | ||
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===Predicative possession=== | ===Predicative possession=== | ||
"X has Y" is expressed with the verb ''[[Themsaran/gîe|gîe]]'' (exist, there is) followed by the possessive noun phrase "Y-indefinite-of X", if X is animate. If X is inanimate, the construction ''X ā Y'' ('X is with Y') is used. | "X has Y" is expressed with the verb ''[[Themsaran/gîe|gîe]]'' (exist, there is) followed by the possessive noun phrase "Y-indefinite-of X", if X is animate. If X is inanimate, the construction ''X ā Y'' ('X is with Y') is used. | ||
===Subordinating clauses=== | ===Subordinating clauses=== | ||
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====Relative clauses==== | ====Relative clauses==== | ||
Any pronoun which corefers with the head of the relative clause is in the inverse person (or first/second person if referring to first/second person). | Any pronoun which corefers with the head of the relative clause is in the inverse person (or first/second person if referring to first/second person). | ||
===Comparison=== | |||
The comparative particle 'than' is ''rā''. Themsaran enables one to discriminate "He loved me more than she [loved me]" and "He loved me more than [he loved] her", by focusing the argument in the main clause that is compared. | |||
{{gloss | |||
|phrase = žá hārbenín slá rā žî | |||
|IPA=/ʒá hàːrbeninꜜ sláꜜ ráːʒíꜜiː/ | |||
|morphemes = žá he-arb-nin/ slá rā žî | |||
|gloss = 3SG.M PAST.IPFV-teach/PAST.IPFV.PSS.3SG.M>1SG more.ADV than 3SG.F | |||
|translation=He taught me more than she did.}} | |||
{{gloss | |||
|phrase = na̋ hārbenín slá rā žî | |||
|IPA=/náː hàːrbeninꜜ sláꜜ ráːʒiꜜiː/ | |||
|morphemes = na̋ he-arb-nin/ slá rā žî | |||
|gloss = 1SG PAST.IPFV-teach/PAST.IPFV.PSS.3SG.M>1SG more.ADV than 3SG.F | |||
|translation=He taught me more than he did her.}} | |||
Note that the fronting does not automatically imply that the fronted noun phrase is compared, but simply that it is given the most focus: | |||
{{gloss | |||
|phrase = na̋ hārbenín žá slá rā žî | |||
|IPA=/náː hàːrbeninꜜ ʒáꜜ sláꜜ ráːʒiꜜiː/ | |||
|morphemes = na̋ he-arb-nin/ žá slá rā žî | |||
|gloss = 1SG PAST.IPFV-teach/PAST.IPFV.PSS.3SG.M>1SG 3SG.M more.ADV than 3SG.F | |||
|translation=It is I whom he taught more than she did.}} | |||
====Indirect speech==== | ====Indirect speech==== | ||
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'''Article 1''' | '''Article 1''' | ||
''Ta̋ŋrèvi rôg itávō dǔanȕ | ''Ta̋ŋrèvi rôg itávō dǔanȕ íe státhe̋dū sŋéfȉl ħalgīdîch íe láugvīdîch.'' | ||
be.born.-{{sc|pres.3pl.m}} all human-{{sc|pl.def}} free.{{sc|pl.m.pred}} and equal.{{sc|pl.m.pred}} w.r.t. dignity-{{sc|3pl.m›def.sg}} and entitlement-{{sc|3pl.m›def.sg}} | be.born.-{{sc|pres.3pl.m}} all human-{{sc|pl.def}} free.{{sc|pl.m.pred}} and equal.{{sc|pl.m.pred}} w.r.t. dignity-{{sc|3pl.m›def.sg}} and entitlement-{{sc|3pl.m›def.sg}} | ||
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All humans are born free and equal in dignity and rights. | All humans are born free and equal in dignity and rights. | ||
'' | ''Tór pláħévnier ŧlâħe ie ftiļiny̋že vōjéch, širŋúre tolbasêich ān nadnék nái hélki šyrfǎmīd.'' | ||
as.implied.by bestow.{{sc|pass}}.{{sc|first.inf}}-{{sc|3pl.f/conj}} reason and conscience {{sc|dat}}.{{sc|3pl.m}}, compulsory.-{{sc|sg.m.pred}} behave.{{sc|first.inf-3pl.m›def}} {{sc|com}} one.another {{sc|ins}} spirit-{{sc|3sg.f›indef.sg/conj}} brotherhood. | as.implied.by bestow.{{sc|pass}}.{{sc|first.inf}}-{{sc|3pl.f/conj}} reason and conscience {{sc|dat}}.{{sc|3pl.m}}, compulsory.-{{sc|sg.m.pred}} behave.{{sc|first.inf-3pl.m›def}} {{sc|com}} one.another {{sc|ins}} spirit-{{sc|3sg.f›indef.sg/conj}} brotherhood. | ||