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The perfect is formed periphrastically. The perfect clitic ''lakš'' is used with the past tenses to give the present perfect or pluperfect (there is no distinction) tense and is used with the future tenses to give the future perfect tenses. | The perfect is formed periphrastically. The perfect clitic ''lakš'' is used with the past tenses to give the present perfect or pluperfect (there is no distinction) tense and is used with the future tenses to give the future perfect tenses. | ||
=====Supplementary moods===== | |||
The mirative, marking information, inference or realization new to the speaker, is marked by a prefix consisting of first consonant of stem + e + last consonant of stem. The subjunctive, used for doubtful statements and for hypothetical outcomes, is marked by a similar prefix, with said consonants in reverse order. | |||
{{Gloss|phrase = {{blue|gél}}ga̋lis!|IPA=/gélgaːꜜlis/|morphemes = {{blue|RDPL}}-ga̋lìs |gloss = {{blue|MIR}}-sing-PRES.3SG.F |translation = (Hey, look,) she's singing!}} | |||
{{Gloss|phrase = {{blue|lég}}ga̋lis|IPA=/léggaːꜜlis/|morphemes = {{blue|RDPL}}-ga̋lìs |gloss = {{blue|SBJV}}-sing-PRES.3SG.F |translation = She supposedly sings/She would sing}} | |||
====Voice==== | |||
=====Basic voices===== | |||
======Active====== | |||
The active voice is the default voice, used when the subject is the agent of the verb. | |||
======Mediopassive====== | |||
The mediopassive marks the subject as a patient of the verb. Apart from passivity, mediopassives may have a derivational function; they may indicate reflexive action or change of state. As such there are quite a few deponent verbs, verbs that are inherently mediopassive, and also mediopassive counterparts of active intransitive verbs. | |||
=====Supplementary voices===== | =====Supplementary voices===== | ||
======Causative====== | ======Causative====== | ||
The causative expresses causation or facilitation of the action. It is indicated by the suffix ''-nuh-'' after the masculine singular imperative, where the ''h'' assimilates to any fricative or may leave compensatory lengthening of the ''u''. | The causative expresses causation or facilitation of the action. It is indicated by the suffix ''-nuh-'' after the masculine singular imperative, where the ''h'' assimilates to any fricative or may leave compensatory lengthening of the ''u''. | ||
======Applicative====== | ======Applicative====== | ||
The applicative suffix, placed after the masculine singular imperative, is ''-t(e)n-''. The applicative promotes an oblique object of a verb to the direct object position, for example "fight (a war)" > "fight (someone)" and downgrades the core object argument to an oblique argument. An optional applicative prefix may be used to qualify the relationship of the new object to the base verb (''vi-'' for instrument, ''ša-'' for location, ''lua-'' for comitation, and ''mi-'' for goal). In the passive, the applicative finds much syntactic utility in constructing impersonal statements about an oblique object. | The applicative suffix, placed after the masculine singular imperative, is ''-t(e)n-''. The applicative promotes an oblique object of a verb to the direct object position, for example "fight (a war)" > "fight (someone)" and downgrades the core object argument to an oblique argument. An optional applicative prefix may be used to qualify the relationship of the new object to the base verb (''vi-'' for instrument, ''ša-'' for location, ''lua-'' for comitation, and ''mi-'' for goal or benefactive). In the passive, the applicative finds much syntactic utility in constructing impersonal statements about an oblique object. | ||
=====Non-finite forms===== | =====Non-finite forms===== | ||
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The possessor of the second infinitive represents the verb's object. It is used as a complement to certain verbs and in any other situation calling for a verb with no independent subject or TAM, and is used adverbially with prepositions. | The possessor of the second infinitive represents the verb's object. It is used as a complement to certain verbs and in any other situation calling for a verb with no independent subject or TAM, and is used adverbially with prepositions. | ||
====Conjugation | ====Conjugation==== | ||
The three conjugations of Themsaran verbs are demonstrated below respectively with the verbs ''mólî'' - 'let me thank', ''nesâi'' - 'let me slay/kill (animate subject)', ''takvêi'' - 'let me know' (The citation form is the 1st person jussive). The first conjugation subsumes ''ħ''-stem verbs, where the ''ħ'' assimilates into any consonant that begins an ending, and ''h''-stem verbs, for which only fricative-beginning endings are so geminated, and for other consonants, undergoes compensatory lengthening of the vowel preceding the ending. | The three conjugations of Themsaran verbs are demonstrated below respectively with the verbs ''mólî'' - 'let me thank', ''nesâi'' - 'let me slay/kill (animate subject)', ''takvêi'' - 'let me know' (The citation form is the 1st person jussive). The first conjugation subsumes ''ħ''-stem verbs, where the ''ħ'' assimilates into any consonant that begins an ending, and ''h''-stem verbs, for which only fricative-beginning endings are so geminated, and for other consonants, undergoes compensatory lengthening of the vowel preceding the ending. | ||
=====Active subject affixes===== | |||
{| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 300px; text-align: center;" | {| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 300px; text-align: center;" | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|} | |} | ||
=====Non-finite forms===== | =====Non-finite forms of the active===== | ||
The active participle is formed by infixing ⟨''an''⟩ before the nucleus of the first syllable of the stem of the third person masculine form and removing any final vowels. | The active participle is formed by infixing ⟨''an''⟩ before the nucleus of the first syllable of the stem of the third person masculine form and removing any final vowels. | ||
The first infinitive is formed by suffixing ''-s'' to the 2nd person masculine singular imperative. | The first infinitive is formed by suffixing ''-s'' to the 2nd person masculine singular imperative. | ||
==== | =====Mediopassive subject affixes===== | ||
{| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 300px; text-align: center;" | {| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 300px; text-align: center;" | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|} | |} | ||
=====Non-finite forms===== | =====Non-finite forms of the passive===== | ||
The static passive participle is formed through the infix ⟨''ir''⟩ in the stem. | The static passive participle is formed through the infix ⟨''ir''⟩ in the stem. | ||
The dynamic passive participle is formed with the ⟨''(i)s''⟩. | The dynamic passive participle is formed with the ⟨''(i)s''⟩. | ||
====Object affixes==== | =====Object affixes===== | ||
:''Main article: [[Themsaran/Bipersonal affixes|Themsaran bipersonal affixes]]'' | :''Main article: [[Themsaran/Bipersonal affixes|Themsaran bipersonal affixes]]'' | ||
The object affixes combine at the end of the verb, sometimes in less predictable ways, to agree with the direct object. | The object affixes combine at the end of the verb, sometimes in less predictable ways, to agree with the direct object. | ||