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Chlouvānem/Positional and motion verbs: Difference between revisions
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Chlouvānem/Positional and motion verbs (view source)
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| to fly || ''mugdhe'' (mudh-) || ''mordhake'' | | to fly || ''mugdhe'' (mudh-) || ''mordhake'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| to float in the air<br/>to go with a balloon or zeppelin || ''yåjyake'' || '' | | to float in the air<br/>to go with a balloon or zeppelin || ''yåjyake'' || ''yējrake'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| to float on water<br/>to go with a small boat, to row || ''uṭake'' || ''arṭake'' | | to float on water<br/>to go with a small boat, to row || ''uṭake'' || ''arṭake'' | ||
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| to roll || ''pṝke'' || ''pārlake'' | | to roll || ''pṝke'' || ''pārlake'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| to climb || ''nittake'' || '' | | to climb || ''nittake'' || ''nērpake'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| to jump || ''mųke'' || ''mårṣake'' | | to jump || ''mųke'' || ''mårṣake'' | ||
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* ''mṛcce'' is a regular class 2 verb except for the suppletive past stem ''pañc-, pañcek''. | * ''mṛcce'' is a regular class 2 verb except for the suppletive past stem ''pañc-, pañcek''. | ||
* ''lįke'' and ''mųke'' are irregular vocalic stems, behaving as *lis- and *mus- in the present (ablauted in both) and past. | * ''lįke'' and ''mųke'' are irregular vocalic stems, behaving as *lis- and *mus- in the present (ablauted in both) and past. | ||
* ''yåjyake'' is class 5 ('' | * ''yåjyake'' is class 5 (''yåjyē, ejyek, ayåjya''). | ||
* ''ñoerake'' is irregular in the indicative present singular - ''ñoergu'', ''ñoergi'', '' | * ''ñoerake'' is irregular in the indicative present singular - ''ñoergu'', ''ñoergi'', ''ñoergē'' - but regular everywhere else. | ||
* ''sturake'' is irregular ('' | * ''sturake'' is irregular (''starē, (stārau) stāṭ, ustura''). | ||
===Ways of "going"=== | ===Ways of "going"=== | ||
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* ''nūkkhe'' (stem ''nūkh-''; mono), ''nærkhake'' (multi) is used for bikes and animals (horses, ''lalāruṇai'', elephants...). | * ''nūkkhe'' (stem ''nūkh-''; mono), ''nærkhake'' (multi) is used for bikes and animals (horses, ''lalāruṇai'', elephants...). | ||
* ''mugdhe'' (stem ''mudh-'': mono), ''mordhake'' (multi) is used for all air vehicles except balloons and zeppelins. Means "to fly" and is used this way with animals. | * ''mugdhe'' (stem ''mudh-'': mono), ''mordhake'' (multi) is used for all air vehicles except balloons and zeppelins. Means "to fly" and is used this way with animals. | ||
* ''yåjyake'' (mono), '' | * ''yåjyake'' (mono), ''yējrake'' (multi) is used for balloons and zeppelins. Means "to float in the air" and is used this way with animals and things (like e.g. falling leaves or other things moved by the wind). | ||
* ''uṭake'' (mono), ''arṭake'' (multi) is used for small boats. Means "to float on water" and is used this way with animals (including e.g. ducks, swans...) and floating things. | * ''uṭake'' (mono), ''arṭake'' (multi) is used for small boats. Means "to float on water" and is used this way with animals (including e.g. ducks, swans...) and floating things. | ||
** Its derived verbs ''šūtake'', ''švarṭake'' are used for submarines. | ** Its derived verbs ''šūtake'', ''švarṭake'' are used for submarines. | ||
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* ''khulike'' (mono), ''kharliake'' (multi) refers to pulling something (no matter how). | * ''khulike'' (mono), ''kharliake'' (multi) refers to pulling something (no matter how). | ||
The remaining six verbs denote different kinds of movement: ''buñjñake'' (to run (water only)) ''pṝke, pārlake'' (to roll), ''nittake, | The remaining six verbs denote different kinds of movement: ''buñjñake'' (to run (water only)) ''pṝke, pārlake'' (to roll), ''nittake, nērpake'' (to climb), ''mųke, mårṣake'' (to jump), ''ñulge, ñoerake'' (to crawl), ''sturake'' (to fall). Some grammarians also include ''mūmikke'' (to dance), despite it not having a mono/multidirectional distinction<ref>Some daughter languages of Chlouvānem do, cf. Līlasuṃghāṇi vernacular ''molke'' (to dance (monodirectional)), ''momuëe'' (to dance (multidirectional)).</ref>. | ||
===Case usage=== | ===Case usage=== | ||
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The four main uses of multidirectional verbs are: | The four main uses of multidirectional verbs are: | ||
# Habitual actions: | # Habitual actions: | ||
#: ''jāyim tarlāmahom | #: ''jāyim tarlāmahom peithē'' - the girl goes (walks) to school (regularly, every schoolday) | ||
#: ''saminą liliā ñæltai jaje lærṣaika'' - when they were children, my sisters regularly swam in the igarapé. | #: ''saminą liliā ñæltai jaje lærṣaika'' - when they were children, my sisters regularly swam in the igarapé. | ||
# Movement inside a specific location (often expressed with locative-trigger voice), without any specified direction. | # Movement inside a specific location (often expressed with locative-trigger voice), without any specified direction. | ||
#: ''jaja | #: ''jaja lærṣērā'' - as for the igarapé, someone is swimming in there. (literally "the igarapé, it is being swum") | ||
#: ''marte peithįm'' - we walk around the city. (cf. Russian phrases with ''по'' as in ''мы ходим по городу'') | #: ''marte peithįm'' - we walk around the city. (cf. Russian phrases with ''по'' as in ''мы ходим по городу'') | ||
# Gnomic or potential meanings (the latter are usually not marked with the potential ''junia'' if it's a natural trait - see second example): | # Gnomic or potential meanings (the latter are usually not marked with the potential ''junia'' if it's a natural trait - see second example): | ||