Swuntsim

Talman Swutsim/Lexicon

Swutsim Swadesh list

Swuntsim
təSfətsiv
Pronunciation	[/təˈsfətsiv/]
Created by	IlL
Setting	Verse:Tricin
Language family	Tsimulh Swuntsim

Talman Swutsim (natively təSfətsiv /təˈsfətsiv/) is a modern Tsimulh language. It is the traditional vernacular language of the Swutsim diaspora in Talma and Fyxám, descending from Sacred Swutsim.

It's inspired by Lushootseed and Welsh.

Todo

pluralization - mess it up

• utcütsi (5, solid, compact things) or cütsi (8, various; pl) = 'shell'
  • Scütsi (4, collectives and augmentatives), of Scutzis fame = personal name, meaning 'patient, enduring'
• tjway (7, places, slots, assignments) = 'name' (a name is an assignment)
• Yəy, yo fətjway? = Hello, what's your name?
• Cətjway... = My name is...
• Tidhamo! = See you!

Initial ʔ conflated with null initial (because Talman langs don't make the distinction)

Some clusters such as t+s are broken up to təs.

q qw color vowels.

Prefix sandhi rules

Tsimulh > SacSw:

• a e i o u ə > a e i o u ə
• à è ì ò ù ə` > à ə` ì ù ù ə`

SacSw > TalSw:

• à ì ù ə` > 0 0 ü 0

Numbers

Talman Swutsim has a set of base 10 numerals inherited from Sacred Swutsim. Unlike in Sacred Swutsim, however, base 12 is usually used.

Numbers inflect for animacy, but only the first word in the whole numeral inflects: Number words beginning with güdh '1' inflect that word. Number words beginning with a number word other than 1 use ts- for animates. For example:

• tsfisj 'two people'
• adh bo zjdüch əσü '13 women' (Note singular for 'woman'.)
• fisj bo fisj zjdüch biway '26 names'

The numbers: 0 ξəp 1 adh (an.), güdh (inan; default) 2 fisj 3 iyəv 4 uzon 5 tu 6 tjayəzj 7 butjo 8 gwivə 9 aay 10 cwidh 11 σədu < łădul 12 zjdüch < șrüch 13 güdh bo zjdüch 14 fisj bo zjdüch 24 fisj zjdüch 36 iyəv zjdüch 144. cmen < cmen

Diachronical sketch

• m n > v dh
• sm sn > zv zd
• b d > b d
• g > gh > compensatory lengthening

Getting the aesthetic

• q qʷ > ŋ ŋʷ > n m
• gʷ > w when not word initial.
• sb sd > zv zd
• xʷ > f
• ʔC > C: (geminate)
• /ʔb ʔd/ > /b d/
• Usansj əsoməv əzəpətj of tüdjo = the living fish swims in water
• əmam = mother; əpap = father
• tüdjo = water
• tjvic = house
• üvC > uuC

Orthography

Talman Swutsim is usually written in the Windermere script. Words from Sacred Swutsim are written in the original Swutsim orthography.

Phonology

Consonants

Like many Tsimulh languages, Sfətsiv has no liquids in native words. However, liquids occur in loaned vocabulary.

Swuntsim consonants

		Labial	Dental		Palatal	Velar		Laryngeal	Glottal
			central	lateral		plain	lab'zed
Nasal		m m	n n			(ŋ ŋ)
Stop	tenuis	p p	t t			c k	cw kʷ		ʔ ʔ
	voiced	b b	d d			g g	gw gʷ
Fricative	voiceless	f f	s s	σ ɬ	sj ʃ	ch χ	chw χʷ		h h
	voiced	v v	dh ð z z		zj ʒ
Affricate	tenuis		ts ts	ξ tɬ	tj tʃ
	voiced				dj dʒ
Approximant			(r r)		y j		w w	(l ɴ̆)

gw, chw become g, ch before rounded vowels /y u o/.

r, l, ŋ are used in loanwords.

Geminates are allowed and are rendered by doubling (for digraphs, doubling the first consonant)

Vowels

i ü u e ə o a /i ü u e ə o a/ + long vowels

Stress

Stress is always penultimate.

Morphology

Modern Sfətsiv has lost the Proto-Tsimulh noun class system, which was still active in Sacred Sfətsiv. Pronouns and verbs only agree in animacy and number.

Nouns

The genitive is marked with -s, but -əs after coronal fricatives: stsaσ 'a forest or similar collection' > stsaσəs 'of a forest'

-s- is often inserted between nouns in compounds.

Nouns with unmarked plurals and marked singulars are common. The singulative is marked with gü- in this case.

Expected noun class reflexes:

1. ʔə-, pl. cə-/c-
2. bu-, pl. də-/d-
3. p-, pl. əpi-/əp-
4. s-, pl. dus-
5. ut-, pl. pσə-/pσ-
6. ma-/mə-, pl. əwə-/u-
7. k-/č-, pl. abi-/əb-
8. gu-, pl. N-
9. σi-/σ-, pl. wi-
10. ti-/t-, no plural
11. t’im-, no plural
12. pda-/pdə- (common for abstract nouns), no plural

1. ə-/0-, pl. tsə- = humans, spirits
2. bü-, pl. də-/0- = animals and other things that move on their own
3. p-, pl. əpi-/əp- = plants and mushrooms; things that grow
4. s-, pl. düs- = collections or large things
5. üt-, pl. pσə-/pσ- = roughly round, compact objects
6. va-/v-/0-, pl. ü- = long objects; tools, instruments, devices
7. tj-/k-, pl. bi-/əp- = places, locations, slots
8. gü-, pl. 0- or dh- = various... including fluids (powder, water, liquids, fire, light, waves, wind, ...)
9. σi-, pl. gwi- = time periods; events; things that are temporary (e.g. ice)
10. t-, ti- = abstractions, manner, way, infinitives, verbal nouns (Class 10+11)
11. pda- = -ness, -hood (Class 12)

There are more patterns, however, like 0- and dü- (analogy of s-, düs-)

Pronouns

• co = I
• fo = you (sg)
• ot = we
• tsu = you (pl)

Determiners

TODO: Separate forms for mass nouns

• every, all: tsəcwach 'everyone, every (for animates)'; wəcwach 'all things (for inanimates)'; cwach 'everything; all (mass nouns)'
• many: tsəzab 'many people'; wəzab 'many things'; zab 'much (mass nouns)'
• few: tsənuu 'few people'; wənuu 'few things'; nuu 'few (mass nouns)'
• other: əchasj 'another person'; tsəchasj 'other people'; chasj 'other things'

Verbs

The infinitive affix is t- for verb stems beginning with a vowel and ti- for verb stems beginning with a consonant.

Concord

The animate subject affix is ə- in the singular and tsə- in the plural. Verbs with inanimate subjects do not have any subject affix.

Personal affixes:

• 1sg cə-
• 2sg fə-
• 1pl gwə-
• 2pl tsü-

Syntax

Modern Sfətsiv is SVO and pro-drop.

Genitives precede nouns: cəʔəmams tjway 'my mother's name'

Vocabulary

Much of the vocabulary is native and inherited from Sacred Swutsim - but there are a lot of reborrowings from Sacred Swutsim. There are also loanwords from Amphirese, Rhythoed, and other Talman languages.