Naeng

This article describes Modern Windermere. See Windermere for Classical Windermere.

Modern Windermere
չէıɱ Է·ѵ›ƪғ brits Răthoyd
Created by	IlL, Praimhín
Setting	Verse:Tricin
Language family	Lakovic Windermere Modern Windermere

Modern Windermere is based on the vernacular of Imperial Windermere, and did not change significantly since, except changes in syntax and the introduction of more loans. After the Grouidite Revolution, Windermere and Tergetian lost much of their importance in Talma, but they retained a strong presence in Bjeheond.

Todo

Accents in Windermere

• General Bjeheondian
• Western Bjeheondian
• Plüeng Săfărchal
• Plüeng Midleș
• Plüeng Pădoată
• Feiden / Tumhanian
• Shumian
• Fəxomian
• Standard Wen Dămea
• Other Wen Dămea accents
  • Sătmaș
  • Chăloa
  • Prucüew

Diachronics

Diglossia

Spoken Windermere is pretty much the same in all three continents, except for accent and a few vocabulary differences.

The Wen Dămea language is heavily diglossic: the literature and newscasts use a language much closer to Classical Windermere. [If this were Netagin I'd also include "the upper classes use the normative vocalization". Can Windermere do sth like this - little grammar and morphological rules that ppl can break all the time, and not big grammar differences?] Written Windermere in Fəxom and Bjeheond is very close to the spoken language.

Phonological history

• In Talman Windermere, ə > 0 after aspirated consonants and fricatives. This makes the voicing alternation in the Classical Wdm. spirants f and th phonemic.
• r > ɹ in the Bjeheond dialect (Talma has an Icelandic/Philly accent and Bjeheond has a British RP-ish accent)
• r > ɹ or ʋʴ in the Palkhan dialect
• l > ʟ in the Wen Dămea and Palkhan dialects

Grammatical history

• Aspect largely becomes a derivational device, cf. the development of PIE aspects
• Grammaticalization of conjugated auxiliaries, leading to a tense system.

Phonology

Consonants

		Labial	Alveolar	Lateral	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		m /m/	n /n/			ng /ŋ/
Plosive	voiced	b /b/	d /d/			g /g/
	voiceless	p /p/	t /t/			c /k/	' /ʔ/
Affricate			ts /ts/	tł /tɬ/
Fricative	spirant	f /f~v/	th /θ~ð/			ch /x/
	nonspirant		s /s/	ł /ɬ/	ș /ʃ/		h /h/
Resonant		w /w/	r /r/	l /l~ʟ/	y /j/

Vowels

	Front		Central	Back
	unrounded	rounded
Close	i /i/	ü /y/	[ɨ]	u /u/
Near-close	ie /ɪ/	üe /ø/		ua /ʊ/
Close-mid	e /e/		ă /ə/	o /o/
Open-mid	ea /ɛ/			oa /ɔ/
Open			a /ɐ/

• Caveat: ir = ier, ur = uar, etc.
• [ɨ ʉ] are allophones of /i y/ after /ɹ/ in Bjeheondian Windermere.

Dialects

Bjeheondian and Palkhan Windermere are non-rhotic: ir ür ur er or ar are pronounced /iə yə uə eə oə ɑə~ɑː/. The stops b d g are voiced. The vowel ă is /ɨ/.

Stress

Stress is almost always final, but can be non-final in function words.

Morphology

Classical Windermere gender was lost.

Verbs

Verbs are not conjugated, but are used with auxiliaries.

Adjectives

The comparative is formed with rech + adjective and the superlative is formed with hă'et + adjective.

• to = good
• rech to = better
• hă'et to = best

Pre-verbal particles

• min = progressive
• chea = past
• per = future
• tso = past progressive
• fa = perfect
• chea fa = past perfect etc.
• future progressive? analytic constructions for other aspects like inchoative/inceptive, frequentative, telic ...?

Syntax

SVO; VSO in subordinate clauses with the subject marked with e-; but subordinate clauses are SVO when marked with the complementizer nga

Rie min brits cădef clăbüh tef tsăgtsog.

1SG PROG speak about-DEF love and-DEF hate

I speak of love and hate.

Fi rüech min tsrin nef troas.

DEF bird PROD eat of-DEF seed

The bird is eating a seed.

Vocabulary

Windermere contains more Talmic and Hlou-Shum loanwords than Classical Windermere; even derivational affixes have been borrowed. In modern times, many Eevo loans are entering the language.

Sample texts

UDHR

in Bjeheondian Windermere:

Tsor croth fa răgean lua te thür mis hăltlas tes imłin. Mam hac răfongüe yas hălfăthin tes hălslithma ...