Bźatga/History: Difference between revisions

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==History==
* '''Monophthongisation of diphthongs'''
** ''ai > ɛː; ei > ē; oi, eu, ou > ō, au > ā''
* '''Reduction of pretonic & final vowels'''
** short vowels lowered
** long vowels shortened
* '''Lenition of intervocalic stops, ''m'' & ''s'''''
** voiceless stops ''p, t, k'' > voiced ''b, d, g''
** voiced stops ''b, d, g'' > voiced fricatives ''v, ð'' (later ''z''), ''ɣ''
** ''m'' > ''ṽ''
** ''s'' > ''h'' (lost word-finally; ''j'' intervocalic)
* '''Compensatory Lengthening of vowels before ''n''C'''
** ''a > ā; e > ɛː; i > ī; o > ɔː; u > ū''
* '''Diphthonisation before CC or C + back vowel/''a'''''
** ''ɛː > ia''
** ''ē > ie''
* '''Merger of ''v, ṽ'' and ''w'' as ''β''''
** vocalisation of ''β''C > ''u''C
** metathesis of C''β'' as ''u''C
* '''Metathesis of V''r''C > ''r''VC'''
** new ''mr-'' > ''br-'', ''nr-'' > ''dr-''
** e.g. ''markos > mrakə > braca''
* '''Loss of vowel quantity'''
** all long vowels become short, creating a 10 vowel system:
{| class="IPA" cellspacing="0px" cellpadding="0" style="text-align:center; background:none;"
|- style="text-align:center; font-size:smaller;"
|style="padding-bottom:3px;"|  
| style="width: 60px;" | '''Front'''
| style="width: 60px; word-spacing: -.3em;" | '''Near- front'''
| style="width: 60px;" | '''Central'''
| style="width: 60px;word-spacing: -.3em;" | '''Near- back'''
| style="width: 60px;" | '''Back'''
|-
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Close'''
| style="height: 210px;" colspan=5 rowspan=7 | <div style="position: relative;">[[File:Blank vowel trapezoid.svg|300px|link=]]<div style="background:none; position:absolute; top:0; left:0;">
{| style="position:relative; width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:none;"
|-
| style="width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:none; font-size:120%;"|
<!-- CLOSE VOWELS -->
<div style="position: absolute; left: 5%; width: 2.3em; top: 2%; background: white;">i</div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 43%; width: 3.1em; top: 2%; background: white;"></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 85%; width: 2.3em; top: 2%; background: white;">u</div>
<!-- NEAR-CLOSE VOWELS -->
<div style="position: absolute; left: 28%; width: 2.33em; top: 17%; background: white;">ɪ</div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 44%; width: 4em; top: 17%; background: white;"></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 74%; width: 1.5em; top: 17%; background: white;">ʊ</div>
<!-- CLOSE-MID VOWELS -->
<div style="position: absolute; left: 16%; width: 2.7em; top: 30%; background: white;">e</div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 50%; width: 2.7em; top: 30%; background: white;"></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 84%; width: 2.7em; top: 30%; background: white;">o</div>
<!-- MID VOWELS -->
<div style="position: absolute; left: 24%; width: 2.7em; top: 44%; background: white;"></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 57%; width: 1em; top: 44%; background: white;">ə</div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 83%; width: 2.7em; top: 44%; background: white;"></div>
<!-- OPEN-MID VOWELS -->
<div style="position: absolute; left: 30%; width: 3em; top: 58%; background: white;">ɛ</div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 57%; width: 2.7em; top: 58%; background: white;"></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 83%; width: 2.7em; top: 58%; background: white;">ɔ</div>
<!-- NEAR-OPEN VOWELS -->
<div style="position: absolute; left: 37%; width: 1.3em; top: 73%;"></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 64%; width: 1em; top: 73%; background: white;"></div>
<!-- OPEN VOWELS -->
<div style="position: absolute; left: 44%; width: 3em; top: 86%; background: white;">a</div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 68%; width: 1em; top: 86%; background: white;"></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 85%; width: 2em; top: 86%; background: white;"></div>
|}
</div></div>
|-
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | &nbsp;&nbsp;'''Near-close'''
|-
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Close-mid'''
|-
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Mid'''
|-
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Open-mid'''
|-
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Near-open'''
|-
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Open'''
|}
* '''Merger of near-high vowels'''
** ''ɪ > e'' and ''ʊ > o''
* '''Iotisation'''
** semi-vowel ''j'' merges with adjacent consonant
** ''tj, kj > ć; dj, gj > ģ; s > ś; z > ź; l > ĺ; n > ń; r > ŕ''
** does not affect bilabials ''p, b, m, v, w''
* '''Vocalisation of ''ɣ'''''
** becomes ''j'' after ''i, e, ɛ''
** becomes ''w'' after other vowels, merging with ''v''
* '''Syncope'''
** intervocalic, internal vowels are lost except where this would cause an impossible consonant cluster.
==Vowels==
==Vowels==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

Revision as of 21:15, 2 February 2020

History

  • Monophthongisation of diphthongs
    • ai > ɛː; ei > ē; oi, eu, ou > ō, au > ā
  • Reduction of pretonic & final vowels
    • short vowels lowered
    • long vowels shortened
  • Lenition of intervocalic stops, m & s
    • voiceless stops p, t, k > voiced b, d, g
    • voiced stops b, d, g > voiced fricatives v, ð (later z), ɣ
    • m > ṽ
    • s > h (lost word-finally; j intervocalic)
  • Compensatory Lengthening of vowels before nC
    • a > ā; e > ɛː; i > ī; o > ɔː; u > ū
  • Diphthonisation before CC or C + back vowel/a
    • ɛː > ia
    • ē > ie
  • Merger of v, ṽ and w as β'
    • vocalisation of βC > uC
    • metathesis of Cβ as uC
  • Metathesis of VrC > rVC
    • new mr- > br-, nr- > dr-
    • e.g. markos > mrakə > braca
  • Loss of vowel quantity
    • all long vowels become short, creating a 10 vowel system:
  Front Near- front Central Near- back Back
Close
Blank vowel trapezoid.svg
i
u
ɪ
ʊ
e
o
ə
ɛ
ɔ
a
  Near-close
Close-mid
Mid
Open-mid
Near-open
Open
  • Merger of near-high vowels
    • ɪ > e and ʊ > o
  • Iotisation
    • semi-vowel j merges with adjacent consonant
    • tj, kj > ć; dj, gj > ģ; s > ś; z > ź; l > ĺ; n > ń; r > ŕ
    • does not affect bilabials p, b, m, v, w
  • Vocalisation of ɣ
    • becomes j after i, e, ɛ
    • becomes w after other vowels, merging with v
  • Syncope
    • intervocalic, internal vowels are lost except where this would cause an impossible consonant cluster.



Vowels

PC Brythonic + Length General Initial -w, -lC, -bC -jC j- w-
a a a a a au aCʲ ja va
ā
ā ā
au
ai ɛː ia1
ɛː2		 ʲa ja eu eCʲ je ve
e e e e
e
ei ē ie1
ē2		 ʲe je ʲeu iCʲ vje
ê eu i vê
i i i
ī i i ju vi
ī ī
o o o o o ou oCʲ jo vo
ɔː
eu ō ō ô vo uCʲ ju u
oi
ou
u u u
ū u u u
ū ū u
  1. before a back vowel in next syllable
  2. before a front vowel in next syllable

Consonants

PC Initial +j +i Medial +j +i Geminate
p (kʷ) p pj b bj p
t t ć ŝ d ģ ẑ t
k c ć g ģ c
b (gʷ) b bj v j b
d d ģ ẑ z ź d
g g ģ j/v j g
m m mj v j m
n n ń ń n ń ń n
l l ĺ ĺ l ĺ ĺ l
r r ź ź r ź / ŕ ź / ŕ r
s s ś ś - j s
j j-, -
w v, - v j

Consonant Clusters

Inital Medial
tl ĺ zl
tn zn
tr tr dr
tri, trj ć ģ
kl ĺ ĺ
kn ń ń
kr cr gr
ks ś
kt ć
dl ĺ zl
dm zv
dn zn
dr dr zr
gl ĺ ĺ
gn ń ń
gr gr ź
lp, lt, lk up, ut, uc
lb, ld, lg v, l, v
mp, nt, nk ~p, ~t, ~k
mb, nd, ng ~b, ~d, ~g
rp, rt, rk rVp, rVt, rVk
rb, rd, rg rVv, rVz, rVv
sɸ, sw zv v
st śt s
sti, stj ść ś
stl, str sl, sr sl, sr
sk śc śc
ski, skj ść ść
skl, skr sl, sr sl, sr
sm, sn zn _m, _n
smi, sni źńi
sl, sr zl, zr _l, _r
sli, sri źĺi, źi
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