Bźatga/History: Difference between revisions
< Bźatga
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
(→Vowels) |
|||
| Line 127: | Line 127: | ||
| rowspan="2;" | a || a || rowspan="4;" | a || rowspan="4;" | a || rowspan="4;" | au || rowspan="4;" | aCʲ || rowspan="4;" | ja || rowspan="4;" | va | | rowspan="2;" | a || a || rowspan="4;" | a || rowspan="4;" | a || rowspan="4;" | au || rowspan="4;" | aCʲ || rowspan="4;" | ja || rowspan="4;" | va | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ā | |||
|- | |- | ||
! ā | ! ā | ||
| rowspan="2;" | ā | | rowspan="2;" | ā || rowspan="2;" | ā | ||
|- | |- | ||
! au | ! au | ||
|- | |- | ||
! ai | ! ai | ||
| ɛː || rowspan="2;" | ia<sup>1</sup> <br /> ɛː<sup>2</sup> || ʲa || ja || rowspan="3;" | | | ɛː || rowspan="2;" | ia<sup>1</sup> <br /> ɛː<sup>2</sup> || ʲa || ja || rowspan="3;" | jau || rowspan="3;" | eCʲ || rowspan="4;" | je || vja | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="2;" | e | ! rowspan="2;" | e | ||
| rowspan="2;" | e || rowspan="2;" | e || rowspan="2;" | e | | rowspan="2;" | e || rowspan="2;" | e || rowspan="2;" | e || rowspan="2;" | ve | ||
|- | |- | ||
| e | | e | ||
| Line 156: | Line 156: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="2;" | o | ! rowspan="2;" | o | ||
| rowspan="2;" | o || o || rowspan=" | | rowspan="2;" | o || o || rowspan="4;" | o || rowspan="4;" | o || rowspan="6;" | ou || rowspan="4;" | oCʲ || rowspan="4;" | jo || rowspan="4;" | vo | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ɔː | | ɔː | ||
|- | |- | ||
! eu | ! eu | ||
| rowspan=" | | rowspan="2;" | ɔː || rowspan="2;" | ɔː | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! ou | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | |- | ||
! oi | |||
| ō || ō || rowspan="2;" | ô || rowspan="2;" | vo || rowspan="4;" | uCʲ || rowspan="2;" | jô || rowspan="2;" | vô | |||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="2;" | u | ! rowspan="2;" | u | ||
| rowspan="2;" | u || u | | rowspan="2;" | u || u | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan="2;" | ū || rowspan="2;" | u || rowspan="2;" | u || u | | rowspan="2;" | ū || rowspan="2;" | u || u || rowspan="2;" | u || rowspan="2;" | ju || rowspan="2;" | u | ||
|- | |- | ||
! ū | ! ū | ||
Revision as of 11:50, 4 February 2020
History
- Monophthongisation of diphthongs
- ai > ɛː; ei > eː; oi > oː; eu, ou > ɔː, au > aː
- Reduction of pretonic & final vowels
- short vowels lowered
- long vowels shortened
- Lenition of intervocalic stops, m & s
- voiceless stops p, t, k > voiced b, d, g
- voiced stops b, d, g > voiced fricatives v, ð (later z), ɣ
- m > ṽ
- s > h
- Compensatory Lengthening of vowels before nC
- a > ā; e > ɛː; i > ī; o > ɔː; u > ū
- the change indicates that short e was /ɛ/ and short o was /ɔ/. The short high vowels i and u may similarly have been lowered to /ɪ/ and /ʊ/.
- Diphthonisation before CC or C + back vowel/a
- ɛː > ia
- ē > ie
- Vocalisation of ɣ and -h-
- ɣ > w after o(ː), ɔː, u(ː)
- ɣ > j after other vowels
- medial -h- (from s) becomes j between vowels
- final -h- (from s) is lost
- Merger of v, ṽ and w
- the quality of the new sound is unclear, but it is represented here by β
- vocalisation of βC > uC
- metathesis of Cβ as uC
- Metathesis of VrC > rVC
- new mr- > br-, nr- > dr-
- Loss of vowel quantity
- all long vowels become short, creating a 10 vowel system.
- aː, ɛː, ɔː merge with their short counterparts, a, ɛ, ɔ
- eː, oː create new short vowels e, o
- iː, uː create new short vowels i, u alongside existing ɪ, ʊ
- the new vowel system:
| Front | Near- front | Central | Near- back | Back | ||
| Close | 
| |||||
| Near-close | ||||||
| Close-mid | ||||||
| Mid | ||||||
| Open-mid | ||||||
| Near-open | ||||||
| Open | ||||||
- Merger of near-high vowels
- ɪ > e and ʊ > o
- the sequence ɪjV becomes ijV (later ia)
- Iotisation
- semi-vowel j merges with adjacent consonant
- tj, kj > ć; dj, gj > ģ; s > ś; z > ź; l > ĺ; n > ń; r > ŕ
- does not affect bilabials p, b, m
- βj remains word-initially but becomes j medially.
- note that iotisation continues to work as a productive sound change.
- Merger of semivowels
- sequences ij, ji, uv, vu merge into a single vowel i or u
- iV > jV, causing iotisation to the preceding consonant
- ovi > oi
- Syncope
- intervocalic, internal vowels are lost except where this would cause an impossible consonant cluster.
- Palatalisation
- consonants preceding i are palatalised
- t, d > ts, dz
- n, l, r > ń, ĺ, ŕ
Vowels
| PC | Brythonic | + Length | General | Initial | -w, -lC, -bC | -jC | j- | w- |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| a | a | a | a | a | au | aCʲ | ja | va |
| ā | ||||||||
| ā | ā | ā | ||||||
| au | ||||||||
| ai | ɛː | ia1 ɛː2 |
ʲa | ja | jau | eCʲ | je | vja |
| e | e | e | e | ve | ||||
| e | ||||||||
| ei | ē | ie1 ē2 |
ʲe | je | ʲeu | iCʲ | vje | |
| ê | eu | i | vê | |||||
| i | i | i | ||||||
| ī | i | i | ju | vi | ||||
| ī | ī | |||||||
| o | o | o | o | o | ou | oCʲ | jo | vo |
| ɔː | ||||||||
| eu | ɔː | ɔː | ||||||
| ou | ||||||||
| oi | ō | ō | ô | vo | uCʲ | jô | vô | |
| u | u | u | ||||||
| ū | u | u | u | ju | u | |||
| ū | ū | u |
- before a back vowel in next syllable
- before a front vowel in next syllable
Consonants
| PC | Initial | +j | +i | Medial | +j | +i | Geminate |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| p (kʷ) | p | pj | b | bj | p | ||
| t | t | ć | ŝ | d | ģ | ẑ | t |
| k | c | ć | g | ģ | c | ||
| b (gʷ) | b | bj | v | j | b | ||
| d | d | ģ | ẑ | z | ź | d | |
| g | g | ģ | j/v | j | g | ||
| m | m | mj | v | j | m | ||
| n | n | ń | ń | n | ń | ń | n |
| l | l | ĺ | ĺ | l | ĺ | ĺ | l |
| r | r | ź | ź | r | ź / ŕ | ź / ŕ | r |
| s | s | ś | ś | - | j | s | |
| j | j-, - | ||||||
| w | v, - | v | j |
Consonant Clusters
| Inital | Medial | |
|---|---|---|
| tl | ĺ | zl |
| tn | zn | |
| tr | tr | dr |
| tri, trj | ć | ģ |
| kl | ĺ | ĺ |
| kn | ń | ń |
| kr | cr | gr |
| ks | ś | |
| kt | ć | |
| dl | ĺ | zl |
| dm | zv | |
| dn | zn | |
| dr | dr | zr |
| gl | ĺ | ĺ |
| gn | ń | ń |
| gr | gr | ź |
| lp, lt, lk | up, ut, uc | |
| lb, ld, lg | v, l, v | |
| mp, nt, nk | ~p, ~t, ~k | |
| mb, nd, ng | ~b, ~d, ~g | |
| rp, rt, rk | rVp, rVt, rVk | |
| rb, rd, rg | rVv, rVz, rVv | |
| sɸ, sw | zv | v |
| st | śt | s |
| sti, stj | ść | ś |
| stl, str | sl, sr | sl, sr |
| sk | śc | śc |
| ski, skj | ść | ść |
| skl, skr | sl, sr | sl, sr |
| sm, sn | zn | _m, _n |
| smi, sni | źńi | |
| sl, sr | zl, zr | _l, _r |
| sli, sri | źĺi, źi |