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{{At-box}}
 
==General information==
==General information==
{{Sidebar-At}}
:''Main article: The [[Attian]] language.''
:''Main article: The [[Attian]] language.''
:''See also: [[Attian#Morphology|Attian Morphology]] and [[IPA for Attian]].''
:''See also: [[Attian#Morphology|Attian morphology]] and [[IPA for Attian]].''
This appendix describes the phonology and corresponding processes of the Attian language. The [[Attian]] language is an artificial a priori language, and has thus the freedom of a phonology created from scratch, quite irregular. The consonantal inventory is remarkable for being quite "alveolo-velar", lacking  any labialconsonants. English speaker might appereciate that the phonemic pronunciation of ⟨r⟩ is /ɹ/, though.
This appendix describes the phonology and corresponding processes of the Attian language. The [[Attian]] language is an artificial a priori language, and has thus the freedom of a phonology created from scratch, quite irregular. The consonantal inventory is remarkable for being quite "alveolo-velar", lacking  any labialconsonants.  


==Consonants==
==Consonants==
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*Consonant gemination is phonemic, and applies to all consonants but /h/, but never occurs initially. Gemination is marked by doubling the grapheme.
*Consonant gemination is phonemic, and applies to all consonants but /h/, but never occurs initially. Gemination is marked by doubling the grapheme.


{| {{bluetab}} style="width: 650px; text-align: center;"
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="width: 650px; text-align: center;"
|+  
|+ '''Consonant phonemes in Attian'''
! colspan="9"|Consonant phonemes
! colspan="9"|Consonant phonemes
|-
|-
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| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|'''t''' [t]
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|'''t''' [t]
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|'''k''' [k]
| style="text-align: center;"|'''c''' [k]
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
|-
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| style="text-align: center;"|'''th''' [θ-ð]
| style="text-align: center;"|'''th''' [θ-ð]
| style="text-align: center;"|'''z''' [s-z]
| style="text-align: center;"|'''z''' [s-z]
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|'''sh''' [ç]
| style="text-align: center;"|'''j '''[x-ɣ]
| style="text-align: center;"|'''j '''[x-ɣ]
| style="text-align: center;"|'''h''' [h-ɦ]
| style="text-align: center;"|'''h''' [h-ɦ]
Line 51: Line 52:
! colspan="2" rowspan="1"|Approximant
! colspan="2" rowspan="1"|Approximant
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|'''r''' [ɹ]
| style="text-align: center;"|'''y''' [j]
| style="text-align: center;"|'''v''' [w]
| style="text-align: center;"|
|}
Below is the full consonant phone inventory of the Attian language, including all allophones, which are written within rounded brackets. Here it is evident that the bilabial series do exist in the language, though in allophonic position.
Please note that the bolded letters are orthographic representations.
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="width: 650px; text-align: center;"
|+
! colspan="9"|Consonant phones
|-
! colspan="2"|
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|Dental
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|Alveolar
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal
! style="text-align: center;" colspan="2"|Velar
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" rowspan="1"|
!<small>plain</small>
!<small>coarticulated</small>
|-
! rowspan="2"|Nasals
!<small>plain</small>
| colspan="2"|'''n '''[n]
|
|'''m''' [ŋ]
|(ŋ͡m)
|
|-
!<small>pre-ploded</small>
| colspan="2"|(ᵈn)
|
|(ᶢŋ)
|
|
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="3"|Plosive
!<small>voiceless</small>
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|'''t''' [t]
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|'''k''' [k]
| style="text-align: center;"|(k͡p)
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|'''d '''[d]
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|'''g''' [ɡ]
| style="text-align: center;"|(ɡ͡b)
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
!<small>prenasalised</small>
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|''' '''(ⁿd)
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|(ᵑɡ)
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! colspan="2" |Fricative
| style="text-align: center;"|'''th''' [θ-ð]
| style="text-align: center;"|'''z''' [s-z]
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|'''j '''[x-ɣ]
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|'''h''' [h-ɦ]
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="1"|Approximant
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|'''r''' [ɹ]
| style="text-align: center;"|'''y''' [j]
| style="text-align: center;"|'''y''' [j]
| style="text-align: center;"|'''v''' [w]
| style="text-align: center;"|'''v''' [w]
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|}
===Phonological processes===
The Attian consonants are subjected to a few phonological processes, leading to a number of mutations of intervocalic consonants. The language's consonants undergo processes like '''voicing''' and '''pre-plosion''', as well as '''labiovelar coarticulation''' intervocalically. Initial '''pre-nasalisation''' is also a feature of the stops in the language.
These sound changes greatly expand the language's consonant inventory, some of them are allophonic processes, whilst some of them are phonemic. No process is ever marked orthographically.
The approximants [ɹ], [w], and [j] are invariable.
{| align="right" class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="width: 300px; margin-left: 5px;"
|+
! colspan="7" |Allophones and processes
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2"|<small>Phoneme</small>
! rowspan="2"|<small>Pre-nasalisation</small>
! rowspan="2"|<small>Labiovelar coarticulation</small>
! colspan="3"|Intervocalic
|-
!<small>Pre-plosion</small>
!<small>Voicing</small>
!<small>Fricativisation</small>
|- align="center"
!n
! /n/
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|[ᵈn]
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
!m
!/ŋ/
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|[ŋ͡m]
| style="text-align: center;"|[ᶢŋ]
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
!k
! /k/
| style="text-align: center;"|[ᵑg]
| style="text-align: center;"|[k͡p]
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|[g]
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
!g
! /ɡ/
| style="text-align: center;"|[ᵑg]
| style="text-align: center;"|[ɡ͡b]
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|[ɣ]
|-
!t
!/t/
| style="text-align: center;"|[ⁿd]
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|[d]
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
!d
!/d/
| style="text-align: center;"|[ⁿd]
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|[ð]
|-
|-
!h
! colspan="2" rowspan="1"|Trill
!/h/
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|'''r''' [r̥]
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|[ɦ]
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
!j
!/x/
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|[ɣ]
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
!z
!/s/
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|[z]
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
|}
===Obstruents===
====Pre-nasalisation====
Non-nasal stops are pre-nasalised, should the preceding word terminate in a nasal, such as /ŋ/ or /n/{{Ex|=1, 2}}. It is important however, that this only applies externally and only to plosives{{Ex|=3}}. Nasalisation is never marked.
*Only plosives are affected by pre-nasalisation.
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+
<!-- Sentence -->
| 1: '''thanainn a{{blue|n t}}ajai'''
!
| 2: '''gavann a{{blue|n g}}arya'''
!
| 3: '''themine{{red|n th}}anya gva'''
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
| /ˈθanenː an taʝo/ → [ˈθanenː an ˈ{{blue|ⁿt}}aɣe]
!
| /ˈɡawanː an ˈɡaɹja/ → [ˈɡawanː an ˈ{{blue|ᵑɡ}}aɹɣa]
!
|/θɛmɛnin θanja ɡwa/ → [ θɛmɛnin θanja ɡwa]
|-
<!-- Translation -->
| «''I speak poorly''»
!
| «''my sweet coffee''»
!
|«''It is said that I see your mouth''»
|}
|}


===Processes===
The Attian consonants undergo a number of phonological processes, all of which are completely phonemic.
====Labiovelar coarticulation====
====Labiovelar coarticulation====
The labiovelar coarticulation, or simply labiovelarisation, is a process which only applies to the velar stops, that is /ŋ/,  /k/ and /ɡ/.
The labiovelar coarticulation, or simply labiovelarisation, is a process which only applies to the velar stops, that is /ŋ/,  /k/ and /ɡ/.
The velar stops are coarticulated with their labial analogue when preceded or followed by a rounded vowel. This causes the allophones /ŋ͡m/{{Ex|=5}}, /k͡p/ and /ɡ͡b/{{Ex|=4, 6}}respectively.
The velar stops are coarticulated with their labial analogue when followed by a rounded vowel. This causes the phonemes /ŋ͡m/, /k͡p/ and /ɡ͡b/.
 
Other situations producing the labiovelars, and especially the nasal one, are collisions of /ŋ/ and /n/, no matter the order. In addition, the combinations /n/ or /ŋ/ plus /w/ gives the labiovelar nasal /ŋ͡m/.


{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+
|+
<!-- Sentence -->
<!-- Sentence -->
|4: '''u{{blue|gg}}au'''
|'''u{{blue|gg}}ā'''


!
!


|5: '''eru{{blue|m}}i'''
|'''a{{blue|mnv}}a'''


!
!


|6: '''gva u{{blue|gg}}au egegi'''
|'''gva u{{blue|gg}}a egegi'''
|-
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
<!-- Pronunciation-->
| /uɡˈɡø/ → [uˈ{{blue|ɡ͡b}}ø]
| /uɡˈɡø/ → /uˈ{{blue|ɡ͡b}}ø/


!
!


| /ɛɹˈuŋi/ → [ɛɹˈu{{blue|ŋ͡m}}i]
| /aŋˈna/ → /aˈ{{blue|ŋ͡m}}a/


!
!
Line 300: Line 102:
!
!


| «''being flied''»
| «''you; thou''»


!
!  


|«''I fish fish''»
|«''I fish fish''»
Line 308: Line 110:


====Fricativisation====
====Fricativisation====
The two voiced plosives, /d/ and /ɡ/, are fricativisised into /ð/{{Ex|=7, 9}}and /ɣ/ intervocalic positions. The fricativisation also occurs should any of the plosives precede other hetero-organic plosives{{Ex|=8}}.
The 4 plosives, /t/, /d/, /k/ and /ɡ/, are fricativisised into /θ/, /ð/, /x/ and /ɣ/ intervocalic positions. The fricativisation also occurs should any of the plosives precede other hetero-organic plosives.
 
Fricativisation only applies should the plosives occur as a coda, or onset in an unstressed syllable. This implies that any fricativisation due to external sandhi, i.e. if the preceeding word ends with a vowel, is impossible.


{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+
|+
<!-- Sentence -->
<!-- Sentence -->
|7: '''a{{blue|d}}an'''
|'''a{{blue|d}}an'''


!
!


|8: '''e{{blue|g}}ta'''
|'''e{{blue|g}}ta'''


!
!


|9: '''gv{{blue|a d}}ana'''
|'''yecai'''
|-
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
<!-- Pronunciation-->
| /ˈadan/ → [ˈa{{blue|ð}}an]
| /ˈadan/ → /ˈa{{blue|ð}}an/


!
!


|/ɛɡta/ → [ɛ{{blue|ɣ}}ta]
|/ɛɡta/ → /ɛ{{blue|ɣ}}ta/


!
!


|/ɡwa ˈdana/ → [ɡwa ˈ{{blue|ð}}ana]
|/ˈjɛkai̩/ → /ˈjɛ{{blue|x}}ai̩/
|-
|-
<!-- Translation -->
<!-- Translation -->
Line 343: Line 147:
!
!


|«''eat''»
|«''small eye; peeking Tom''»
|}
|}


Line 349: Line 153:
The glottal fricative /h/, has an irregular effect if preceding or following hetero-organic plosives. The hetero-organic plosive is geminated, or doubled, and the glottal fricative is deleted from speech.
The glottal fricative /h/, has an irregular effect if preceding or following hetero-organic plosives. The hetero-organic plosive is geminated, or doubled, and the glottal fricative is deleted from speech.


===Sonorants===
The only rhotic consonant in the Attian inventory is the alveolar approximant /r̥/, which is somewhat irregular in its pronounciation. The corresponding intervocalic allophone is pronounced voicedly.
====Pre-plosion====
The nasal stops themselves become pre-ploded unexclusively in intervocalic environments{{Ex|=10, 11, 12}}. The pre-plosion affects the phoneme inventory's sonorants, except the approximants /ɹ/, /w/ and /j/.  
Please note that the mutation is never marked.
 
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+
<!-- Sentence -->
|10: '''ra{{blue|m}}a'''


!
===Allophony===
 
|11: '''g{{blue|va mi}}thra da{{blue|na}}'''
 
!
 
|12: '''thanya{{blue|nn}}a{{blue|yy}}a'''
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
|  /ˈɹama/ → [ˈɹa{{blue|ᵇm}}a]
 
!
 
|/ˈɟwa miθɹa ˈdana/ → [ˈɟwa ˈ{{blue|ᵇm}}iθɹa ˈda{{blue|ᵈn}}a]
 
!
 
|/θanjanːajːa/ → [θanja{{blue|ᵈn}}a{{blue|ᵈj}}a]
|-
<!-- Translation -->
| «''one''»
 
!
 
| «''door''»
 
!
 
|«''My mouth exists''»
|}
 
====Other====
The only rhotic consonant in the Attian inventory is the alveolar approximant /ɹ/, which is heavily irregular in its pronounciation. The corresponding intervocalic allophone is pronounced differently concerning manner and place as well as secondary articulation - namely as a aspirated dental trill - [r̪ʰ].
==Vowels==
==Vowels==
This is the vocalic phoneme inventory of the Attian language. All of the following phonemes are phonemic, however, due to severe allophony in most dialects, the inventory is somewhat [[Attian#Vowel allophony|larger]]. The Attian language has 10 basic vowels, whereof four rounded and six unrounded.  
This is the vocalic phoneme inventory of the Attian language. All of the following phonemes are phonemic, however, due to severe allophony in most dialects, the inventory is somewhat [[Attian#Vowel allophony|larger]]. The Attian language has 10 basic vowels, whereof four rounded and six unrounded.  
 
{{Col-begin}}
{{At-vowels}}
{{Col-n|2}}
 
{{Vowels-At}}
====Orthography====
{{Col-n|2}}
This is the orthographic representation of the phonemic vowels of the Attian languages. There are five digraphs vowels,⟨au⟩, ⟨ou⟩, ⟨eu⟩, ⟨ui⟩ and ⟨ai⟩. The "⟨u⟩", indicates lip rounding of the corresponding vowel, the ⟨i⟩ absence of it. The ⟨ai⟩ and ⟨ui⟩ are ''ad hoc'' digraphs, and are pronunced /e/ and /ɯ/ respectively.
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="margin-left:10px; width: 300px;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" align="center" cellpadding="4" style="margin-bottom: 7px; text-align:center; width: 500px;"
|+  '''Vowel phonemes in Attian'''
|-
!
!i
! style="text-align: center;"|Front
!u
! style="text-align: center;"|Central
!ui
! style="text-align: center;"|Back
!o
|-align=center class=small
!ou
|-align=center
!ai
! Close
!au
|'''i''' /i/|| ||'''u''' /u/
!e
|-align=center
!eu
! Near-close
!a
||| ||'''o''' /ɤ/ · '''ō''' /oː/
|-
|-align=center
|/i/
! Close-Mid
|/u/
|'''ā''' /ø/|| ||
|/ɯ/
|-align=center
|/ɤ/
! Mid
|/o/
||| ||
|/e/
|-align=center
|/ø/
! Open-Mid
|/ɛ/
| '''e''' /ɛ/ · '''ē''' /œ/|| ||
|/œ/
|-align=center
|/a/
! Near-Open
|}<br>
| || ||
 
|-align=center
====Diphthongs====
! Open
There are 12 phonemic diphthongs in the Attian language. They non-syllabic elements [i̯] and [u̯] are heavily allophonic with /j/ and /w/ respectively.
| ||'''a''' /a/ ||  
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 200px; text-align: center;"
|+
! colspan="6"|Rising
! colspan="6"|Falling
|-
! colspan="2"|ya
| colspan="2"|[ɪ̯a]
! colspan="2"|ay
| colspan="2"|[aɪ̯]
|-
! colspan="2"|ye
| colspan="2"|[ɪ̯ɛ]
! colspan="2"|ey
| colspan="2"|[ɛɪ̯]
|-
! colspan="2"| yo
| colspan="2"| [ɪ̯o]
! colspan="2"|oy
| colspan="2"|[oɪ̯]
|-
! colspan="2"| va
| colspan="2"| [u̯a]
! colspan="2"|av
| colspan="2"|[au̯]
|-
! colspan="2"| ve
| colspan="2"| [u̯ɛ]
! colspan="2"|ev
| colspan="2"|[ɛu̯]
|-
! colspan="2"| vo
| colspan="2"| [u̯o]
! colspan="2"|ov
| colspan="2"|[ou̯]
|}
|}
{{Col-end}}
===Processes===


===Vowel allophony===
===Allophony===
The Attian language's vowels exposed to a great deal of allophony, in different phonological circumstances and when subjects to stress... Vowels may change their quality when:
The Attian language's vowels exposed to a great deal of allophony, in different phonological circumstances and when subjects to stress. Vowels may change their quality when:
*Preceding alveopalatal, palatal or glottal consonants. This retracts articulation of front vowels, and leaves back vowels unaffected.
*Preceding palato-velar or glottal consonants. This retracts articulation of front vowels, and leaves back vowels unaffected.
*Preceding rhotic consonants, i.e. /ɹ/. Vowels preceding the rhotic become supradentalised if back, and unaffected if front vowels.
*Preceding rhotic consonants, i.e. /r̥/. Vowels preceding the rhotic become supradentalised if back, and unaffected if front vowels.
*In a stressed syllable. The language has a [[Attian#Stress|moraic stress system]], thus distinguishing the weight of syllables - the heavier the syllable, the greater chance of being stressed. Interestingly, the heaviest syllable is reinforced when stressed, which changes the vowel's quality or diphthongising it.
*In a stressed syllable. The language has a [[Attian#Stress|moraic stress system]], thus distinguishing the weight of syllables - the heavier the syllable, the greater chance of being stressed. Interestingly, the heaviest syllable is reinforced when stressed, which changes the vowel's quality or diphthongising it.


It is important to note that none of the diphthongs are affected by the allophony, and nor are monosyllables. V
It is important to note that none of the diphthongs are affected by the allophony, and nor are any monosyllables.
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
|+  
|+  
Line 475: Line 206:
|-
|-
! Grapheme
! Grapheme
! Unstressed
! Basic
! Before alveopalatals
! Before palato-velars
! Before rhotics
! Before rhotics
! Stressed
! Stressed
Line 483: Line 214:
|i
|i
|ə
|ə
|iː
|i
|e̯a
|ɛi̯
|-
! e
|ɛ
|ə
|ɛ
|ɛi̯
|-
|-
! u
! u
Line 494: Line 231:
| colspan="2"|ɤ
| colspan="2"|ɤ
|-
|-
! ó
! ō
| colspan="2"|o
| colspan="2"|o
|-
|-
! ai
! ā
|e
|ə
|eː
|e̯a
|-
! á
| colspan="2" rowspan="1"|ø
| colspan="2" rowspan="1"|ø
|øː
|øː
|ə
|ə
|-
|-
! e
! ē
|ɛ
| colspan="3" rowspan="1"|œ
|ə
|ɛ
|ɛi̯
|-
! é
| colspan="2" rowspan="1"|œ
|œː
|ə
|ə
|-
|-
Line 525: Line 249:
|a̯ɑː
|a̯ɑː
|}
|}
The allophonic pronunciation is  not compulsory, but should be aspired for, to imitate a "native" pronunciation.
[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Attian]]
*And as previously described are monosyllables unaffected by the syllable reinforcement.
 
==Dialectology==
 
==Phonotactics==
{{Improvesection}}
'''C''' = Consonant<br>
'''N''' = Nasal stop<br>
'''V''' = Vowel or Diphthong<br>
 
The Attian language's phonotactics, are quite restricted. The syllable structure is '''(C)(C)VC(C)''' initially in the lexeme, and '''(C)V(C)(C)''' medially and '''(C)V((N)(N)t/h/j/z)''' finally. In monosyllables, the maximum construction is '''(C)(C)V((N)(N)t/h/j/z)'''.
 
This construction gives a language quite restricted in the number of onsets possible, in comparison to for example [[w:English language#Phonotactics|English]]. In addition to this, only some of the possible clusters are actually present as onsets in the language. The word codas are even more restricted. The words may only be terminated by either a nasal, a double nasal, the plosives [t] and [ʔ], or the approximant [j].
 
Since the language is a rather agglutinating one, a speaker should be wary of agglutinating morphemes. Should an affix be agglutinated to a stem, the affix normally loses its epenthic vowel. This occurs if a diaresis arises, or if the affix' consonant(s) is in compliance with the phonotactics.
 
===Vowel clusters===
The Attian language allows 12 phonemic diphthongs. Any other clusters of vocalic phonemes form diaereses. Inserting an epenthic glottal stop between these vowels is a common occurrence, but should be avoided to decrease the risk of homophony with the glottal plosive, /ʔ/.
 
Exceptions to this are the allophonic diphthongs [e̯a], [oʊ̯], [ɛi̯] and [a̯ɑː], which arises as a consequence of stressed monophthongs. For more information, see the following section on stress.
 
==Suprasegmentals==
===Stress===
Attian's system of lexical stress is different to that of for example English. Unlike [[w:English language#Stress|English]], it's completely regular, however '''moraic'''. This means that the heaviest syllables are stressed, and the if the lexeme contains several equivalent syllables, the one second is emphasised.
The Attian stress affects and [[Attian#Vowel allophony|reinforces]] the vowel phonemes' articulation. Should the syllable nucleus consist of a diphthong, it remains unaffected.
 
The morae of Attian are determined out of three circumstances, each of which represent one mora:
*The existence of a syllable coda is self-written only in native words.
*A long vowel or diphthong.
*The existence of a syllable onset.
 
The Attian phonotactics dictate that a syllable, and thus also a lexeme, may be realised minimally as VC, hence always receiving a syllable coda.
The existence of a syllable onset substitutes over one mora and contrasts with null onsets:
:'''First syllable stressed'''
*'''{{blue|am}}''' - «''blood''», /ˈaŋ/ (monomoraic)
*'''{{blue|yam}}ina''' - «''come''», /ˈjaŋ.iːn.a/ (trimoraic-bimoraic-monomoraic)
:'''Second syllable stressed'''
*'''{{blue|yam}}nann''' - «''my coming''», /jaŋ.ˈnanː/ (trimoraic-trimoraic)
The existence of a geminated vowel or diphthong also reinforces the syllable weight:
*'''yam{{blue|nay}}''' - «''his coming''», /ˈjaŋ.naj/ (trimoraic-trimoraic)
The following example details how geminate consonants actually are realised as double consonants in syllable boundaries.
*'''yam{{blue|nan}}nayya''' - «''it is my coming''» /jaŋ.ˈnan.naj.ja/ (trimoraic-trimoraic-trimoraic-monomoraic)
 
With these points considered, the conclusion is that the Attian emphasis always lies on either the first syllable, should the word commence with a consonant or diphthong, or on the second syllable, if the first phoneme is a vowel, or if both the initial and second syllables are equally heavy. This only concerns non-prefixed stems however. Stress in the Attian language is absolute and shows no inclination towards moving, regardless of any prefixing, unless the consonant template ischanged:
 
*'''{{blue|gav}}a''' - «''to cut''» /ˈgaw.a/ → '''{{blue|ma}}gva''' - «''knife''», /ˈmag.wa/ → '''e{{blue|mag}}va''' - «''knife''» /ɛˈmag.wa/ not /ɛmˈag.wa/
 
===Accent===
{{Improvesection}}
The Attian language has an inherent '''pitch accent''', simply called the '''accent'''. The accent is non-distinctive for minimal pairs, but is an essential part of the vowel articulation.
 
Stressed syllables differentiate two tones, often described as pitch accents, or simply accents. The actual realisations of these two accents would differ from dialect to dialect. In general, however, these accents are identified as ''high'' and ''low''. These terms are avoided and most often replaced with ''sharp'' and ''matte'', which is the general perception of the tones realisations, since the matte accent is characterised by a later timing of the intonational pitch rise as compared with the sharp accent.
 
The pitch accents are suprasegmental realisations of the front-back value. The system is quite simple. Back and central vowels are commonly associated with the matte accent, leading most often to a lower tone [˨, ◌̀], whilst front vowels inherit a sharp tone [˦, ◌́].
 
Sequences of vowels are influenced of the preceding or following, stressed vowel accent, rendering front-back vowels with a high-falling tone [˥˩, ◌̂]. Conversely, back to front sequences get low-rising accents [˩˥, ◌̌].
 
*'''{{blue|a}}m''' - «''blood''», /ˈáŋ/
*'''{{blue|a}}zn{{red|ou}}''' - «''heat''», /ázˈnɤ̀/ → [ázˈnɤ̂]
*'''{{red|o}}m{{blue|a}}n''' - «''oman''», /ɤ̀ŋˈán/ → [ɤ̌mˈán]
 
In longer words, the distinctive pitch accent looses its strenght rendering most syllables with a normal, mid pitch [˧, ◌̄]. These vowels receive a vastly faster voiced onset time, and are pronounced very rapidly. An exception to this is should the final vowel be front valued, which gives a final rising tone.
 
*'''mathunum''' - «''speakers'' ({{sc|pat.pl.}})», [ŋâˈθùnùŋ͡m]
*'''emathunum''' - «''these speakers'' ({{sc|prox.pat.pl.}})», [ɛ̄ŋâˈθùnùŋ͡m]
*'''emathunumann''' - «''these speakers of mine'' ({{sc|prox-pat.pl-1.encl.pat.}})», [ɛ̄ŋâˈθùnùŋ͡mǎŋː]
 
Note that only the accent signature of the stressed vowel o ever transcribed, and that accent is ever distinguished in the most narrow transcriptions. This renders the final example like this:
*'''emathunumann''' - «these speakers of mine ({{sc|prox-pat.pl-1.encl.pat.}})»,  /ɛŋaˈθunuŋanː/ - [ɛᶢŋaˈθoʊ̯ᵈnuŋ͡manː] - [ɛᶢŋaˈθòʊ̯ᵈnuŋ͡manː]
 
===Prosody===
 
[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:Attian]]

Latest revision as of 11:16, 25 March 2021

General information

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Main article: The Attian language.
See also: Attian morphology and IPA for Attian.

This appendix describes the phonology and corresponding processes of the Attian language. The Attian language is an artificial a priori language, and has thus the freedom of a phonology created from scratch, quite irregular. The consonantal inventory is remarkable for being quite "alveolo-velar", lacking any labialconsonants.

Consonants

This is the complete consonant phoneme inventory of the Attian language. These are the sounds with minimal pairing effect on lexemes. The language is notable for one of the conventional plosive series, or rather a phonemic distinction of the complete bilabial place of articulation.

Please note that the bolded letters are orthographic representations.

  • Consonant gemination is phonemic, and applies to all consonants but /h/, but never occurs initially. Gemination is marked by doubling the grapheme.
Consonant phonemes in Attian
Consonant phonemes
Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasals n [n] m [ŋ]
Plosive voiceless t [t] c [k]
voiced d [d] g [ɡ]
Fricative th [θ-ð] z [s-z] sh [ç] j [x-ɣ] h [h-ɦ]
Approximant y [j] v [w]
Trill r [r̥]

Processes

The Attian consonants undergo a number of phonological processes, all of which are completely phonemic.

Labiovelar coarticulation

The labiovelar coarticulation, or simply labiovelarisation, is a process which only applies to the velar stops, that is /ŋ/, /k/ and /ɡ/. The velar stops are coarticulated with their labial analogue when followed by a rounded vowel. This causes the phonemes /ŋ͡m/, /k͡p/ and /ɡ͡b/.

Other situations producing the labiovelars, and especially the nasal one, are collisions of /ŋ/ and /n/, no matter the order. In addition, the combinations /n/ or /ŋ/ plus /w/ gives the labiovelar nasal /ŋ͡m/.

uggā amnva gva ugga egegi
/uɡˈɡø/ → /uˈɡ͡bø/ /aŋˈna/ → /aˈŋ͡ma/ /ɡwa uɡˈɡø ɛɡˈɛɡi/ → [ɡwa uˈɡ͡bø ɛɡˈɛɡi]
«fish» «you; thou» «I fish fish»

Fricativisation

The 4 plosives, /t/, /d/, /k/ and /ɡ/, are fricativisised into /θ/, /ð/, /x/ and /ɣ/ intervocalic positions. The fricativisation also occurs should any of the plosives precede other hetero-organic plosives.

Fricativisation only applies should the plosives occur as a coda, or onset in an unstressed syllable. This implies that any fricativisation due to external sandhi, i.e. if the preceeding word ends with a vowel, is impossible.

adan egta yecai
/ˈadan/ → /ˈaðan/ /ɛɡta/ → /ɛɣta/ /ˈjɛkai̩/ → /ˈjɛxai̩/
«meal» «door» «small eye; peeking Tom»

Other

The glottal fricative /h/, has an irregular effect if preceding or following hetero-organic plosives. The hetero-organic plosive is geminated, or doubled, and the glottal fricative is deleted from speech.

The only rhotic consonant in the Attian inventory is the alveolar approximant /r̥/, which is somewhat irregular in its pronounciation. The corresponding intervocalic allophone is pronounced voicedly.

Allophony

Vowels

This is the vocalic phoneme inventory of the Attian language. All of the following phonemes are phonemic, however, due to severe allophony in most dialects, the inventory is somewhat larger. The Attian language has 10 basic vowels, whereof four rounded and six unrounded.

  Front Near- front Central Near- back Back
Close
Blank vowel trapezoid.svg
i
u


ø
ɤ · o


ɛ · œ


a
  Near-close
Close-mid
Mid
Open-mid
Near-open
Open
Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a rounded vowel.
Vowel phonemes in Attian
Front Central Back
Close i /i/ u /u/
Near-close o /ɤ/ · ō /oː/
Close-Mid ā /ø/
Mid
Open-Mid e /ɛ/ · ē /œ/
Near-Open
Open a /a/

Processes

Allophony

The Attian language's vowels exposed to a great deal of allophony, in different phonological circumstances and when subjects to stress. Vowels may change their quality when:

  • Preceding palato-velar or glottal consonants. This retracts articulation of front vowels, and leaves back vowels unaffected.
  • Preceding rhotic consonants, i.e. /r̥/. Vowels preceding the rhotic become supradentalised if back, and unaffected if front vowels.
  • In a stressed syllable. The language has a moraic stress system, thus distinguishing the weight of syllables - the heavier the syllable, the greater chance of being stressed. Interestingly, the heaviest syllable is reinforced when stressed, which changes the vowel's quality or diphthongising it.

It is important to note that none of the diphthongs are affected by the allophony, and nor are any monosyllables.

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