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Umbrean: Difference between revisions

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→‎Direction: AWB, replaced: {{cd| → {{term| (18)
m (→‎Direction: AWB, replaced: {{cd| → {{term| (18))
 
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{{privatelang}}
{{privatelang}}
{{revamp}}
{{construction}}
{{ClassMeter
{{ClassMeter
|Name      = Umbrean
|Name      = Umbrean
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! S. !! L.
! S. !! L.
|-
|-
! rowspan=8 |Plosve
! rowspan=8 |Plosive
! rowspan=4 | Unvoiced
! rowspan=4 | Unvoiced
! Plain
! Plain
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! rowspan=4 | Unvoiced
! rowspan=4 | Unvoiced
! Plain
! Plain
| f <br> (f) || f: <br> (ff)
| ||  
| ||  
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| s <br> (s) || s: <br> (ss)
| ʃ <br> (š) || ʃ: <br> (šš)
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| x <br> (ǧ) || x: <br> (ǧǧ)
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| s<sup>w</sup> <br> (sw) || s<sup>w</sup>: <br> (ssw)
| ʃ<sup>w</sup> <br> (šw) || ʃ<sup>w</sup>: <br> (ššw)
| ||  
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| x<sup>w</sup> <br> (ǧw) ||
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|-
|-
! Plat.
! Plat.
| f<sup>j</sup> <br> (fj) || f<sup>j</sup>: <br> (ffj)
| ||  
| ||  
| ||  
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| s<sup>j</sup> <br> (sj) || s<sup>j</sup>: <br> (ssj)
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| {{green|s<sup>ɥ</sup>}} <br> (swj,sjw) || {{green|s<sup>ɥ</sup>:}} <br> (ssjw,sswj)
| ||  
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! rowspan=4 | Voiced
! rowspan=4 | Voiced
! Plain
! Plain
| v <br> (v) || v: <br> (vv)
| ||  
| ||  
| ||  
| ||  
| z <br> (z) || z: <br> (zz)
| ʒ <br> (žž) || ʒ: <br> (žž)
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| {{green|ɣ}} <br> (ǧ) || {{green|ɣ:}} <br> (ǧǧ)
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| z<sup>w</sup> <br> (zw) || z<sup>w</sup>: <br> (zw)
| ʒ<sup>w</sup> <br> (žw) || ʒ<sup>w</sup>: <br> (žžw)
| ||  
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| {{green|ɣ<sup>w</sup>}} <br> (ǧw) ||
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|-
|-
! Plat.
! Plat.
| v<sup>j</sup> <br> (vj) || v<sup>j</sup>: <br> (vvj)
| ||  
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| ||  
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| z<sup>j</sup> <br> (zj) || z<sup>j</sup>: <br> (zzj)
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| {{green|z<sup>ɥ</sup>}} <br> (zwj,zjw) || {{green|z<sup>ɥ</sup>:}} <br> (zzjw,zzwj)
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! rowspan=3 colspan=2 |Nasal
! rowspan=3 colspan=2 |Nasal
! Plain
! Plain
| m <br> (m) || m: <br> (mm)
| ||  
| ||  
| colspan=3 | n <br> (n) || colspan=3 | n: <br> (nn)
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| ŋ <br> (ŋ) || ŋ: <br> (ŋŋ)
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| colspan=3 | n<sup>w</sup> <br> (n) || colspan=3 |
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| ŋ<sup>w</sup> <br> (ŋw) ||
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|-
! Plat.
| m<sup>j</sup> <br> (mj) ||
| ||  
| ||  
| colspan=3 | || colspan=3 | 
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| ŋ<sup>j</sup> <br> (ŋj) || ŋ<sup>j</sup>: <br> (ŋŋj)
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|-
! Plat.
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|-
|-
! rowspan=4 | Glides
! rowspan=4 | Glides
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| ||  
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| colspan=3 | l <br> (l) || colspan=3 | l: <br> (ll)
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| colspan=3 | l<sup>w</sup> <br> (lw) ||  colspan=3 |
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|-
|-
! Plat.
! Plat.
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| colspan=3 | l<sup>j</sup> <br> (lj) ||  colspan=3 |
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|-
|-
! Lab-Pal
! Lab-Pal
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| colspan=3 | {{green|l<sup>ɥ</sup>}} <br> (lwj,ljw) ||  colspan=3 |
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|}
|}


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
{|{{style}} border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style=" height: 171px;"
{|{{style}}  
! scope="row"|
! scope="row"|
! scope="col" colspan=2|Front
! scope="col" colspan=2|Front
Line 1,055: Line 1,039:


===Phonotactics===
===Phonotactics===
==Verbs==
The syllable structure is decently complex where the {{lg|Onset|onset}}, the consonants prior to the vowel, and the {{lg|Coda|coda}}, consonants after the vowel, both can take two consonants. The onset and coda acts both independed of each other and can take the following forms.
===Conjugations===
===Conjugation===


:{|{{style|center}}
{| {{style|center}}  
! colspan=1 |  
! colspan=5 | Syllable Structure
! Perfective
|-
! Retrospective
! colspan=5 | General
! Prospective
|-
! Inceptive
| C
! Continuative
| C
! Pausative
| V
! Terminative
| C
! Genericative
| C
|-
|-
! Past
! colspan=5| Possible
| Aortis
| Historal Causum
| rowspan=2 | Consequentum
| Past Initio
| Colspan=2 | Ingressus
| rowspan=2 | Finitum
| rowspan=3 | Plerum
|-
|-
! Present
! colspan=2 | Onset
| <big>—</big>
! Core
| rowspan=2 | Causum
! Colspan=2 | Coda
| bgcolor=#e4c0cf | Initio
| Present
| Pausa
|-
|-
! Future
! colspan=2 | Initial
| Futurum
! Vowel
| Futurum Consequenta
! Colspan=2 | Final
| Futurum Initio
| bgcolor=#e4c0cf | Initio
| colspan=2 | Futurum Termius
|}
 
 
The umbrean verbs are conjugated for tense, aspect, mood and voice mainly. There is a residual conjugation for person and the grammatical gender of items but much of it has been lost. The conjugation is done by a primary vowel first followed by some sounds. The primary vowel is depended on which tense, mood and which gender and or person of the subject, agent or object noun is, which of the three depends on the verb.. The vowel comes in three classes, First, Second and Third kind. The vowel table tells which vowel is used while the Voice-Aspect-Tense, VAT, table tells which set to use on which VAT combination along with the remaining sounds around.
 
''Circumstantial Voice'':
 
An important differens for the Circumstantial voice is that it requires a particle infront of the verb. The postposition that it is meant to replace is used as a particle in its naked form, no addition of affixes due to gender or person.
 
''Negation'':
 
Negation is done though the VAT vowel, it changes from the +, positive or affirmative coloumn, to the -, negative or negation coloumn of the same sort along with agreeing like the vowel normally is.
 
:{| {{style|center}}
! colspan=20 | Vowels
|-
|-
! colspan=2 rowspan=2 |
|
! Colspan=6 | Indicative
| Consonant
! Colspan=6 | Optative
| Vowel
! Colspan=6 | Subjunctive
| Consonant
|
|-
|-
! colspan=2 | V<sub>1</sub>
| Nasal
! colspan=2 | V<sub>2</sub>
| <!--Unvoiced<br />-->Affricative
! colspan=2 | V<sub>3</sub>
| Vowel
! colspan=2 | V<sub>1</sub>
| Nasal
! colspan=2 | V<sub>2</sub>
| Nasal
! colspan=2 | V<sub>3</sub>
! colspan=2 | V<sub>1</sub>
! colspan=2 | V<sub>2</sub>
! colspan=2 | V<sub>3</sub>
|-
|-
! colspan=2 | Person
| Nasal
! +
| Fricative
! -
| Vowel
! +
| Affricative
! -
| Nasal - n
! +
! -
! +
! -
! +
! -
! +
! -
! +
! -
! +
! -
! +
! -
|-
|-
! colspan=2 | First
| Nasal
<!-- Ind 1st -->
| Nasal
| Rowspan=3 | -ë || rowspan=5 | -ö
| Vowel
<!-- Ind 2nd -->
| Plosive
| rowspan=2 | -oo || rowspan=2 | -e
| Fricative
<!-- Ind 3rd -->
|-
| -u || rowspan=3 | -ö
| Nasal
<!-- Opt 1st -->
| Plosive
| Rowspan=3 | -yy || rowspan=2 | -ë
| Vowel
<!-- Opt 2nd -->
| Plosive
| -e || rowspan=2 | -ö
| Plosive
<!-- Opt 3rd -->
|-
| -e || rowspan=2 | -u
| Affricative
<!-- Sjv 1st-->
| Nasal
| -i || rowspan=3 | -u
| Vowel
<!-- Sjv 2nd-->
| Fricative
| rowspan=5 | -aa || rowspan=3 | -u
| Fricative
<!-- Sjv 3rd-->
|-
| -i || rowspan=6 | -öö
| <!--Voiced<br />-->Plosive
| Nasal
| Vowel
| Fricative
| Nasal
|-
| Plosive
| Fricative
| Vowel
|Fricative
|Lateral
|-
| Plosive
| Plosive
| Vowel
|Lateral
|Fricative
|-
|-
! colspan=2 | Second
| Fricative
<!-- Ind 3rd -->
| Fricative
| rowspan=3 | -ëë
| Vowel
<!-- Opt 2nd -->
|Latera
| rowspan=2 | -ii
|Affricative
<!-- Opt 3rd -->
|-
| rowspan=4 | -uu
| Fricative
<!-- Sjv 1st-->
| Plosive
| -a
| Vowel
<!-- Sjv 3rd-->
| Affricative
| rowspan=5 | -ë
| Lateral
|-
|Plosive
|Lateral
| Vowel
|Nasal
|Lateral
|-
|Fricative
|Lateral
| Vowel
|Plosive
|Lateral
|-
| <!--Voiced<br />-->Affricative
| Lateral
| Vowel
| Affricative
| Fricative
|-
|-
! rowspan=4 | Third
|Nasal
! Liv
|Lateral
<!-- Ind 2nd -->
| Vowel
| -üü || rowspan=3 | -ö
| Affricative
<!-- Opt 1st -->
| Plosive
| rowspan=2 | -e
<!-- Opt 2nd -->
| rowspan=4 | -y
<!-- Opt 3rd -->
| rowspan=4 | -ö
<!-- Sjv 1st-->
| rowspan=3 | -i
|-
|-
! Art
|Lateral
<!-- Ind 1st -->
|Nasal
| -ii
| Vowel
<!-- Ind 2nd -->
|
| rowspan=3 | -e
|
<!-- Ind 3rd -->
| rowspan=3 | -ii
<!-- Opt 1st -->
| Rowspan=3 | -üü
<!-- Opt 2nd -->
| rowspan=3 | -e
<!-- Sjv 1st-->
| -üü
<!-- Sjv 2nd-->
| rowspan=3 | -öö
|-
|-
! Non
|Affricative
<!-- Ind 1st -->
|Fricative
| -o
| Vowel
<!-- Ind 2nd -->
|
| rowspan=2 | -a
|
<!-- Opt 1st -->
|}
| rowspan=2 | -aa
 
<!-- Sjv 1st-->
==Verbs==
| rowspan=2 | -ö
{{See|sub|Verbs}}
|-
===Conjugation===
! Mag
 
<!-- Ind 1st -->
:{|{{style|center}}
| -u  || -aa
! colspan=1 |  
<!-- Ind 2nd -->
| -ëë
<!-- Opt 3rd -->
| -aa
<!-- Sjv 1st-->
| -ëë
<!-- Sjv 2nd-->
| -ë
|}
:{|{{style|center}}
! colspan=2 |  
! Perfective
! Perfective
! Retrospective
! Prospective
! Prospective
! Retrospective
! Inceptive
! Inceptive
! Continuative
! Continuative
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! Genericative
! Genericative
|-
|-
! rowspan=3 | Active
! Past
! Past
| -'''V<sub>1</sub>'''ssw <br> (<small>Aortis</small>)
| Aortis
| -'''V<sub>2</sub>'''v <br> (<small>Historal Causum</small>)
| Historal Causum
| rowspan=2 | -'''V<sub>1</sub>'''mjël<br>(<small>Consequentum</small>)
| rowspan=2 | Consequentum
| -'''V<sub>3</sub>'''b <br> (<small>Past Initio</small>)
| Past Initio
| Colspan=2 | -'''V<sub>1</sub>'''tsjm<br>(<small>Ingressus</small>)
| Colspan=2 | Ingressus
| rowspan=2 | -'''V<sub>1</sub>'''kws <br>(<small>Finitum</small>)
| rowspan=2 | Finitum
| rowspan=3 | -'''V<sub>2</sub>'''lwm <br>(<small>Plerum</small>)
| rowspan=3 | Plerum
|-
|-
! Present
! Present
| <big>—</big>
| <big>—</big>
| rowspan=2 | -'''V<sub>1</sub>'''zw <br> (<small>Causum</small>)
| rowspan=2 | Causum
| bgcolor=#e4c0cf | -'''V<sub>2</sub>'''ll <br> (<small>Initio</small>)
| bgcolor=#e4c0cf | Initio
| -'''V<sub>1</sub>''' <br> (<small>Present</small>)
| Present
| -'''V<sub>2</sub>'''s <br>(<small>Pausa</small>)
| Pausa
|-
|-
! Future
! Future
| -'''V<sub>2</sub>'''ŋŋl <br> (<small>Futurum</small>)
| Futurum
| -'''V<sub>3</sub>'''tswf<br>(<small>Futurum Consequenta</small>)
| Futurum Consequenta
| -'''V<sub>1</sub>'''sn<br>(<small>Futurum Initio</small>)
| Futurum Initio
| bgcolor=#e4c0cf | -'''V<sub>2</sub>'''ll <br>(<small>Initio</small>)
| bgcolor=#e4c0cf | Initio
| colspan=2 | '''V<sub>3</sub>'''tj <br>(<small>Futurum Termius</small>)
| colspan=2 | Futurum Termius
|- style="border-top:2px solid;"
|}
! colspan=2 |  
 
! Perfective
 
! Retrospective
The umbrean verbs are conjugated for tense, aspect, mood and voice mainly. There is a residual conjugation for person and the grammatical gender of items but much of it has been lost. The conjugation is done by a primary vowel first followed by some sounds. The primary vowel is depended on which tense, mood and which gender and or person of the subject, agent or object noun is, which of the three depends on the verb.. The vowel comes in three classes, First, Second and Third kind. The vowel table tells which vowel is used while the Voice-Aspect-Tense, VAT, table tells which set to use on which VAT combination along with the remaining sounds around.
! Prospective
 
! Inceptive
 
! Continuative
''Negation'':
! Pausative
 
! Terminative
Negation is done though the VAT vowel, it changes from the +, positive or affirmative coloumn, to the -, negative or negation coloumn of the same sort along with agreeing like the vowel normally is, along with a suffix prior to it. -ŋ- prior to the VAT vowel, unless the final consonant prior is plosive velar, k or g, in which it is -m- instead.
! Genericative
 
:{| {{style|center}}
! colspan=20 | Vowels
|-
! colspan=2 rowspan=2 |
! Colspan=6 | Indicative
! Colspan=6 | Optative
! Colspan=6 | Subjunctive
|-
|-
! rowspan=3 | Anti-<br>Passive
! colspan=2 | V<sub>1</sub>
! Past
! colspan=2 | V<sub>2</sub>
| -'''V<sub>1</sub>'''zvj <br> (<small>Aortis</small>)
! colspan=2 | V<sub>3</sub>
| -'''V<sub>1</sub>'''vv <br> (<small>Historal Causum</small>)
! colspan=2 | V<sub>1</sub>
| rowspan=2 | -'''V<sub>2</sub>'''muf<br>(<small>Consequentum</small>)
! colspan=2 | V<sub>2</sub>
| -'''V<sub>1</sub>'''tff <br> (<small>Past Initio</small>)
! colspan=2 | V<sub>3</sub>
| Colspan=2 | -'''V<sub>1</sub>'''ffm<br>(<small>Ingressus</small>)
! colspan=2 | V<sub>1</sub>
| rowspan=2 | -'''V<sub>3</sub>'''kwf <br>(<small>Finitum</small>)
! colspan=2 | V<sub>2</sub>
| rowspan=3 | -'''V<sub>2</sub>'''lm <br>(<small>Plerum</small>)
! colspan=2 | V<sub>3</sub>
|-
|-
! Present
! colspan=2 | Person
| <big>—</big>
! +
| rowspan=2 | -'''V<sub>3</sub>'''ssf <br> (<small>Causum</small>)
! -
| bgcolor=#e4c0cf | -'''V<sub>2</sub>'''llf <br> (<small>Initio</small>)
! +
| -'''V<sub>2</sub>'''ts <br> (<small>Present</small>)
! -
| -'''V<sub>1</sub>'''f <br>(<small>Pausa</small>)
! +
|-
! -
! Future
! +
| -'''V<sub>1</sub>'''fŋ <br> (<small>Futurum</small>)
! -
| -'''V<sub>3</sub>'''tsfj<br>(<small>Futurum Consequenta</small>)
! +
| -'''V<sub>1</sub>'''fn <br>(<small>Futurum Initio</small>)
! -
| bgcolor=#e4c0cf | -'''V<sub>2</sub>'''llf <br>(<small>Initio</small>)
! +
| colspan=2 |  -'''V<sub>2</sub>'''twf <br>(<small>Futurum Termius</small>)
! -
|- style="border-top:2px solid;"
! +
! colspan=2 |
! -
! Perfective
! +
! Retrospective
! -
! Prospective
! +
! Inceptive
! -
! Continuative
! Pausative
! Terminative
! Genericative
|-
|-
! rowspan=3 | Passive
! colspan=2 | First
! Past
<!-- Ind 1st -->
| -'''V<sub>1</sub>'''ššw <br> (<small>Aortis</small>)
| Rowspan=3 | -ë || rowspan=5 | -ö
| -'''V<sub>2</sub>'''vž <br> (<small>Historal Causum</small>)
<!-- Ind 2nd -->
| rowspan=2 | -'''V<sub>2</sub>'''müš <br>(<small>Consequentum</small>)
| rowspan=2 | -oo || rowspan=2 | -e
| -'''V<sub>1</sub>'''tš <br> (<small>Past Initio</small>)
<!-- Ind 3rd -->
| Colspan=2 | -'''V<sub>3</sub>'''tšm <br>(<small>Ingressus</small>)
| -u || rowspan=3 | -ö
| rowspan=2 | -'''V<sub>3</sub>'''kwš <br>(<small>Finitum</small>)
<!-- Opt 1st -->
| rowspan=3 | -'''V<sub>2</sub>'''leeš <br>(<small>Plerum</small>)
| Rowspan=3 | -yy || rowspan=2 | -ë
<!-- Opt 2nd -->
| -e || rowspan=2 | -ö
<!-- Opt 3rd -->
| -e || rowspan=2 | -u
<!-- Sjv 1st-->
| -i || rowspan=3 | -u
<!-- Sjv 2nd-->
| rowspan=5 | -aa || rowspan=3 | -u
<!-- Sjv 3rd-->
| -i || rowspan=6 | -öö
|-
|-
! Present
! colspan=2 | Second
| <big>—</big>
<!-- Ind 3rd -->
| rowspan=2 | -'''V<sub>3</sub>'''žž <br> (<small>Causum</small>)
| rowspan=3 | -ëë
| bgcolor=#e4c0cf | -'''V<sub>2</sub>'''šl <br> (<small>Initio</small>)
<!-- Opt 2nd -->
| -'''V<sub>1</sub>'''šš <br> (<small>Present</small>)
| rowspan=2 | -ii
| -'''V<sub>2</sub>'''š <br>(<small>Pausa</small>)
<!-- Opt 3rd -->
| rowspan=4 | -uu
<!-- Sjv 1st-->
| -a
<!-- Sjv 3rd-->
| rowspan=5 | -ë
|-
|-
! Future
! rowspan=4 | Third
| -'''V<sub>2</sub>'''šŋ<br> (<small>Futurum</small>)
! Liv
| -'''V<sub>3</sub>'''tšf  <br> (<small>Futurum Consequenta</small>)
<!-- Ind 2nd -->
| -'''V<sub>1</sub>'''šn  <br> (<small>Futurum Initio</small>)
| -üü || rowspan=3 | -ö
| bgcolor=#e4c0cf | -'''V<sub>2</sub>'''šl <br> (<small>Initio</small>)
<!-- Opt 1st -->
| colspan=2 | -'''V<sub>2</sub>'''džw <br>(<small>Futurum Termius</small>)
| rowspan=2 | -e
|- style="border-top:2px solid;"
<!-- Opt 2nd -->
! colspan=2 |  
| rowspan=4 | -y
! Perfective
<!-- Opt 3rd -->
! Retrospective
| rowspan=4 | -ö
! Prospective
<!-- Sjv 1st-->
! Inceptive
| rowspan=3 | -i
! Continuative
! Pausative
! Terminative
! Genericative
|-
|-
! rowspan=3 | Circumstantial
! Art
! Past
<!-- Ind 1st -->
| -'''V<sub>3</sub>'''ǧw <br> (<small>Aortis</small>)
| -ii
| -'''V<sub>1</sub>''' vvn <br>(<small>Historal Causum</small>)
<!-- Ind 2nd -->
| rowspan=2 | -'''V<sub>1</sub>'''dwamj <br>(<small>Consequentum</small>)
| rowspan=3 | -e
| -'''V<sub>2</sub>'''tǧ <br> (<small>Past Initio</small>)
<!-- Ind 3rd -->
| Colspan=2 | -'''V<sub>2</sub>'''tff <br>(<small>Ingressus</small>)
| rowspan=3 | -ii
| rowspan=2 | -'''V<sub>3</sub>'''tswëm <br>(<small>Finitum</small>)
<!-- Opt 1st -->
| rowspan=3 | -'''V<sub>1</sub>'''ljë <br>(<small>Plerum</small>)
| Rowspan=3 | -üü
<!-- Opt 2nd -->
| rowspan=3 | -e
<!-- Sjv 1st-->
| -üü
<!-- Sjv 2nd-->
| rowspan=3 | -öö
|-
|-
! Present
! Non
| <big>—</big>
<!-- Ind 1st -->
| rowspan=2 | -'''V<sub>1</sub>'''ssǧ <br> (<small>Causum</small>)
| -o
| bgcolor=#e4c0cf | -'''V<sub>2</sub>'''ǧl <br> (<small>Initio</small>)
<!-- Ind 2nd -->
| -'''V<sub>1</sub>'''m <br> (<small>Present</small>)
| rowspan=2 | -a
| -'''V<sub>2</sub>'''nn<br>(<small>Pausa</small>)
<!-- Opt 1st -->
| rowspan=2 | -aa
<!-- Sjv 1st-->
| rowspan=2 | -ö
|-
|-
! Future
! Mag
| -'''V<sub>2</sub>'''ǧm <br> (<small>Futurum</small>)
<!-- Ind 1st -->
| -'''V<sub>3</sub>'''tšǧ <br> (<small>Futurum Consequenta</small>)
| -u  || -aa
| -'''V<sub>2</sub>'''šn <br> (<small>Futurum Initio</small>)
<!-- Ind 2nd -->
| bgcolor=#e4c0cf | -'''V<sub>2</sub>'''ǧl  <br> (<small>Initio</small>)
| -ëë
| colspan=2 | -'''V<sub>1</sub>'''džm <br>(<small>Futurum Termius</small>)
<!-- Opt 3rd -->
| -aa
<!-- Sjv 1st-->
| -ëë
<!-- Sjv 2nd-->
| -ë
|}
|}
 
:{|{{style|center}}
<big>'''Mood'''</big>
! colspan=2 |
 
! Perfective
The mood is conjugated on the polarity vowel and the consonant prior.
! Prospective
 
! Retrospective
'''F''': Any Fricative
! Inceptive
 
! Continuative
'''A''': Any Affricative
! Pausative
 
! Terminative
'''P''': Any plosive
! Genericative
 
|-
'''N''': Any nasal
! rowspan=3 | Active
 
! Past
:{| {{style|center}}
| -'''V<sub>1</sub>'''ssw <br> (<small>Aortis</small>)
!
| -'''V<sub>2</sub>'''v <br> (<small>Historal Causum</small>)
! Indicative
| rowspan=2 | -'''V<sub>1</sub>'''mjël<br>(<small>Consequentum</small>)
| -'''V<sub>3</sub>'''b <br> (<small>Past Initio</small>)
| Colspan=2 | -'''V<sub>1</sub>'''tsjm<br>(<small>Ingressus</small>)
| rowspan=2 | -'''V<sub>1</sub>'''kws <br>(<small>Finitum</small>)
| rowspan=3 | -'''V<sub>2</sub>'''lwm <br>(<small>Plerum</small>)
|-
! Present
| <big>—</big>
| rowspan=2 | -'''V<sub>1</sub>'''zw <br> (<small>Causum</small>)
| bgcolor=#e4c0cf |  -'''V<sub>2</sub>'''ll <br> (<small>Initio</small>)
| -'''V<sub>1</sub>''' <br> (<small>Present</small>)
| -'''V<sub>2</sub>'''s <br>(<small>Pausa</small>)
|-
! Future
| -'''V<sub>2</sub>'''ŋŋl <br> (<small>Futurum</small>)
| -'''V<sub>3</sub>'''tswf<br>(<small>Futurum Consequenta</small>)
| -'''V<sub>1</sub>'''sn<br>(<small>Futurum Initio</small>)
| bgcolor=#e4c0cf | -'''V<sub>2</sub>'''ll <br>(<small>Initio</small>)
| colspan=2 | '''V<sub>3</sub>'''tj <br>(<small>Futurum Termius</small>)
|- style="border-top:2px solid;"
! colspan=2 |
! Perfective
! Retrospective
! Prospective
! Inceptive
! Continuative
! Pausative
! Terminative
! Genericative
|-
! rowspan=3 | Anti-<br>Passive
! Past
| -'''V<sub>1</sub>'''zvj <br> (<small>Aortis</small>)
| -'''V<sub>1</sub>'''vv <br> (<small>Historal Causum</small>)
| rowspan=2 | -'''V<sub>2</sub>'''muf<br>(<small>Consequentum</small>)
| -'''V<sub>1</sub>'''tff <br> (<small>Past Initio</small>)
| Colspan=2 | -'''V<sub>1</sub>'''ffm<br>(<small>Ingressus</small>)
| rowspan=2 | -'''V<sub>3</sub>'''kwf <br>(<small>Finitum</small>)
| rowspan=3 |  -'''V<sub>2</sub>'''lm <br>(<small>Plerum</small>)
|-
! Present
| <big>—</big>
| rowspan=2 | -'''V<sub>3</sub>'''ssf <br> (<small>Causum</small>)
| bgcolor=#e4c0cf | -'''V<sub>2</sub>'''llf <br> (<small>Initio</small>)
| -'''V<sub>2</sub>'''ts <br> (<small>Present</small>)
| -'''V<sub>1</sub>'''f <br>(<small>Pausa</small>)
|-
! Future
| -'''V<sub>1</sub>'''fŋ <br> (<small>Futurum</small>)
| -'''V<sub>3</sub>'''tsfj<br>(<small>Futurum Consequenta</small>)
| -'''V<sub>1</sub>'''fn <br>(<small>Futurum Initio</small>)
| bgcolor=#e4c0cf | -'''V<sub>2</sub>'''llf <br>(<small>Initio</small>)
| colspan=2 |  -'''V<sub>2</sub>'''twf <br>(<small>Futurum Termius</small>)
|- style="border-top:2px solid;"
! colspan=2 |
! Perfective
! Retrospective
! Prospective
! Inceptive
! Continuative
! Pausative
! Terminative
! Genericative
|-
! rowspan=3 | Passive
! Past
| -'''V<sub>1</sub>'''ššw <br> (<small>Aortis</small>)
| -'''V<sub>2</sub>'''vž <br> (<small>Historal Causum</small>)
| rowspan=2 | -'''V<sub>2</sub>'''müš <br>(<small>Consequentum</small>)
| -'''V<sub>1</sub>'''tš <br> (<small>Past Initio</small>)
| Colspan=2 | -'''V<sub>3</sub>'''tšm <br>(<small>Ingressus</small>)
| rowspan=2 | -'''V<sub>3</sub>'''kwš <br>(<small>Finitum</small>)
| rowspan=3 | -'''V<sub>2</sub>'''leeš <br>(<small>Plerum</small>)
|-
! Present
| <big>—</big>
| rowspan=2 | -'''V<sub>3</sub>'''žž <br> (<small>Causum</small>)
| bgcolor=#e4c0cf | -'''V<sub>2</sub>'''šl <br> (<small>Initio</small>)
| -'''V<sub>1</sub>'''šš <br> (<small>Present</small>)
| -'''V<sub>2</sub>'''š <br>(<small>Pausa</small>)
|-
! Future
| -'''V<sub>2</sub>'''šŋ<br> (<small>Futurum</small>)
| -'''V<sub>3</sub>'''tšf  <br> (<small>Futurum Consequenta</small>)
| -'''V<sub>1</sub>'''šn  <br> (<small>Futurum Initio</small>)
| bgcolor=#e4c0cf | -'''V<sub>2</sub>'''šl <br> (<small>Initio</small>)
| colspan=2 | -'''V<sub>2</sub>'''džw <br>(<small>Futurum Termius</small>)
|- style="border-top:2px solid;"
! colspan=2 |
! Perfective
! Retrospective
! Prospective
! Inceptive
! Continuative
! Pausative
! Terminative
! Genericative
|-
! rowspan=3 | Circumstantial
! Past
| -'''V<sub>3</sub>'''ǧw <br> (<small>Aortis</small>)
| -'''V<sub>1</sub>''' vvn <br>(<small>Historal Causum</small>)
| rowspan=2 | -'''V<sub>1</sub>'''dwamj <br>(<small>Consequentum</small>)
| -'''V<sub>2</sub>'''tǧ <br> (<small>Past Initio</small>)
| Colspan=2 | -'''V<sub>2</sub>'''tff <br>(<small>Ingressus</small>)
| rowspan=2 | -'''V<sub>3</sub>'''tswëm <br>(<small>Finitum</small>)
| rowspan=3 | -'''V<sub>1</sub>'''ljë <br>(<small>Plerum</small>)
|-
! Present
| <big>—</big>
| rowspan=2 | -'''V<sub>1</sub>'''ssǧ <br> (<small>Causum</small>)
| bgcolor=#e4c0cf | -'''V<sub>2</sub>'''ǧl <br> (<small>Initio</small>)
| -'''V<sub>1</sub>'''m <br> (<small>Present</small>)
| -'''V<sub>2</sub>'''nn<br>(<small>Pausa</small>)
|-
! Future
| -'''V<sub>2</sub>'''ǧm <br> (<small>Futurum</small>)
| -'''V<sub>3</sub>'''tšǧ <br> (<small>Futurum Consequenta</small>)
| -'''V<sub>2</sub>'''šn <br> (<small>Futurum Initio</small>)
| bgcolor=#e4c0cf | -'''V<sub>2</sub>'''ǧl  <br> (<small>Initio</small>)
| colspan=2 | -'''V<sub>1</sub>'''džm <br>(<small>Futurum Termius</small>)
|}
 
 
''See [[Umbrean/Examples#VAT|Verb Examples]]''
 
 
====Mood====
 
The mood is conjugated on the VAT vowel, the front where a prefix is placed depending on the mood and a suffix prior to the VAT vowel.
 
{| {{style|center}}
! Mood
! Prefix
! Suffix
|-
! Optative
! Optative
! Subjunctive
| a-
! Imperative
| -l
|-
|-
! 1
! Subjunctive
| -'''F'''
| uu-
| -'''F'''m
| -lj
| -'''F'''mj
|-
| -'''F'''p / '''F'''b
! Imperative
|-
| i-
! 2
| -lw
| -'''A'''
|}
| -'''A'''ll
 
| -'''A'''f / -'''A'''v
''See [[Umbrean/Examples#Mood|Examples]]''
| -'''A'''p / '''A'''b
 
|-
 
! 3
====Circumstantial Voice====
| -'''P'''
The circumstantial voice is the oddball of the voices, to mark it one has to first mark it on the verb but it requires the postposition it is forcing into the subject position to act as a particle infront of the verb itself with some modifications. The modification is depended upon which case one would use with the postposition
| -'''P'''ff / -'''P'''vvj
 
| -'''P'''lw
{| {{style|center}}
| -'''PP'''<sup>L</sup>
! Pst
|-
| (ë)lj- '''PP'''
! 4
|-
| -'''N'''
! Int
| -'''N'''lw
| tlj(ë)- '''PP'''
| -'''N'''ll
|-
| -'''NN'''<sup>L</sup>
! Erg
| slj(ë)- '''PP'''
|-
! Acc
| mlj(ë)- '''PP'''
|}
 
the initial ë disappears if it begins with a vowel.
 
''See [[Umbrean/Examples#Circumstantial Voice|Examples]]''
 
===Participle===
 
====Adjectival====
In umbrean participles serves three purposes, the first one is similar to english where it takes on an adjective characteristic describing a noun, "The '''walking''' man", but with the differens of having one for every tense.
 
The second is for relative clauses, "The man '''whom I like'''" where the verb is turned into a participle but the sentence itself remains otherwise the same, and is like unlike english placed infront of the noun it describes.
 
And thirdly they are used to modify the verb in the phrase.
 
To get the subject or object back into the clause one simply puts the noun infront of the participle in postpositional case, similar to "The '''man''' eating woman".
 
Active voice cannot be used in participles.
 
To form a participle the conjugated verb is taken with the addition of a vowel which is depended on the tense in question and a consonant which depends on the gender of the subject that is being relativized, doesn't matter which of the two uses, and the voice in question. The vowel may be omitted when phonotactics allows it.
 
:{|{{style|center}}
! colspan=9 | Participle Tense Vowels
|-
! colspan=9 | Positive / Negative <br> Affirmative / Negation
|-
! colspan=1 rowspan=1 |  
! Perfective
! Retrospective
! Prospective
! Inceptive
! Continuative
! Pausative
! Terminative
! Genericative
|-
! Past
| -e / -üü <br> (<small>Aortis</small>)
| -a / -ii <br> (<small>Historal Causum</small>)
| rowspan=2 | -ë / -ö <br> (<small>Consequentum</small>)
| -a / -ii <br> (<small>Past Initio</small>)
| Colspan=2 | -e / -üü <br> (<small>Ingressus</small>)
| rowspan=2 | -e / -üü  <br> (<small>Finitum</small>)
| rowspan=3 | -ë / -ö  <br> (<small>Plerum</small>)
|-
! Present
| <big>—</big>
| rowspan=2 | -e / -üü <br> (<small>Causum</small>)
| bgcolor=#e4c0cf |  -oo / -e <br> (<small>Initio</small>)
| -ë / -ö <br> (<small>Present</small>)
| -e / -üü <br> (<small>Pausa</small>)
|-
! Future
| -oo / -e  <br> (<small>Futurum</small>)
| -a / -ii <br> (<small>Futurum Consequenta</small>)
| -ë / -ö  <br> (<small>Futurum Initio</small>)
| bgcolor=#e4c0cf | -oo / -e <br> (<small>Initio</small>)
| colspan=2 | -ë / -ö <br>(<small>Futurum Termius</small>)
|}
 
 
:{|{{style|center}}
! Rowspan=3 | Number
! rowspan=3 | Gender
! colspan=8 | Voice
|-
! colspan=3 | Anti-Passive
! colspan=3 | Passive
! colspan=2 | Circumstantial
|-
! int / acc || erg || pst
! int / erg || acc || pst
! int / pst || erg/acc
|-
! rowspan=4 | Sg
! Liv
| rowspan=3 | -vj || -zzj || rowspan=4 | -bb
| -žw || -nn || -dw
| rowspan=2 | -dž || -šw
|-
! Mag
| rowspan=2 | -zz
| rowspan=2 | -ǧw
| -mj || rowspan=3 | -ttw
| -šš
|-
! Art
| rowspan=2 | -nn
| rowspan=2 | -džw || rowspan=2 | -ššw
|-
! Non
| -ff || -zw
| -žw
|-
! rowspan=2 | Pc
! {{red|Mag}}/{{green|Liv}}
| rowspan=2 | -vvdj || -zwd || rowspan=2 | -ddw
| rowspan=2 | -žwdj || rowspan=2 | -m || -dj
| rowspan=2 | -dž || -tš
|-
! {{purple|Art}}/{{blue|Non}}
| -dzj
| -tj
| -tšw
|-
! colspan=2 | Plural
| -vm || -zzjn || -sn
| -žn || -mm || -sjn
| -džm || -šn
|}
 
''See [[Umbrean/Examples#Adjectival Participle|Examples]]''
 
====Adverbial====
The adverbial participle is formed in a similar manner to the adjectival participle but there are differenses.
 
The verb is conjugated but the VAT vowel is replaced with a different set. and the ending changes only according to the voice.
 
{| {{style|center}}
! rowspan=2 |
! colspan=2 | Indicative
! colspan=2 | Optative
! colspan=2 | Subjunctive
|-
! +
! -
! +
! -
! +
! -
|-
! V<sub>1</sub>
| -e || -üü
| -ii || -u
| -o || -ee
|-
! V<sub>2</sub>
| -e || -aa
| -yy || -i
| -ë || -öö
|-
! V<sub>3</sub>
| -ë || -ö
| -e || -ii
| -o || -a
|}
 
 
{| {{style|center}}
! !! + !! -
|-
! Passive
| -(y)n || -(aa)m
|-
! Anti-passive
| -(im) || -(ë)n
|-
! Circumstantial
| -(y)ŋ || -(ii)ŋ
|}
 
The vowel in the voice-polarity suffix is not used in present tempus or where phonotactics allows it's omition
 
The adverbial participle can be used in several manners and each manner usually requires a specific set of tempuses to be used
 
#'''Causual'''
#*H. Causum or Causum is used
#*Answers "Why?" the verb occures
#'''Temporal'''
#*Present, Aortis & Futurum is used
#*Answers "When" The verb happened
#'''Locational'''
#*Ingressus,  Pausa & Futurum Termius
#*Answers where it occured.
#'''Manner'''
#*Present is used alone, is always contemporary.
#*Answers "how" a verb was done.
#'''Result'''
#*Consequentum or F. Consequenta is used
#*Tells what outcome the verb has.
#'''Concession'''
#*Ingressus, Present & Initio, Futurum Termius
#*The verb happened despite the action or state of the participle.
 
 
''See [[Umbrean/Examples#Adverbial Participle|Examples]]''
 
===Supine===
The supine describes actions done for the purpose of something or a result of the action. In english it is often the infitive form of the verb, "We walked over to Ronald '''To help him'''". Important to notice is that the supine, unlike adverbial participles, can inherently take an object if it neccesitates it.
 
Can also mark the purpose of a noun if used infront of them.
 
Supines don't take conjugational affixation but rather these to mark positive or negative, to do or not to do it.
 
:{| {{style|center}}
! Positive
! Negative
|-
| -lii
| -lüü
|}
 
''See [[Umbrean/Examples#Supine|Examples]]''
 
===Gerund===
The gerund form of the verbs are used to create noun clauses similar to english "That" clauses. "I know '''that he is a nice guy'''"
 
The gerund is formed by adding these endings to the conjugated form and is depended on case and the polarity of the verb.
 
:{| {{style|center}}
! rowspan=2 | Case
! colspan=2 | Suffix
|-
! +
! -
|-
| Int
| -ël
| -öl
|-
| Erg
| -ëssl
| -ösl
|-
| Acc
| -ëml
| -öml
|-
| Pst
| -ëtšwl
| -ötšwl
|}
 
''See [[Umbrean/Examples#Gerund|Examples]]''
 
===Infinitives===
 
===Modal Forms===
<!-- {{Um-Name|}}-->
 
Umbrean verbs can take on 8 modal forms which is used for both modality purposes as a verb but can also function as adjectives on their own.
 
'''Verb form'''
 
The verb form is used along as any normal verb, the positive form and negative form refers to the polarity of the modality. While there is general derivation of each of the three forms some verbs do not follow it and have other forms in the quadrouplet. This infix is often placed between the vowel and the final consonants in the last syllable of the root.
 
'''Adjectival form'''
 
The adjectival form works as the name itself suggests like an adjective, the suffixes are put onto the verb and then treated like a normal adjective that has to take on adjectival affixes. The anti-passive form focuses on the subject while the passive one focuses on the object.
 
 
{| {{style|center}}
! colspan=5 | Adjectival Modality
|-
! rowspan=2 colspan=1 |
! colspan=2 | Verb form
! colspan=2 | Adjective Form
|-
! colspan=1 | Positive
! colspan=1 | Negative
! colspan=1 | Passive
! colspan=1 | Anti-passive
|-
! colspan=1 | Base
| colspan=1 | -Ø
| -žžw(y)<sup>1</sup>- <br> -ššw(y)<sup>1</sup>-
| - || -
|-
! Gerundive
| -ssj(o)- <br> -zzj(o)- || -dzw(ëë)- <br> -tsw(ëë)-
|-
! Abilitative
| -v(e)- <br> -f(e)- || -p(u)- <br> -b(u)-
|-
! Hypothetical
| -nj(y)- || -m(üü)-
|}
 
*'''Gerundive''': Marks that the noun it modifies is needs or ought to be the object or subject of the verb
*'''Abilative''': Marks that the noun it modifies is can or is able to be the object or subject of the verb
*'''Hypothetical''': Marks that the noun it modifies could be the object or subject of the verb
 
<sup>1</sup> vowels are omitable if the phonotactic allows it
 
''See [[Umbrean/Examples#Modal Verbs|Examples]]''
 
===Sequence of tenses===
Umbrean uses {{lg|Relative Tenses}} meaning subclauses are put into present tense if they happened at the sametime as the main verb, past if it occured before the verb and future if it occured after the main verb.
 
===Nominalization===
 
===Ditransitive Verbs===
{{see|sub|Ditransitive verbs}}
 
{{lg|Ditransitive Verbs}} in the umbrean language are arranged in the fashion of '''{{yellow|S}}{{purple|O<sub>1</sub>}}V{{cyan|O<sub>2</sub>}}.''' The first object is the theme, indirect object, and the second object is the recipient (direct object) and the Subject is the Donor.
 
'''{{yellow|S}}{{purple|O<sub>T</sub>}}V{{cyan|O<sub>R</sub>}}.'''
 
English Examples: "I give him a book" vs "I gave a book to him", "He asked me a question" vs "He asked a question to me"
 
'''{{yellow|Donor}}''': The donor is the one that does verb, in case of the verb "give" it gives something. "'''{{yellow|I}}''' gave him a book" "'''{{yellow|He}}''' asked me a question."
 
'''{{purple|Theme}}''': The theme is the object which is transferred or undergoing the verb directly, like a book in giving. "I gave him '''{{purple|a book}}'''" ""He asked me '''{{purple|a question}}'''"
 
'''{{cyan|Recipient}}''': The recipient recieves the Theme in some manner in an indirect manner, it is common for the recipient to be said by a prepositional phrase in english. "I gave '''{{cyan|him}}''' a book" "He asked '''{{cyan|me}}''' a question".
 
====Cases====
 
The donor takes on the Ergative case, Theme takes the accusative case and Recipient takes on postpositional case.
 
==Nouns==
{{see|sub|nouns}}
===Declension===
Umbrean nouns are declined according to 4 things, Gender (Magical, Living, Articial and Non-moving), Case (Intransitive, Ergative, Accusative And Postpositional), State (Indefinate, Definate, Constructive) and Number (Plural, Singular and Paucal).
 
Suffixes are used to mark the declension and the declension paradigms differs mostly by vowels and are hence named after the 3 main vowels that are changed within the given paradigm.
 
 
:{| {{style|center}}
! colspan=2| Case
!Desription:
|-
![http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergative_case Ergative]
! Ref
|The grammatical case that identifies the subject of a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transitive_verb transitive verb] in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergative-absolutive_language ergative-absolutive languages]
|-
![http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accusative_case Accusative]
! Acc
|The grammatical case used to mark the direct object of an [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transitive_verb transitive verb]
|-
![http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intransitive_case Intransitive]
! Int
|The grammatical case used in some languages to mark the subject of an [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transitive_verb transitive verb]
|-
!Postpositional
!Pst
|The grammatical case primarely used for postpositional phrases
|}
 
:{| {{style|center}}
!Name
!Amount
|-
!Singular
|1
|-
!Paucal
|2-6
|-
!Plural
|6&lt;
|}
 
{| {{Style|center}}
! colspan=10 | General declension
|-
! State→
! colspan=3 | <small>Indef.</small>
! colspan=3 | <small>Def.</small>
! colspan=3 | <small>Const.</small>
|-
! Number→ <br> Case↓
! Sg. !! Pc. !! Pl.
! Sg. !! Pc. !! Pl.
! Sg. !! Pc. !! Pl.
|-
! Int
| -'''{{blue|V}}'''  || -'''{{green|V}}''' || -'''{{red|V}}'''v
| -'''{{blue|V}}'''lw || -'''{{red|V}}'''ll || -'''{{red|V}}'''vjl
| -'''{{blue|V}}'''tl || -'''{{red|V}}'''tl || -'''{{green|V}}'''tl
|-
! Erg
| -'''{{blue|V}}'''ss || -'''{{blue|V}}'''sw || -'''{{red|V}}'''sw
| -'''{{blue|V}}'''sl || -'''{{blue|V}}'''zwlj || -'''{{green|V}}'''lz
| -'''{{blue|V}}'''tsw || -'''{{green|V}}'''dzw || -'''{{blue|V}}'''sswëtl
|-
! Acc
| -'''{{blue|V}}'''m || -'''{{blue|V}}'''mjy || -'''{{blue|V}}'''nw
| -'''{{green|V}}'''lwmj || -'''{{blue|V}}'''ljym || -'''{{blue|V}}'''nl
| -'''{{blue|V}}'''tlom || -'''{{red|V}}'''mlw || -'''{{green|V}}'''sn
|-
! Pst
| -'''{{blue|V}}'''ts || -'''{{blue|V}}'''dzm || -'''{{red|V}}'''dzv
| -'''{{blue|V}}'''tsl || -'''{{green|V}}'''dzl || -'''{{green|V}}'''dzv
| -'''{{blue|V}}'''ttw || -'''{{blue|V}}'''tlö || -'''{{red|V}}'''twlj
|}
 
 
{| {{style|center}}
! colspan=5 | Declensions
|-
! rowspan=2 | Dec
! colspan=4 | Gender
|-
! Mag
! Liv
! Art
! Non
|-
! 1st
| a-ee-u
| y-o-öö
| ee-i-ë
| ü-uu-e
|-
! 2nd
|
| ii-o-e
| o-a-üü
|-
! 3rd
|
|
| y-uu-o
|}
 
''See [[Umbrean/Examples#Declension|Examples]]''
 
===Possession===
{{see|sub|Possession}}
In umbrean the possession of something differ on wether it is alienable or inalienable possession.
 
Alienable possession refer to a possession that can change in the course of time, a coin can switch owners over time and hence is alienable. In alienable possession the noun that is possessed, the coin in "my coin" is put into construct state while the possessor, me/my, is in ordinary indefinate state, both having the same case to match their grammatical position.
 
Inalienable possession refer to possession that is static through time, your arm will always be your arm, parents will always be parents even if disowned. In this case both are in indefiniate state but the same case.
 
In both cases the possessed comes after the possessor in the word order.
 
''See [[Umbrean/Examples#Possession|Examples]]''
 
==Adjective==
===Declension===
{| {{style|center}}
! colspan=8 | Base form
|-
! rowspan=2 |
! colspan=4 | Singular
! colspan=2 | Paucal
! rowspan=2 | Plural
|-
! Mag
! Liv
! Art
! Non
! {{red|Mag}}/{{green|Liv}}
! {{purple|Art}}/{{blue|Non}}
|-
! Int
| -t || -s || -tt || -t
| -t || -d
| -dz
|-
! Erg
| -sj || -s || -sj || -ssw
| -ssw || -ts
| -dz
|-
! Acc
| -mj || -m || -m || -m
| -mm || -mm
| -mj
|-
! Pst
| -tsw || -tsw || -tt || -sw
| -tsj || -tsj
| -ssw
|}
 
''See [[Umbrean/Examples#Adjective|Examples]]''
 
===Predicate===
 
==Postposition==
{{see|sub|Postpositions}}
Being a head final language the Umbrean language utilizes postpositions rather than prepositions and adpositional phrases would come before the noun. "''On the table" would be said as''"''The table on''" and a noun phrase like "''The cat on the table''" is said "''The table on the cat''", in an essence the opposite of english. Similar to greek and other languages the case of the noun that is within its phrase affects often the acctual meaning of the postposition.
 
Postpositions are inflected according to Gender and Case of the noun within its phrase, if it is first or second person it is inflected according to the living gender.
 
If the postposition does not get an inflection on it, it is a particle used for the circumtational voice for verbs.
 
===Inflection===
{|{{style|enter}}
! colspan=2 |
! Sg
! Pc
! Pl
|-
! rowspan=4 | 3rd
! Mag
| -a || rowspan=2 | -ëssw || rowspan=4 | -eŋj
|-
! Liv
| -ö
|-
! Art
| -y || rowspan=2 | -os
|-
! Non
| -o
|-
! colspan=2 | 2nd
| -itw || -osw || -enw
|-
! colspan=2 | 1st
| -itj || -osj || -ymj
|}
 
''See [[Umbrean/Examples#Postpositions|Examples]]''
 
==Word Order==
 
==Deixis, Proforms & Anaphora==
Umbrean {{lg|Deixis}}, anaphora or pro-forms, are numerous and quite sensitive to alot of grammar and pragmatic situations.
 
'''{{lg|Determiner}}''': They occure before the noun and refers to the noun somehow. "'''This''' hat" "'''That''' hat" "'''Some''' hats"
 
'''Demonstratives''': These are diectic in their nature, refers to a noun by context. "'''This''' hat" "'''That''' hat" "'''yon''' hat" "'''This''' is fun" "'''That''' was fun"
 
'''Quantifiers''': These refer to most often an unfixed quantity, with the exception of "All" or "no", "'''All''' men" "'''no''' men" "'''Some''' men" "'''few''' men"
 
:{| {{style|center}}
! colspan=2 | Quantifiers
|-
! Quantifier
! English
|-
| Elective || Any <br> Whichever
|-
| Existensial || Some <br>
|-
| Universal || All <br> Every
|-
| Most || Most
|-
| Negative  || No <br> None
|-
| Collective || as a group <br> Togather
|-
| Distrubutive || Each individually <br> Each <br> Each on their own
|}
 
 
===Discourse===
Discourse Deixis are used to refer to entire segments of an utterence or even the utterence itself. Examples, "'''''This''' is fun''", "'''''That''' way of looking at it is wrong''"
*Mlje: That, a segment that was mentioned prior to now
*Mle: This, Refers to the utterence itself
*Mlwe: This, refers to a segment that is about to be uttered or will be in a short time
 
'''Mlwe''' may be used to mark objects, like a demonstratives, that one is about to explain. "''Walking I saw '''this''' dog''"
 
===Interrogative===
Interogative forms are used to ask for questions. While english makes no distinction between Determiner form, '''''what''' animal ate those?'', and Pro-noun form, '''''What''' fell on him?'', Umbrean does and heavily so.
====Interrogative Determiner====
These are the determiner forms, Magical and Living gender, along with Artificial and Non-moving, have identical forms within their own gender due and it changes according to number and case.
{| {{style|center}}
! colspan=7 | Interrogative Determiners
|-
!
! colspan=3 | Mag / Liv
! colspan=3 | Art / Non
|-
! Number→ <br> Case↓
! sg.
! pc.
! pl.
! sg.
! pc.
! pl.
|-
! Int
| kwiv || kwav || kwëëv
| style="border-left:2px solid;" | gjiv || gjav || gjëëv
|-
! Erg
| kwizj || kwazj || kwëëzj
| style="border-left:2px solid;" | gjizj || gjazj || gjëëzj
|-
! Acc
| kwim || kwam || kwëëm
| style="border-left:2px solid;" | gjim || gjam || gjëëm
|-
! Pst
| kwits || kwats || kwëëts
| style="border-left:2px solid;" | gjits || gjats || gjëëts
|}
 
====Interogative Pronouns====
The pronouns are similar to english with a few addition, it distinguishes between an item, a living thing, an animal and a sapient being.
 
{| {{style|center}}
! colspan=7 | Interrogative pronouns
|- style="border-top:2px solid;"
! colspan=4 | What thing?
|-
! Number→ <br> Case↓
! sg.
! pc.
! pl.
|-
! Int
| zo || zjo || zwa
|-
! Erg
| zos || zjos || zwas
|-
! Acc
| zom || zjom || zwam
|-
! Pst
| zot || zjot || zwat
|- style="border-top:2px solid;"
! colspan=4 | What Person? Who?
|-
! Number→ <br> Case↓
! sg.
! pc.
! pl.
|-
! Int
| dzëë || dzjëë || dzwëë
|-
! Erg
| dzëës || dzjëës || dzwëës
|-
! Acc
| dzëëm || dzjëëm || dzwëëm
|-
! Pst
| dzëët || dzjëët || dzwëët
|- style="border-top:2px solid;"
! colspan=4 | What Animal?
|-
! Number→ <br> Case↓
! sg.
! pc.
! pl.
|-
! Int
| ta || tja || twa
|-
! Erg
| tas || tjas || twas
|-
! Acc
| tam || tjam || twam
|-
! Pst
| tat || tjat || twat
|- style="border-top:2px solid;"
! colspan=4 | What living thing?
|-
! Number→ <br> Case↓
! sg.
! pc.
! pl.
|-
! Int
| fla || flja || flwa
|-
! Erg
| flas || fljas || flwas
|-
! Acc
| flam || fljam || flwam
|-
! Pst
| flat || fljat || flwat
|}
 
There is a hierarchy of choice which you ask for depending on level of knowledge, the higher it is in the hierarchy the more specific it must be that kind of entity.
 
High > ''Person'' '''>''' ''Animal'' '''>''' ''Living'' '''>''' ''Thing'' > Low
 
===Demonstratives===
Demonstratives are highly contextual. They refer to a specific entity of some sort that is deduced from what is said and done around.
 
*'''This''': Refers to an entity close to the speaker
*'''That''': Refers to an entity close to the listener
*'''Yon''': Refers to an entity neither close to the speaker nor listener
 
====Demonstratives Determiner====
{| {{style|center}}
! colspan=11 | Demonstrative Determiner
|- style="border-top:2px solid;"
! colspan=11 | {{red|mag}} - {{green|liv}} - {{purple|art}} - {{blue|non}} <br> {{yellow|mag - liv}} - {{cyan|art - non}}
|-
! colspan=1 | Case↓
! colspan=3 | This
! colspan=3 | That
! colspan=3 | Yon
|-
! Sg.
! Pc.
! Pl.
! Sg.
! Pc.
! Pl.
! Sg.
! Pc.
! Pl.
|-
! Int
<!-- This -->
| {{red|tlet}} <br> {{green|tlež}} <br> {{purple|tlezj}} <br> {{blue|tledj}}
| {{yellow|tljëv}} <br> {{cyan|tlwëv}}
| tliizz
| {{red|zzliit}} <br> {{green|zzliž}} <br> {{purple|zzliizj}} <br> {{blue|zzliidj}}
| {{red|tslyt}} <br> {{green|tslyž}} <br> {{purple|tslyzj}} <br> {{blue|tslydj}}
|-
! Erg
| {{red|tletsw}} <br> {{green|tležžw}} <br> {{purple|tlezzw}} <br> {{blue|tledzw}}
| {{yellow|tljëz}} <br> {{cyan|tlwëz}}
| tliizw
| {{red|zzliitsw}} <br> {{green|zzliižžw}} <br> {{purple|zzliizzw}} <br> {{blue|zzliidzw}}
| {{red|tslytsw}} <br> {{green|tslyžžw}} <br> {{purple|tslyzzw}} <br> {{blue|tslydzw}}
|-
! Acc
| {{red|tlesn}} <br> {{green|tležwn}} <br> {{purple|tlezjn}} <br> {{blue|tlezn}}
| {{yellow|tljëvm}} <br> {{cyan|tlwëvm}}
| tliizn
| {{red|zzliisn}} <br> {{green|zzliižwn}} <br> {{purple|zzliizjn}} <br> {{blue|zzliizn}}
| {{red|tslysn}} <br> {{green|tslyžwn}} <br> {{purple|tslyzjn}} <br> {{blue|tslyzn}}
|-
! Pst
| {{red|tletsw}} <br> {{green|tledžw}} <br> {{purple|tledzw}} <br> {{blue|tledzw}}
| {{yellow|tljëdw}} <br> {{cyan|tlwëdw}}
| tliidz
| {{red|zzliitsw}} <br> {{green|zzliidžw}} <br> {{purple|zzliidzw}} <br> {{blue|zzliidzw}}
| {{red|tslytsw}} <br> {{green|tslydžw}} <br> {{purple|tslydzw}} <br> {{blue|tslydzw}}
|}
=====Affection=====
Determiners don't only refer to physical distance but can refer to emotional distance.
*'''This''': Refers to an entity the speaker is very affectionate toward, children, close family, good friends typicly. May include things one has laboured for long and developed emotional attatchment to.
*'''That''': Refers to an entity the speaker is neutral toward. Such Possessions, bought items, distant family members, general people.
*'''Yon''': Refers to an entity the speaker is emotional distant to or even disdain, people one dislike or items of bad association.
 
 
=====Definiteness=====
Nouns can occure definite and indefinite form with a determiner with slight meaning
 
{| {{style|center}}
!
! width=200px | Definite
! width=200px | Indefinete
|-
! This
| ''The thing close to me that can be seen or whichs location is well known''
| ''The thing that is somewhere near me but cannot be seen by you or both of us''
|-
! That
| ''The thing close to you that can be seen or whichs location is well known''
| ''The thing that is somewhere near you but cannot be seen by me or both of us''
|-
! Yon
| ''The thing far from us that can be seen or whichs location is well known''
| ''The thing that is far from us and beyond sight'' or ''The thing that is somewhere around and cannot be seen by us''
|}
 
====Demonstrative Pronouns====
{| {{style|center}}
! colspan=10 | Demonstrative Pronouns
|- style="border-top:2px solid;"
! colspan=10 | {{red|mag}} - {{green|liv}} - {{purple|art}} - {{blue|non}} <br> {{yellow|mag - liv}} - {{cyan|art - non}}
|-
!
! colspan=3 | This
! colspan=3 | That
! colspan=3 | Yon
|-
! Number→ <br> Case↓
! sg.
! pc.
! pl.
! sg.
! pc.
! pl.
! sg.
! pc.
! pl.
|-
! Int
<!-- This -->
| {{red|lmet}} <br> {{green|lmežw}} <br> {{purple|lmezj}} <br> {{blue|lmedw}}
| {{yellow|lmeeddj}} <br> {{cyan|lmeevj}}
| llmjy
<!-- That -->
| {{red|šwllët}} <br> {{green|šwllëžw}} <br> {{purple|šwllëzj}} <br> {{blue|šwllëdw}}
| {{yellow|šwlladdj}} <br> {{cyan|šwllavj}}
| šwly
<!-- That -->
| {{red|džlat}} <br> {{green|džlažw}} <br> {{purple|džlazj}} <br> {{blue|džladw}}
| {{yellow|džljeeddj}} <br> {{cyan|džljeevj}}
| džlwi
|-
! Erg
<!-- This -->
| {{red|lmets}} <br> {{green|lmež}} <br> {{purple|lmezz}} <br> {{blue|lmedz}}
| {{yellow|lmeedzj}} <br> {{cyan|lmeevz}}
| lmjys
<!-- That -->
| {{red|šwllëts}} <br> {{green|šwllëž}} <br> {{purple|šwllëzz}} <br> {{blue|šwllëdz}}
| {{yellow|šwlladzj}} <br> {{cyan|šwllavz}}
| šwlys
<!-- Yon -->
| {{red|džlats}} <br> {{green|džlaž}} <br> {{purple|džlazz}} <br> {{blue|džladz}}
| {{yellow|džljeedzj}} <br> {{cyan|džljeevz}}
| džlwis
|-
! Acc
<!-- This -->
| {{red|lmesn}} <br> {{green|lmevm}} <br> {{purple|lmezjm}} <br> {{blue|lmezn}}
| {{yellow|lmeezzjn}} <br> {{cyan|lmeevmj}}
| lmjym
<!-- That -->
| {{red|šwllësn}} <br> {{green|šwllëvm}} <br> {{purple|šwllëzjm}} <br> {{blue|šwllëzn}}
| {{yellow|šwllazzjn}} <br> {{cyan|šwllavmj}}
| šwlym
<!-- Yon -->
| {{red|džlasn}} <br> {{green|džlavm}} <br> {{purple|džlazjm}} <br> {{blue|džlazn}}
| {{yellow|džljeezzjn}} <br> {{cyan|džljeevmj}}
| džlwim
|-
! Pst
<!-- This -->
| {{red|lmetw}} <br> {{green|lmedž}} <br> {{purple|lmedz}} <br> {{blue|lmedzw}}
| {{yellow|lmeedw}} <br> {{cyan|lmeedvj}}
| lmjyts
<!-- That -->
| {{red|šwllëtw}} <br> {{green|šwllëdž}} <br> {{purple|šwllëdz}} <br> {{blue|šwllëdzw}}
| {{yellow|šwlladw}} <br> {{cyan|šwlladvj}}
| šwlyts
<!-- Yon -->
| {{red|džlatw}} <br> {{green|džladž}} <br> {{purple|džladz}} <br> {{blue|džladzw}}
| {{yellow|džljeedw}} <br> {{cyan|džljeedvj}}
| džlwidts
|}
 
====Compound demonstratives====
There exist also compound demonstratives, they are composed of demonstrative pronoun + postposition. Key thing to remember is that the demonstrative pronoun takes the gender of the noun it acts upon, wether determiner or pronoun, and the postposition takes the same gender, but the demonstrative pronoun takes the neccisery case marking of the postposition
 
{| {{style|center}}
! Determiner
| Demonstrative<br>Pronoun
| Postposition
|}
 
This only expands the determiners and not the pronouns except a few handful cases
 
''See [[Umbrean/Examples#Compound Demonstratives|Examples]]''
 
===Gender mixture===
Umbrean does not allow gender mix in the singular forms ever. One cannot say like "this hat and dog" to mean this for both the dog and the hat as they are different genders. In paucal magic and livinng can be used togather and artificial and non-moving can be togather, but those two groups cannot be used togather. In plural gender matters none and it can mix togather.
 
The gender of the deixis is picked by the closest word or the one wishes to focus on more.
 
==Quantifiers==
===Determiner===
 
==Personal Pronouns==
Umbrean pronouns makes distinctions according to the 5 cases, 3 numbers, 4 genders, {{lg|T-V distinction|T-V}}, Collective vs Distributive and Inclusive vs exclusive.
 
'''Cases''': Intransitive, Ergative, Accusative, Postpositional and Reflexive
 
'''Numbers''': Singular, Paucal and Plural, Same number must be used as the noun that it replaces.
 
'''Genders''': The genders are noticible only in third person where the pronoun with a gender matching the noun it replaces must be used.
 
'''T-V''': This distinction is a politeness distinction that only occures in second person, One is polite that is used to be polite or people of higher rank while the other is impolite, lower ranking or someone you are close to.
 
'''Coll vs Distr''': This distinction only occures in Paucal and Plural and tells if the group did it individually (Distributive) or as a group (Collective). "''The five of us ate 3 kg of apples togather''" (No more than 3 kg was used, Collective) vs "''The five of us ate 3 kg of apples each''" (A grand total of 15 kg of apples were eaten then, Distributive)
 
'''Inclusive vs Exclusive''': Occures only in first person paucal and plural where it distinguisher if the one spoken to, second person, is included (Inclusive) or not (Eclusive)
 
:{| {{style|center}}
! rowspan=3 colspan=3 |Case
! colspan=5 | Intransitive
! colspan=5 | Ergative
! colspan=5 | Accusative
! colspan=5 | Postpositional
|-
! rowspan=2 | sg.
! colspan=2 | pc.
! colspan=2 | pl.
! rowspan=2 | sg.
! colspan=2 | pc.
! colspan=2 | pl.
! rowspan=2 | sg.
! colspan=2 | pc.
! colspan=2 | pl.
! rowspan=2 | sg.
! colspan=2 | pc.
! colspan=2 | pl.
|-
! coll.
! distr.
! coll.
! distr.
! coll.
! distr.
! coll.
! distr.
! coll.
! distr.
! coll.
! distr.
! coll.
! distr.
! coll.
! distr.
|-
! colspan=2 rowspan=2| 1st
! inc.
| rowspan=2 | tswë
| dže || džle
| dzjü || dzjlü
| rowspan=2 | tšees
| dzes || dzles 
| džliis || džlwiis
| rowspan=2 | tsümj
| džüm || džlüm
| dzjëëm|| dzjlëëm
| rowspan=2 | tswit
| džot || džlot
| dzjiit  || dzjlwiit
|-
! exc.
| džettj || džlettj
| dzjüttj || dzjlüttj
| dzetsj || dzletsj
| dzliitsj || dzlwiitsj
| džüsjm || džlüsjm
| džëësjm|| džlëësjm
| džottj || džlottj
| džiittj  || džlwiittj
|-
! rowspan=2 colspan=2 |2nd
!style="font-size: x-small;"|Common
| fü
| vjuu || vljuu
| bü || blü 
| füss
| vjuus || vljuus
| büss || büss
| füm
| vjuum || vljuum
| büm || büm
| füt
| vjutt || vljutt
| büt || blüt
|-
!style="font-size: x-small;"|Respect
| dy
| tju || tjlu
| tšwa || tšwla
| dys
| tjus ||  tjlus
| tšwas || tšwlas
| dym
| tjum || tjlum
| tšwam || tšwlam
| ddy
| twutj || tlutj
| tšwat || tšwlat
|-
! rowspan="10"|3rd
!style="font-size: x-small;" rowspan=5| Object
!style="font-size: x-small;"| Animal
|-
!style="font-size: x-small;"| Magical
| tsjaš
| dzwaš || dzwlaš
| džwaš || džwlaš
| tsjasj
| dzwasj || dzwlasj
| džwasj || džwlasj
| tsjašm
| dzwašm || dzwlašm
| džwašm || džwlašm
| tsjašt
| dzwašt || dzwlašt
| džwašt || džwlašt
|-
!style="font-size: x-small;"| Living
| tsjaf
| dzwaf || dzwlaf
| džwaf || džwlaf
| tsjafs
| dzwafs || dzwlafs
| džwafs || džwlafs
| tsjafm
| dzwafm || dzwlafm
| džwafm || džwlafm
| tsjafp
| dzwafp || dzwlafp
| džwafp || džwlafp
|-
!style="font-size: x-small;"| Artificial
| tsjavj
| dzwavj || dzwlavj
| džwavj || džwlavj
| tsjavjz
| dzwavjz || dzwlavjz
| džwavjz || džwlavjz
| tsjavjm
| dzwavjm || dzwlavjm
| džwavjm || džwlavjm
| tsjavjd
| dzwavjd || dzwlavjd
| džwavjd || džwlavjd
|-
!style="font-size: x-small;"| Non-Move
| tsjaz
| dzwaz || dzwlaz
| džwaz || džwlaz
| tsjass
| dzwass || dzwlass
| džwass || džwlass
| tsjazm
| dzwazm || dzwlazm
| džwazm || džwlazm
| tsjazd
| dzwazd || dzwlazd
| džwazd || džwlazd
|-
!style="font-size: x-small;" rowspan=4|Person
!style="font-size: x-small;" colspan=1|General
| ŋŋo
| ŋii || ŋlii
| ŋŋa || ŋŋla
| ŋŋos
| ŋiis || ŋliis
| ŋŋas || ŋŋlas
| ŋŋom
| ŋiim || ŋliim
| ŋŋam || ŋŋlam
| ŋŋot
| ŋiit || ŋliit
| ŋŋat || ŋŋlat
|-
!style="font-size: x-small;" colspan=1| Male
| no
| nii || nlii
| nna || nnla
| nos
| niis || nliis
| nnas || nnlas
| nom
| niim || nliim
| nnam || nnlam
| not
| nii || nliit
| nnat || nnlat
|-
!style="font-size: x-small;" colspan=1|Female
| mo
| mii || mlii
| mma || mla
| mos
| miis || mliis
| mmas || mlas
| mom
| miim || mliim
| mmam || mlam
| mot
| miit || mliit
| mmat || mlat
|-
!style="font-size: x-small;" colspan=1| Sick one
|-
!style="font-size: x-small;" colspan=2|General
|
| ||
| ||
|
| ||
| ||
|
| ||
| ||
|
| ||
| ||
|}
 
{| {{style|center}}
! colspan=2 | First person inclusive dual
|-
! Case
! Pro-noun
|-
! Int
|-
! Erg
|-
! Acc
|-
! Pst
|}
 
abdefgǧhijklmnŋñoprsštstuvyzžüëö
 
==Conditional Sentence==
{{see|sub|Conditional Sentence}}
 
'''Generalizations Conditional sentences''' expresses factual things that always occur, "If water is heated to 10 degrees it boils" and the If can be replaced with "when" or "whenever".
 
'''Hypothetical Conditional sentence''' expresses a hypothetical situation that could be possible
 
'''Factual Conditional sentence''' states it as factual that the result will occur if condition is meet. It may also be used to express that if the condition had been meet result should also have occurred but didn't.
 
'''Contra-factual sentence''' expresses a situation against known facts.
 
:{| {{style|center}}
! rowspan=2 colspan=2 |Kind
! colspan=3 | Condition
! colspan=3 | Result
|-
! Tempus
! Mood
! Modality
! Tempus
! Mood
! Modality
|-
! colspan=2 | Generalizations
<!-- Condition -->
| Causum
| Indicative
| Base
<!-- Result-->
| Plerum
| Indicative
| Base
|-
! colspan=2 | Hypothetical
<!-- Condition -->
| '''Any''' but ''H.Causum, Causum<br> Consequenta, F.Consequenta''
| Subjunctive
| Base
<!-- Result-->
| Futurm Consequenta
| Optative
| Abilative
|-
! rowspan=2 | Factual
! Likely
<!-- Condition -->
| Causum
| Indicative
| Base
<!-- Result-->
| Futurm Consequenta
| Optative
| Gerundive
|-
! Unlikely
<!-- Condition -->
| Causum
| Indicative
| Abilative
<!-- Result-->
| Futurm Consequenta
| Subjunctive
| Hypothetical
|-
! colspan=2 | Contra-Factual
<!-- Condition -->
| Historal Causum
| Subjunctive
| Base
<!-- Result-->
| Consequentum
| Subjunctive
| Hypothetical
|}
 
==Accusative Absolute==
Accusative Absolute is similar to latins {{lg|Ablative Absolute}}, a participle plus a noun describing things around the verb. It always occure in the begining before the subject or agent.
 
''See [[Umbrean/Examples#Accusative Absolute|Examples]]''
 
==Modality==
{{see|sub|Modality}}
 
==Copula Usage==
There exist technicly no copula in umbrean, they have other methods of achiving it.
 
'''Noun Predicate'''
 
Example: He is '''''an idiot'''''
 
This is achived by putting the noun into intransitive construction state with the proper number vowel and then use it as an ordinary verb.
 
Adjectives for noun predicates, "''He is a '''green''' dog''", is used like an adjective predicate present adverbial participle.
 
Relative clause for noun predicates, "''He is the man '''that I saw yesterday'''''", is used adverbial participle.
 
 
''See [[Umbrean/Examples#Noun Copula|Examples]]''
 
'''Adpositional Predicate'''
 
Example: We are '''''with him'''''
 
Adpositional predicates are constructed by taking the adposition and add the proper Circumfix and then use it as a verb where the object that was being modified by it is the agent while the object in the adpositional phrase is treated as an ordinary object. the ë in the ëlj- prefix is ommited if the postposition begins with a vowel.
 
:{| {{style|center}}
! Case
! Prefix
|-
| Int || (ë)lj- -(i)f<sup>1</sup>
|-
| Erg || (ë)lj- -(o)s<sup>1</sup>
|-
| Acc || (ë)lj- -(a)m<sup>1</sup>
|-
| Pst || (ë)lj- -(v)<sup>2</sup>
|}
*<sup>1</sup>: Vowels can be excluded if phonotactics allows it
*<sup>2</sup>: is only used if it ends in a vowel
 
''See [[Umbrean/Examples#Adposition Copula|Examples]]''
 
'''Locative Predicate'''
 
Example: We are '''''at the store'''''
 
See Adpositional Predicate
 
 
'''Adjectival Predicate'''
 
Example: We are '''''blue'''''
 
Adjectival predicates are achived through using the adjective as a verb all on its own and have it declined according to the noun.
 
''See [[Umbrean/Examples#Adjective Copula|Examples]]''
 
'''Existential'''
 
Example: I '''''am'''''
 
 
'''tswümj''': v.t.a
 
''See [[Umbrean/Examples#Existencial Copula|Examples]]''
 
==Question==
 
===Polarity questions===
Polarity
 
===Content Question===
 
 
Questions are formed by inverting the position of the Agent and the Object if its transitive, otherwise it remains the same with the Subject. The question word and particles does the rest to signify it is a question.
 
'''Yes or no question'''
 
A particle is placed before the part one desires to place emphesis on or behidn the verb if no emphesis is desired
 
'''''Yes''''': Swom
 
'''''No''''': Zy
 
 
'''General Question'''
 
General questions uses no particle and you simply uses the question word in their appropiate spot, no {{lg|Fronting}}
 
==Dictionary==
''See a verb list [[Umbrean/Verb list|here]]
===Open or Closed===
{| {{style|center}}
! Class
! Open/Closed
|-
| Adjectives
| {{green|Open}}
|-
| Nouns
| {{green|Open}}
|-
| Pro-nouns
| {{red|Closed}}
|-
| Postpositions
| {{green|Open}}
|-
| Pro-Forms
| {{red|Closed}}
|-
| Verbs
| {{green|Open}}
|}
===Polarity===
A common way to negate or inverse a words meaning is to change the polarity vowel within it to its opposite, though which vowel is the polarity vowel is individual to each word.
:{|{{style|center}}
! colspan=2 | Short vowel
! colspan=2 | Long vowel
|-
! + <br> Positive !! - <br> Negative
! + <br> Positive !! - <br> Negative
|-
| a || ii
| aa || a
|-
| e || üü
| ee || y
|-
| i || u
| ii || uu
|-
| o || ë
| oo || e
|-
| u || aa
| uu || a
|-
| y || ëë
| yy || ii
|-
| ü || i
| üü || ee
|-
| ë || ö
| ëë || u
|-
| ö || öö
| öö || ë
|}
 
===Direction===
Directions are divided on from whos perspective it is, first, second or third person.
 
{| {{style|center}}
! colspan=4 | Directions
|-
! rowspan=2 |
! colspan=3 | Person
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
! Right
| {{term|Pjodwia}}
| {{term|Amodwia}}
| {{term|Migna}}
|-
! Left
| {{term|Bjana}}
| {{term|Bjuma}}
| {{term|Bfignina}}
|-
! Up
| {{term|}}
| {{term|}}
| {{term|}}
|-
! Down
| {{term|}}
| {{term|}}
| {{term|}}
|-
! Forward
| {{term|}}
| {{term|}}
| {{term|}}
|-
! Backward
| {{term|}}
| {{term|}}
| {{term|}}
|}
 
===Verbs of motion===
 
{| {{style|center}}
! colspan=18 | Motion
|-
! colspan=3 rowspan=2 |
! colspan=3 | By own means
! colspan=3 | By animal
! rowspan=2 | By Machine
! rowspan=2 | By Magic
|-
! Slow
! Medium
! Fast
! Slow
! Medium
! Fast
|-
! rowspan=10 | Land
! rowspan=7 | Travel
! Toward
<!-- Own Uni -->
| Ot <br> (<small>Walk toward</small>) || <br> (<small>Jog toward</small>) || <br> (<small>Run toward</small>)
<!-- Animal Uni-->
| <br> (<small>Ride/Walk toward</small>) || <br> (<small>Ride/Trott toward</small>) || <br> (<small>Ride/Gallop toward</small>)
<!-- Machine-->
| Ëššw<br> (<small>Drive toward</small>)
|-
! Away From
<!-- Own Uni -->
| Sitw <br> (<small>Walk away from</small>) || <br> (<small>Jog away from</small>) || <br> (<small>Run away from</small>)
<!-- Animal Uni-->
| <br> (<small>Ride/Walk away from </small>) || <br> (<small>Ride/Trott away from </small>) || <br> (<small>Ride/Gallop away from </small>)
<!-- Machine-->
| <br> (<small>Drive away from</small>)
|-
! In
<!-- Own Uni -->
| Mëǧ <br> (<small>Walk into</small>) || <br> (<small>Jog into</small>) || <br> (<small>Run into</small>)
<!-- Animal Uni-->
| <br> (<small>Ride/Walk into</small>) || <br> (<small>Ride/Trott into</small>) || <br> (<small>Ride/Gallop into</small>)
<!-- Machine-->
| <br> (<small>Drive into </small>)
|-
! Out
<!-- Own Uni -->
| <br> (<small>Walk out of</small>) || <br> (<small>Jog out of</small>) || <br> (<small>Run out of</small>)
<!-- Animal Uni-->
| <br> (<small>Ride/Walk out of</small>) || <br> (<small>Ride/Trott out of</small>) || <br> (<small>Ride/Gallop out of</small>)
<!-- Machine-->
| <br> (<small>Drive out of </small>)
|-
! Across
<!-- Own Uni -->
| <br> (<small>Walk across</small>) || <br> (<small>Jog across</small>) || <br> (<small>Run across</small>)
<!-- Animal Uni-->
| <br> (<small>Ride/Walk across</small>) || <br> (<small>Ride/Trott across</small>) || <br> (<small>Ride/Gallop across</small>)
<!-- Machine-->
| <br> (<small>Drive across</small>)
|-
! Arrival
<!-- Own Uni -->
| <br> (<small>Walk and arrive at</small>) || <br> (<small>Jog and arrive at</small>) || <br> (<small>Run and arrive at</small>)
<!-- Animal Uni-->
| <br> (<small>Ride/Walk and arrive at</small>) || <br> (<small>Ride/Trott and arrive at</small>) || <br> (<small>Ride/Gallop and arrive at</small>)
<!-- Machine-->
| <br> (<small>Drive and arrive at</small>)
|-
! Multi<br>Directional
<!-- Own Uni -->
| <br> (<small>Walk around</small>) || <br> (<small>Jog around</small>) || <br> (<small>Run around</small>)
<!-- Animal Uni-->
| <br> (<small>Ride/Walk around</small>) || <br> (<small>Ride/Trott around</small>) || <br> (<small>Ride/Gallop around</small>)
<!-- Machine-->
| <br> (<small>Drive around</small>)
|-
! rowspan=3 | Climb
! Upward
<!-- Own Uni -->
| colspan=3 | <br> (<small>Climb upward</small>)
<!-- Animal Uni -->
| colspan=3 | <br> (<small>Climb upward while<br>riding an animal</small>)
<!-- Machine Uni -->
| <br> (<small>Climb upward while<br>using a machine</small>)
|-
! Downward
<!-- Own Uni -->
| colspan=3 | <br> (<small>Climb down</small>)
<!-- Animal Uni -->
| colspan=3 | <br> (<small>Climb down while<br>riding an animal</small>)
<!-- Machine Uni -->
| <br> (<small>Climb down while<br>using a machine</small>)
|-
! Along
<!-- Own Uni -->
| colspan=3 | <br> (<small>Climb along the side</small>)
<!-- Animal Uni -->
| colspan=3 | <br> (<small>Climb along the side while<br>riding an animal</small>)
<!-- Machine Uni -->
| <br> (<small>Climb along the side while<br>using a machine</small>)
|-
! rowspan=8 | Water
! rowspan=4 | In water <br> (Swim)
! Toward
<!-- Own Uni -->
| <br> (<small>Swim toward</small>) || colspan=2 | (<small>Swim fast toward</small>)
<!-- Animal Uni -->
| <br> (<small>Swim toward with <br> an animal</small>) || colspan=2 | (<small>Swim fast toward with <br> an animal</small>)
<!-- Machine Uni -->
| <br> (<small>Swim toward with <br> an machine</small>)
|-
! Away from
<!-- Own Uni -->
| <br> (<small>Swim away from</small>) || colspan=2 | (<small>Swim fast away from</small>)
<!-- Animal Uni -->
| <br> (<small>Swim away from with <br> an animal</small>) || colspan=2 | (<small>Swim fast away from with <br> an animal</small>)
<!-- Machine Uni -->
| <br> (<small>Swim away from with <br> an machine</small>)
|-
! Upward
<!-- Own Uni -->
| colspan=3 | <br> (<small>Swim up</small>)
<!-- Animal Uni -->
| colspan=3 | <br> (<small>Swim up with <br> an animal</small>
<!-- Machine Uni -->
| <br> (<small>Swim up with <br> an machine</small>)
|-
! Downward
<!-- Own Uni -->
| colspan=3 | <br> (<small>Dive</small>)
<!-- Animal Uni -->
| colspan=3 | <br> (<small>Dive with <br> an animal</small>)
<!-- Machine Uni -->
| <br> (<small>Dive with <br> an machine</small>)
|-
! rowspan=2 | On water <br> (Sail)
! Toward
| colspan=3 rowspan=2 | Ø
|-
! Away from
|-
! rowspan=2 | Float
! rowspan=1 | Toward
| colspan=3 |
| colspan=3 rowspan=2 | <br> (<small>Float aimlessly</small>)
|-
! Away from
| colspan=3 |
|-
! rowspan=2 colspan=2 | Air
! Fly
|-
! Float
|}
 
===Kinship===
{{Kinship
|PaternalGrandMother=
|PaternalGrandFather=
|MaternalGrandMother=
|MaternalGrandFather=
|PaternalAuntsHusband=
|PaternalAunt=
|PaternalUnclesWife=
|PaternalUncle=
|Father=Kjymmösj
|Mother=Kjynnösj
|PaternalTwinUnclesWife=
|PaternalTwinUncle=
|PaternalYoungerUnclesWife=
|PaternalYoungerUncle=
|PaternalOlderUnclesWife=
|PaternalOlderUncle=
|PaternalTwinAuntsHusband=
|PaternalTwinAunt=
|PaternalYoungerAuntsHusband=
|PaternalYoungerAunt=
|PaternalOlderAuntsHusband=
|PaternalOlderAunt=
|MaternalTwinUnclesWife=
|MaternalTwinUncle=
|MaternalYoungerUnclesWife=
|MaternalYoungerUncle=
|MaternalOlderUnclesWife=
|MaternalOlderUncle=
|MaternalTwinAuntsHusband=
|MaternalTwinAunt=
|MaternalYoungerAuntsHusband=
|MaternalYoungerAunt=
|MaternalOlderAuntsHusband=
|MaternalOlderAunt=
|PaternalTwinUnclesSon=
|PaternalTwinUnclesDaughter=
|PaternalYoungerUnclesSon=
|PaternalYoungerUnclesDaughter=
|PaternalOlderUnclesSon=
|PaternalOlderUnclesDaughter=
|PaternalTwinAuntsSon=
|PaternalTwinAuntsDaughter=
|PaternalYoungerAuntsSon=
|PaternalYoungerAuntsDaughter=
|PaternalOlderAuntsSon=
|PaternalOlderAuntsDaughter=
|MaternalTwinUnclesSon=
|MaternalTwinUnclesDaughter=
|MaternalYoungerUnclesSon=
|MaternalYoungerUnclesDaughter=
|MaternalOlderUnclesSon=
|MaternalOlderUnclesDaughter=
|MaternalTwinAuntsSon=
|MaternalTwinAuntsDaughter=
|MaternalYoungerAuntsSon=
|MaternalYoungerAuntsDaughter=
|MaternalOlderAuntsSon=
|MaternalOlderAuntsDaughter=
|Self=
|Husband=
|Wife=
|LittleSister=
|TwinSister=
|BigSister=
|BigBrother=
|TwinBrother=
|LittleBrother=
|LittleSistersHusband=
|TwinSistersHusband=
|BigSistersHusband=
|BigBrothersWife=
|TwinBrothersWife=
|LittleBrothersWife=
|MaternalAuntsSon=
|MaternalAuntsDaughter=
|MaternalUnclesSon=
|MaternalUnclesDaughter=
|HusbandSon=
|HusbandDaughter=
|WifeSon=
|WifeDaughter=
|TwinSisterNiece=
|TwinSisterNephew=
|LittleSisterNiece=
|LittleSisterNephew=
|BigSisterNiece=
|BigSisterNephew=
|TwinBrotherNiece=
|TwinBrotherNephew=
|LittleBrotherNiece=
|LittleBrotherNephew=
|BigBrotherNiece=
|BigBrotherNephew=
}}
 
{{Kinship/ExtendedCore
|PaternalSecondWife=
|Father=
|Mother=
|MaternalSecondHusband=
|PaternalHalfBrother=
|PaternalHalfSister=
|Sister=
|Self=
|Brother=
|MaternalHalfBrother=
|MaternalHalfSister=
}}
 
===Derivation===
===To Noun===
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan=4 | To noun
|-
! colspan=4 | From Verb
|-
! rowspan=2 | Suffix
! rowspan=2 | Meaning
! colspan=2 rowspan=1 | Transformation
|-
! Source
! Target
|-
|
| Place of action
| Verb
| Noun
|-
| -ššw
| Agentative
| Verb
| Noun
|-
| -ss
| Patientative
| Verb
| Noun
|-
|
| Part of
| Verb
| Noun
|-
| -
| Time when or place<br /> where done happen
| Verb
| Noun
|-
|
| Substance used to do
| Verb
| Noun
|-
|
| Abstract
| Verb
| Noun
|-
|
| Abstraction of<br />opposite action
| Verb
| Noun
|-
|
| Instrumental Used to do verb
| Verb
| Noun
|-
|
|
| Verb
| Noun
|-
! colspan=4 | From Adjective
|-
! rowspan=2 | Suffix
! rowspan=2 | Meaning
! colspan=2 rowspan=1 | Transformation
|-
! Source
! Target
|-
|
| Quality of
| Adj
| Noun
|-
|
| Usually has it
| Adj
| Noun
|-
|
|
| Adj
| Noun
|-
! colspan=4 | From Noun
|-
! rowspan=2 | Suffix
! rowspan=2 | Meaning
! colspan=2 rowspan=1 | Transformation
|-
! Source
! Target
|-
|
| Part of
| Noun
| Noun
|-
|
| Decended of, child of
| Noun
| Noun
|-
| -ŋ
| living thing
| Noun
| Noun
|-
| -nn
| Female of
| Noun
| Noun
|-
| -mm
| Male of
| Noun
| Noun
|-
| -tjidw
| Dominion of, domain of
| Noun
| Noun
|-
|
| Abtraction of
| Noun
| Noun
|-
|
| Language of
| Verb
| Noun
|-
| -nits
| Producer of
| Noun
| Noun
|-
|
|
| Noun
| Noun
|-
|
|
| Noun
| Noun
|-
|
|
| Noun
| Noun
|}
 
===To Adjective===
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan=4 | To Adjective
|-
! colspan=4 | From Verb
|-
! rowspan=2 | Suffix
! rowspan=2 | Meaning
! colspan=2 rowspan=1 | Transformation
|-
! Source
! Target
|-
| -(ii)ss
| property of agent
| Verb
| Adj
|-
| -(ü)m
| Property of Patient
| Verb
| Adj
|-
|
| able to
| Verb
| Adj
|-
|
| Related to
| Verb
| Adj
|-
| -lo
| for the purpose of
| Verb
| Adj
|-
| -lë
| not for the purpose of
| Verb
| Adj
|-
! colspan=4 | From Adjective
|-
! rowspan=2 | Suffix
! rowspan=2 | Meaning
! colspan=2 rowspan=1 | Transformation
|-
! Source
! Target
|-
| -yymj
| opposite of
| Adj
| Adj
|-
|
| Diminutive
| Adj
| Adj
|-
|
| Augmentative
| Adj
| Adj
|-
|
|
|Adj
|Adj
|-
! colspan=4 | From Noun
|-
! rowspan=2 | Suffix
! rowspan=2 | Meaning
! colspan=2 rowspan=1 | Transformation
|-
! Source
! Target
|-
|
| Similar to
| Noun
| Adj
|-
|
| Lacking of
| Noun
| Adj
|-
|
| Related to
| Noun
| Adj
|-
| -ukwla
| Quality of
| Noun
| Adj
|-
|
|
|Noun
|Adj
|}
 
===To Verb===
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan=4 | To Verb
|-
! colspan=4 | From Verb
|-
! rowspan=2 | Suffix
! rowspan=2 | Meaning
! colspan=2 rowspan=1 | Transformation
|-
! Source
! Target
|-
|
| to undo
| Verb
| Verb
|-
|
| Opposite/Reverse Action
| Verb
| Verb
|-
| -omm
| to redo
| Verb
| Verb
|-
|
| Frequentative
| Verb
| Verb
|-
|
| Subject/Object switch
| Verb
| Verb
|-
|
| Consequence of
| Verb
| Verb
|-
|
| Momentane
| Verb
| Verb
|-
|
| Mutual action
| Verb
| Verb
|-
|
|
|Verb
|Verb
|-
! colspan=4 | From Adjective
|-
! rowspan=2 | Meaning
! rowspan=2 | Meaning
! colspan=2 rowspan=1 | Transformation
|-
! Source
! Target
|-
|
|
| Adj
| Verb
|-
! colspan=4 | From Noun
|-
! rowspan=2 | Suffix
! rowspan=2 | Meaning
! colspan=2 rowspan=1 | Transformation
|-
! Source
! Target
|-
|
| Making or creating<br />or causing noun<br />A/P-s
| Noun
| Verb
|-
|
|
|Noun
|Verb
|}
==Numbers==
:{| {{style|center}}
! rowspan=2 | Number
! colspan=2 | Cardinal
! colspan=2 | Ordinal
! colspan=2 | Fractal
! colspan=2 | Collective
! colspan=2 | Distributive
! colspan=2 | Multiple
! colspan=2 | Additional
! colspan=2 | Subtractal
! colspan=2 | Power
! colspan=2 | Root
|-
! English
! Umbrean
! English
! Umbrean
! English
! Umbrean
! English
! Umbrean
! English
! Umbrean
! English
! Umbrean
! English
! Umbrean
! English
! Umbrean
! English
! Umbrean
! English
! Umbrean
|-
! 0
| Zero || Osŋ
| Zeroth ||
| One Zeroth ||
| All Zero ||
| Zero ||
|-
! 1
| One || Iž
| First ||
| Whole ||
| All One ||
| One ||
|-
! 2
| Two || Ëëzw
| Second ||
| Half ||
| All Two ||
|Two ||
|-
! 3
| Three || Yvv
| Third ||
| One Third ||
| All Three ||
|Three ||
|-
! 4
| Four || ets
| Fourth ||
| One Fourth ||
|Four ||
|-
! 5
| Five || ellts
| Fifth ||
| One Fifth ||
|Five ||
|-
! 6
| Six || atsm
| Sixth ||
| One Sixth ||
|Six ||
|-
! 7
| Seven || ydj
| Seventh ||
| One Seventh ||
|Seven ||
|-
! 8
| Eight || dël
| Eighth ||
| One Eighth ||
|Eight ||
|-
! 9
| Nine || atlit
| Nineth ||
| One Nineth ||
|Nine ||
|-
! 10
| Ten || ekkim
| Tenth ||
| One Tenth ||
|Ten ||
|-
! 11
| Eleven || slletw
| Eleventh ||
| One Eleventh ||
| Eleven ||
|}
 
:{| {{style|center}}
! colspan=22 | 12 potens
|-
! rowspan=2 | Potense
! rowspan=2 | 12^x
! colspan=2 | Cardinal
! colspan=2 | Ordinal
! colspan=2 | Fractal
! colspan=2 | Collective
! colspan=2 | Distributive
! colspan=2 | Multiple
! colspan=2 | Additional
! colspan=2 | Subtractal
! colspan=2 | Power
! colspan=2 | Root
|-
! Suffix
! Word
! Suffix
! Word
! Suffix
! Word
! Suffix
! Word
! Suffix
! Word
! Suffix
! Word
! Suffix
! Word
! Suffix
! Word
! Suffix
! Word
! Suffix
! Word
|-
| 1
| 12 (10)
| -üt / -tl
| ütl
|-
| 2
| 144 (100)
|
|
|-
| 4
| 20736 (10000)
|
|
|-
| 8
| 429981696 (100000000)
|
|
|}
Numbers in umbrean has to agree by gender to the noun and changes wether it is ordinal, cardinal, fractal or multiple
*Cardinal: Normal number, One, Two, Three, Four, Five
*Ordinal: in order, First, Second, Third, Fourth, Fifth
*Fractal: Division, Half, One third, One fourth, one fifth
*Multiple: Multiple of a number, Twice, Trice, Four times, Five times
*Additional: Plus it. Plus one, plus two, plus three, plus four, plus five
*Subtractional: Minus it, Minus one, minus two, minus three, minus four, minus five
*Collective: Counting as a single unit, All four, All five
*Distributive: Singly, Twicly, answers "how many at a time?)
*Power: to the nth power
*Root: the nth root of something
 
===Rational Numbers===
To express a rational like "Two and two thirds" one would do this for the general "n and p q's" (n+p/q)
 
:{| {{style|center}}
! colspan=3 | n and p q's
|-
! n + 1
! p
! q
|-
| Ordinal
| Multiple
| Fractal
|}
 
==Compound words==
 
Compound words are formed by taking the original stem, lacking grammatical genders, conjugations or declensions.
 
Umbrean has a fondness of {{lg|Portmanteau}} in compounding.
 
{| {{style|center}})
! Class
! Structure
|-
! Verb-Verb
| Modifying-Head
|-
! Noun-Verb
| Object-Verb
|-
! Noun-Noun
| Modifying-Head
|-
! Adjective-Noun
|
|-
! Postposition-Verb
|
|}
 
{| {{style|center}})
! Type
! English
! Umbrean
! Parts
|-
! Verb-Verb
|
|
|
|-
! Noun-Verb
|
|
|
|-
! Adjective-Noun
|
|
|
|-
! Postposition-Verb
|
|
|
|}
 
==Word Classes==
While english division here is shown the umbrean language divides its own words a bit differently
*Nouns ()
**Items, objects, concepts and ideas
*Adjectives ()
**
==Sentence Order==
{| {{style|center}}
! colspan=6 | Intransitive
|-
| colspan=2 | '''Noun'''<br>Phrase
| rowspan=2 | '''Postpositional'''<br>Phrase
| rowspan=2 | '''Supine'''<br>Phrase
| rowspan=2 colspan=2 | '''Verb'''<br>phrase
|-
| colspan=2 | {{blue|'''Intransitive'''}}<br>case
|-
! colspan=6 | Transitive
|-
| colspan=1 | '''Noun'''<br>Phrase
| colspan=1 | '''Noun'''<br>Phrase
| rowspan=2 | '''Postpositional'''<br>Phrase
| rowspan=2 | '''Supine'''<br>Phrase
| rowspan=2 colspan=2 | '''Verb'''<br>phrase
|-
| colspan=1 | {{Green|'''Ergative'''}}<br>case
| colspan=1 | {{red|'''Accusative'''}}<br>case
|-
! colspan=6 | Ditransitive
|-
| colspan=1 | '''Noun'''<br>Phrase
| colspan=1 | '''Noun'''<br>Phrase
| rowspan=2 | '''Postpositional'''<br>Phrase
| rowspan=2 | '''Supine'''<br>Phrase
| rowspan=2 | '''Verb'''<br>phrase
| colspan=1 | '''Noun'''<br>Phrase
|-
| colspan=1 | {{Green|'''Ergative'''}}<br>case
| colspan=1 | {{red|'''Accusative'''}}<br>case
| colspan=1 | {{purple|'''Postpositional'''}}<br>case
|}
 
 
{| {{style|center}}
! colspan=6 | Noun Phrase
|-
| Postpositional<br>Clause
| Number
| Determiner
| Adjective
| Relative<br>Clause
| Noun
|- style="border-top:2px solid;"
| colspan=1 | '''Noun'''<br>Phrase
| colspan=1 | '''Noun'''<br>Phrase
| rowspan=2 | '''Postpositional'''<br>Phrase
| rowspan=2 | '''Supine'''<br>Phrase
| rowspan=2 | '''Verb'''<sub>gerund</sub>
| colspan=1 | '''Noun'''<br>Phrase
|-
| colspan=1 | {{Green|'''Ergative'''}}<br>case
| colspan=1 | {{red|'''Accusative'''}}<br>case
| colspan=1 | {{purple|'''Postpositional'''}}<br>case
|- style="border-top:2px solid;"
| colspan=6 | Infinitive
|}
 
 
{| {{style|center}}
! colspan=6 | Relative Phrase
|-
| colspan=1 | '''Noun'''<br>Phrase
| colspan=1 | '''Noun'''<br>Phrase
| rowspan=2 | '''Postpositional'''<br>Phrase
| rowspan=2 | '''Supine'''<br>Phrase
| rowspan=2 | '''Verb'''<sub>participle</sub>
| colspan=1 | '''Noun'''<br>Phrase
|-
| colspan=1 | {{Green|'''Ergative'''}}<br>case
| colspan=1 | {{red|'''Accusative'''}}<br>case
| colspan=1 | {{purple|'''Postpositional'''}}<br>case
|}
 
 
 
{| {{style|center}}
! colspan=2 | Postpositional <br> Phrase
|-
|-
! 5
| Noun <br> Phrase
| -l
| Postpostition
| -lts
| -lǧw
| -lv
|}
|}


<sup>L</sup>:These forms the sound is geminized.


===Participle===
===Gerund===
===Supine===
===Modal Forms===
===Nominalization===
===Ditransitive Verbs===
==Nouns==
===Declension===
===Possession===
==Adjective==
===Declension===
===Predicate===
==Postposition==
==Pro-Forms==
==Personal Pronouns==
==Modality==
==Dictionary==
[[Category: Umbrean]]
[[Category: Umbrean]]
[[Category:Languages]]
Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/1842...227172"