Umbrean: Difference between revisions
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''Negation'': | ''Negation'': | ||
Negation is done though the VAT vowel, it changes from the +, positive or affirmative coloumn, to the -, negative or negation coloumn of the same sort along with agreeing like the vowel normally is. | Negation is done though the VAT vowel, it changes from the +, positive or affirmative coloumn, to the -, negative or negation coloumn of the same sort along with agreeing like the vowel normally is, along with a suffix prior to it. -ŋ- prior to the VAT vowel, unless the final consonant prior is plosive velar, k or g, in which it is -m- instead. | ||
:{| {{style|center}} | :{| {{style|center}} | ||
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And thirdly they are used to modify the verb in the phrase. | And thirdly they are used to modify the verb in the phrase. | ||
To get the subject or object back into the clause one | To get the subject or object back into the clause one simply puts the noun infront of the participle in postpositional case, similar to "The '''man''' eating woman". | ||
Active voice cannot be used in participles. | Active voice cannot be used in participles. | ||
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''See [[Umbrean/Examples#Gerund|Examples]]'' | ''See [[Umbrean/Examples#Gerund|Examples]]'' | ||
===Infinitives=== | |||
===Modal Forms=== | ===Modal Forms=== | ||
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| y-uu-o | | y-uu-o | ||
|} | |} | ||
''See [[Umbrean/Examples#Declension|Examples]]'' | |||
===Possession=== | ===Possession=== | ||
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Inalienable possession refer to possession that is static through time, your arm will always be your arm, parents will always be parents even if disowned. In this case both are in indefiniate state but the same case. | Inalienable possession refer to possession that is static through time, your arm will always be your arm, parents will always be parents even if disowned. In this case both are in indefiniate state but the same case. | ||
In both cases the possessed comes | In both cases the possessed comes after the possessor in the word order. | ||
''See [[Umbrean/Examples#Possession|Examples]]'' | |||
==Adjective== | ==Adjective== | ||
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|} | |} | ||
''See [[Umbrean/Examples#Adjective|Examples]]'' | |||
===Predicate=== | ===Predicate=== | ||
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! colspan=11 | Demonstrative Determiner | ! colspan=11 | Demonstrative Determiner | ||
|- style="border-top:2px solid;" | |- style="border-top:2px solid;" | ||
! colspan=11 | {{red|mag}} - {{green|liv}} - {{purple|art}} - {{blue|non}} | ! colspan=11 | {{red|mag}} - {{green|liv}} - {{purple|art}} - {{blue|non}} <br> {{yellow|mag - liv}} - {{cyan|art - non}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan=1 | Case↓ | ! colspan=1 | Case↓ | ||
! colspan= | ! colspan=3 | This | ||
! colspan= | ! colspan=3 | That | ||
! colspan= | ! colspan=3 | Yon | ||
|- | |||
! Sg. | |||
! Pc. | |||
! Pl. | |||
! Sg. | |||
! Pc. | |||
! Pl. | |||
! Sg. | |||
! Pc. | |||
! Pl. | |||
|- | |- | ||
! Int | ! Int | ||
<!-- This --> | <!-- This --> | ||
| {{red|tlet}} <br> {{green|tlež}} <br> {{purple|tlezj}} <br> {{blue|tledj}} | | {{red|tlet}} <br> {{green|tlež}} <br> {{purple|tlezj}} <br> {{blue|tledj}} | ||
| {{yellow|tljëv}} <br> {{cyan|tlwëv}} | |||
| tliizz | |||
| {{red|zzliit}} <br> {{green|zzliž}} <br> {{purple|zzliizj}} <br> {{blue|zzliidj}} | | {{red|zzliit}} <br> {{green|zzliž}} <br> {{purple|zzliizj}} <br> {{blue|zzliidj}} | ||
| {{red|tslyt}} <br> {{green|tslyž}} <br> {{purple|tslyzj}} <br> {{blue|tslydj}} | | {{red|tslyt}} <br> {{green|tslyž}} <br> {{purple|tslyzj}} <br> {{blue|tslydj}} | ||
Line 2,224: | Line 2,226: | ||
! Erg | ! Erg | ||
| {{red|tletsw}} <br> {{green|tležžw}} <br> {{purple|tlezzw}} <br> {{blue|tledzw}} | | {{red|tletsw}} <br> {{green|tležžw}} <br> {{purple|tlezzw}} <br> {{blue|tledzw}} | ||
| {{yellow|tljëz}} <br> {{cyan|tlwëz}} | |||
| tliizw | |||
| {{red|zzliitsw}} <br> {{green|zzliižžw}} <br> {{purple|zzliizzw}} <br> {{blue|zzliidzw}} | | {{red|zzliitsw}} <br> {{green|zzliižžw}} <br> {{purple|zzliizzw}} <br> {{blue|zzliidzw}} | ||
| {{red|tslytsw}} <br> {{green|tslyžžw}} <br> {{purple|tslyzzw}} <br> {{blue|tslydzw}} | | {{red|tslytsw}} <br> {{green|tslyžžw}} <br> {{purple|tslyzzw}} <br> {{blue|tslydzw}} | ||
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! Acc | ! Acc | ||
| {{red|tlesn}} <br> {{green|tležwn}} <br> {{purple|tlezjn}} <br> {{blue|tlezn}} | | {{red|tlesn}} <br> {{green|tležwn}} <br> {{purple|tlezjn}} <br> {{blue|tlezn}} | ||
| {{yellow|tljëvm}} <br> {{cyan|tlwëvm}} | |||
| tliizn | |||
| {{red|zzliisn}} <br> {{green|zzliižwn}} <br> {{purple|zzliizjn}} <br> {{blue|zzliizn}} | | {{red|zzliisn}} <br> {{green|zzliižwn}} <br> {{purple|zzliizjn}} <br> {{blue|zzliizn}} | ||
| {{red|tslysn}} <br> {{green|tslyžwn}} <br> {{purple|tslyzjn}} <br> {{blue|tslyzn}} | | {{red|tslysn}} <br> {{green|tslyžwn}} <br> {{purple|tslyzjn}} <br> {{blue|tslyzn}} | ||
Line 2,234: | Line 2,240: | ||
! Pst | ! Pst | ||
| {{red|tletsw}} <br> {{green|tledžw}} <br> {{purple|tledzw}} <br> {{blue|tledzw}} | | {{red|tletsw}} <br> {{green|tledžw}} <br> {{purple|tledzw}} <br> {{blue|tledzw}} | ||
| {{yellow|tljëdw}} <br> {{cyan|tlwëdw}} | |||
| tliidz | |||
| {{red|zzliitsw}} <br> {{green|zzliidžw}} <br> {{purple|zzliidzw}} <br> {{blue|zzliidzw}} | | {{red|zzliitsw}} <br> {{green|zzliidžw}} <br> {{purple|zzliidzw}} <br> {{blue|zzliidzw}} | ||
| {{red|tslytsw}} <br> {{green|tslydžw}} <br> {{purple|tslydzw}} <br> {{blue|tslydzw}} | | {{red|tslytsw}} <br> {{green|tslydžw}} <br> {{purple|tslydzw}} <br> {{blue|tslydzw}} | ||
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====Compound demonstratives==== | ====Compound demonstratives==== | ||
There exist also compound demonstratives, they are composed of demonstrative pronoun + postposition. Key thing to remember is that the demonstrative pronoun takes the gender of the noun it acts upon, wether determiner or pronoun, and the postposition takes the same gender, but the demonstrative pronoun takes the neccisery case marking of the postposition | There exist also compound demonstratives, they are composed of demonstrative pronoun + postposition. Key thing to remember is that the demonstrative pronoun takes the gender of the noun it acts upon, wether determiner or pronoun, and the postposition takes the same gender, but the demonstrative pronoun takes the neccisery case marking of the postposition | ||
{| {{style|center}} | {| {{style|center}} | ||
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| Demonstrative<br>Pronoun | | Demonstrative<br>Pronoun | ||
| Postposition | | Postposition | ||
|} | |} | ||
This only expands the determiners and not the pronouns except a few handful cases | |||
''See [[Umbrean/Examples#Compound Demonstratives|Examples]]'' | |||
| | |||
===Gender mixture=== | ===Gender mixture=== | ||
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| tšwat || tšwlat | | tšwat || tšwlat | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan=" | ! rowspan="10"|3rd | ||
!style="font-size: x-small;" rowspan= | !style="font-size: x-small;" rowspan=5| Object | ||
!style="font-size: x-small;"| Animal | |||
|- | |||
!style="font-size: x-small;"| Magical | !style="font-size: x-small;"| Magical | ||
| tsjaš | | tsjaš | ||
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| džwazd || džwlazd | | džwazd || džwlazd | ||
|- | |- | ||
!style="font-size: x-small;" rowspan= | !style="font-size: x-small;" rowspan=4|Person | ||
!style="font-size: x-small;" colspan=1|General | !style="font-size: x-small;" colspan=1|General | ||
| ŋŋo | | ŋŋo | ||
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| miit || mliit | | miit || mliit | ||
| mmat || mlat | | mmat || mlat | ||
|- | |||
!style="font-size: x-small;" colspan=1| Sick one | |||
|- | |- | ||
!style="font-size: x-small;" colspan=2|General | !style="font-size: x-small;" colspan=2|General | ||
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|} | |} | ||
{| {{style|center}} | |||
! colspan=2 | First person inclusive dual | |||
|- | |||
! Case | |||
! Pro-noun | |||
|- | |||
! Int | |||
|- | |||
! Erg | |||
|- | |||
! Acc | |||
|- | |||
! Pst | |||
|} | |||
abdefgǧhijklmnŋñoprsštstuvyzžüëö | abdefgǧhijklmnŋñoprsštstuvyzžüëö | ||
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! Likely | ! Likely | ||
<!-- Condition --> | <!-- Condition --> | ||
| | | Causum | ||
| Indicative | | Indicative | ||
| Base | | Base | ||
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| Abilative | | Abilative | ||
<!-- Result--> | <!-- Result--> | ||
| | | Futurm Consequenta | ||
| Subjunctive | | Subjunctive | ||
| Hypothetical | | Hypothetical | ||
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| Base | | Base | ||
<!-- Result--> | <!-- Result--> | ||
| | | Consequentum | ||
| Subjunctive | | Subjunctive | ||
| Hypothetical | | Hypothetical | ||
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This is achived by putting the noun into intransitive construction state with the proper number vowel and then use it as an ordinary verb. | This is achived by putting the noun into intransitive construction state with the proper number vowel and then use it as an ordinary verb. | ||
Adjectives for noun predicates, "''He is a '''green''' dog''", is used like an adjective predicate present adverbial participle. | |||
Relative clause for noun predicates, "''He is the man '''that I saw yesterday'''''", is used adverbial participle. | |||
''See [[Umbrean/Examples#Noun Copula|Examples]]'' | ''See [[Umbrean/Examples#Noun Copula|Examples]]'' | ||
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==Question== | ==Question== | ||
===Polarity questions=== | |||
Polarity | |||
===Content Question=== | |||
Questions are formed by inverting the position of the Agent and the Object if its transitive, otherwise it remains the same with the Subject. The question word and particles does the rest to signify it is a question. | Questions are formed by inverting the position of the Agent and the Object if its transitive, otherwise it remains the same with the Subject. The question word and particles does the rest to signify it is a question. | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Right | ! Right | ||
| {{ | | {{term|Pjodwia}} | ||
| {{ | | {{term|Amodwia}} | ||
| {{ | | {{term|Migna}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Left | ! Left | ||
| {{ | | {{term|Bjana}} | ||
| {{ | | {{term|Bjuma}} | ||
| {{ | | {{term|Bfignina}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Up | ! Up | ||
| {{ | | {{term|}} | ||
| {{ | | {{term|}} | ||
| {{ | | {{term|}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Down | ! Down | ||
| {{ | | {{term|}} | ||
| {{ | | {{term|}} | ||
| {{ | | {{term|}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Forward | ! Forward | ||
| {{ | | {{term|}} | ||
| {{ | | {{term|}} | ||
| {{ | | {{term|}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Backward | ! Backward | ||
| {{ | | {{term|}} | ||
| {{ | | {{term|}} | ||
| {{ | | {{term|}} | ||
|} | |} | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| - | | - | ||
| Time when | | Time when or place<br /> where done happen | ||
| Verb | | Verb | ||
| Noun | | Noun | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| Used to do verb | | Instrumental Used to do verb | ||
| Verb | | Verb | ||
| Noun | | Noun | ||
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| | | | ||
| Part of | | Part of | ||
| | | Noun | ||
| Noun | | Noun | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| Noun | | Noun | ||
|- | |- | ||
| - | | -ŋ | ||
| living thing | | living thing | ||
| Noun | | Noun | ||
| Noun | | Noun | ||
|- | |- | ||
| - | | -nn | ||
| Female of | | Female of | ||
| Noun | | Noun | ||
| Noun | | Noun | ||
|- | |- | ||
| - | | -mm | ||
| Male of | | Male of | ||
| Noun | | Noun | ||
| Noun | | Noun | ||
|- | |- | ||
| - | | -tjidw | ||
| Dominion of, domain of | | Dominion of, domain of | ||
| Noun | | Noun | ||
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| Language of | | Language of | ||
| Verb | | Verb | ||
| Noun | |||
|- | |||
| -nits | |||
| Producer of | |||
| Noun | |||
| Noun | |||
|- | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| Noun | |||
| Noun | |||
|- | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| Noun | |||
| Noun | | Noun | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| Adj | | Adj | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | -lo | ||
| | | for the purpose of | ||
| Verb | |||
| Adj | |||
|- | |||
| -lë | |||
| not for the purpose of | |||
| Verb | | Verb | ||
| Adj | | Adj | ||
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[[Category: Umbrean]] | [[Category: Umbrean]] | ||
[[Category:Languages]] |
Latest revision as of 13:55, 26 April 2021
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Umbrean Ömjytsia | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Type | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Fusional | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Alignment | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Tripartite | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Head direction | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Initial | Mixed | Final | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Primary word order | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Subject-object-verb | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Tonal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
No | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Declensions | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Conjugations | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Genders | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
4 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Nouns decline according to... | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Case | Number | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Definiteness | Gender | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Verbs conjugate according to... | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Voice | Mood | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Person | Number | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Tense | Aspect |
History
Fantasy History
Acctual history
Phonology
Consonants
Bilabial | Labiode. | Dental | Alveol. | Postalve. | Retrofl. | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Pharyn. | Epiglot. | Glottal | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
S. | L. | S. | L. | S. | L. | S. | L. | S. | L. | S. | L. | S. | L. | S. | L. | S. | L. | S. | L. | S. | L. | S. | L. | |||
Plosive | Unvoiced | Plain | p (p) |
p: (pp) |
t (t) |
t: (tt) |
k (k) |
k: (kk) |
||||||||||||||||||
Lab. | tw (tw) |
tw: (ttw) |
kw (kw) |
kw: (kkw) |
||||||||||||||||||||||
Plat. | pj (pj) |
tj (tj) |
tj: (ttj) |
kj (kj) |
kj: (kkj) |
|||||||||||||||||||||
Lab-Pal | tɥ (tjw,twj) |
tɥ: (ttjw,ttwj) |
kɥ (kj) |
kɥ: (kkj) |
||||||||||||||||||||||
Voiced | Plain | b (b) |
b: (bb) |
d (d) |
d: (dd) |
g (g) |
g: (gg) |
|||||||||||||||||||
Lab. | bw (bw) |
dw (dw) |
dw: (ddw) |
gw (gw) |
gw: (ggw) |
|||||||||||||||||||||
Plat. | dj (dj) |
dj: (ddj) |
gj (gg) |
gj: (ggj) |
||||||||||||||||||||||
Lab-Pal | dɥ (dwj, djw) |
dɥ: (ddwj, ddjw) |
gɥ (gwj,gjw) |
gɥ: (ggwj,ggjw) |
||||||||||||||||||||||
Affricative | Unvoiced | Plain | t͡s (ts) |
t͡ʃ (tš) |
||||||||||||||||||||||
Lab. | t͡sw (tsw) |
t͡ʃw (tšw) |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
Plat. | t͡sj (tsj) |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lab-Pal | t͡sɥ (tsjw,tswj) |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||
Voiced | Plain | d͡z (dz) |
d͡ʒ (dž) |
|||||||||||||||||||||||
Lab. | d͡z w (dzw) |
d͡ʒ w (džw) |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
Plat. | d͡zj (dzj) |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lab-Pal | d͡zɥ (dzjw,dzwj) |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||
Fricative | Unvoiced | Plain | f (f) |
f: (ff) |
s (s) |
s: (ss) |
ʃ (š) |
ʃ: (šš) |
x (ǧ) |
x: (ǧǧ) |
||||||||||||||||
Lab. | sw (sw) |
sw: (ssw) |
ʃw (šw) |
ʃw: (ššw) |
xw (ǧw) |
|||||||||||||||||||||
Plat. | fj (fj) |
fj: (ffj) |
sj (sj) |
sj: (ssj) |
||||||||||||||||||||||
Lab-Pal | sɥ (swj,sjw) |
sɥ: (ssjw,sswj) |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
Voiced | Plain | v (v) |
v: (vv) |
z (z) |
z: (zz) |
ʒ (žž) |
ʒ: (žž) |
ɣ (ǧ) |
ɣ: (ǧǧ) |
|||||||||||||||||
Lab. | zw (zw) |
zw: (zw) |
ʒw (žw) |
ʒw: (žžw) |
ɣw (ǧw) |
|||||||||||||||||||||
Plat. | vj (vj) |
vj: (vvj) |
zj (zj) |
zj: (zzj) |
||||||||||||||||||||||
Lab-Pal | zɥ (zwj,zjw) |
zɥ: (zzjw,zzwj) |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
Nasal | Plain | m (m) |
m: (mm) |
n (n) |
n: (nn) |
ŋ (ŋ) |
ŋ: (ŋŋ) |
|||||||||||||||||||
Lab. | nw (n) |
ŋw (ŋw) |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
Plat. | mj (mj) |
ŋj (ŋj) |
ŋj: (ŋŋj) |
|||||||||||||||||||||||
Glides | Lateral Appr. | Plain | l (l) |
l: (ll) |
||||||||||||||||||||||
Lab. | lw (lw) |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||
Plat. | lj (lj) |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lab-Pal | lɥ (lwj,ljw) |
Vowels
Front | Near front | Central | Near back | Back | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Close | i (i) | y (y) | ɨ (i) | ʉ (u) | u (ü) | |||
Near-close | e (e) | |||||||
Close-mid | ɛ (ë) | ɵ (ö) | o (o) | |||||
Mid | ||||||||
Open-mid | ɛ (ë) | œ (ö) | o (ɔ) | |||||
Near-open | ||||||||
Open | a (a) | ɑ (a) | ɒ(a) |
Pitch-Accent
Primary stress[*] is realised with an increase in the pitch[*], while secondary stress has a decrease in the pitch.
Primary and secondary stress are both predictable accoridng to these rules and Primary stress always goes before secondary, that is if primary stress and secondary stress were to overlap the primary stress will be the one that is realised.
Primary
- Monosyllabic
- Ultima - Consonant ending
- Penult - Vowel Ending
Secondary
- First - Consonant begining
- Second - Vowel begining
- Ultima - Vowel Ending
1 Syllable Pitch High Normal Low Syllable 1
2 Syllables
C- -CPitch High Normal Low Syllable 1 2 2 Syllables
V- -CPitch High Normal Low Syllable 1 2 2 Syllables
C- -VPitch High Normal Low Syllable 1 2 2 Syllables
V- -VPitch High Normal Low Syllable 1 2 3 Syllables
C- -CPitch High Normal Low Syllable 1 2 3 3 Syllables
V- -CPitch High Normal Low Syllable 1 2 3 3 Syllables
C- -VPitch High Normal Low Syllable 1 2 3 3 Syllables
V- -VPitch High Normal Low Syllable 1 2 3 4 Syllables
C- -CPitch High Normal Low Syllable 1 2 3 4 4 Syllables
V- -CPitch High Normal Low Syllable 1 2 3 4 4 Syllables
C- -VPitch High Normal Low Syllable 1 2 3 4 4 Syllables
V- -VPitch High Normal Low Syllable 1 2 3 4 n>4 Syllables
C- -CPitch High Normal Low Syllable 1 2 3->n-2 n-1 n n>4 Syllables
V- -CPitch High Normal Low Syllable 1 2 3->n-2 n-1 n n>4 Syllables
C- -VPitch High Normal Low Syllable 1 2 3->n-2 n-1 n n>4 Syllables
V- -VPitch High Normal Low Syllable 1 2 3->n-2 n-1 n Phonotactics
The syllable structure is decently complex where the onset[*], the consonants prior to the vowel, and the coda[*], consonants after the vowel, both can take two consonants. The onset and coda acts both independed of each other and can take the following forms.
Syllable Structure General C C V C C Possible Onset Core Coda Initial Vowel Final Consonant Vowel Consonant Nasal Affricative Vowel Nasal Nasal Nasal Fricative Vowel Affricative Nasal - n Nasal Nasal Vowel Plosive Fricative Nasal Plosive Vowel Plosive Plosive Affricative Nasal Vowel Fricative Fricative Plosive Nasal Vowel Fricative Nasal Plosive Fricative Vowel Fricative Lateral Plosive Plosive Vowel Lateral Fricative Fricative Fricative Vowel Latera Affricative Fricative Plosive Vowel Affricative Lateral Plosive Lateral Vowel Nasal Lateral Fricative Lateral Vowel Plosive Lateral Affricative Lateral Vowel Affricative Fricative Nasal Lateral Vowel Affricative Plosive Lateral Nasal Vowel Affricative Fricative Vowel Verbs
For more information on Verbs see Umbrean/Verbs
Conjugation
Perfective Retrospective Prospective Inceptive Continuative Pausative Terminative Genericative Past Aortis Historal Causum Consequentum Past Initio Ingressus Finitum Plerum Present — Causum Initio Present Pausa Future Futurum Futurum Consequenta Futurum Initio Initio Futurum Termius
The umbrean verbs are conjugated for tense, aspect, mood and voice mainly. There is a residual conjugation for person and the grammatical gender of items but much of it has been lost. The conjugation is done by a primary vowel first followed by some sounds. The primary vowel is depended on which tense, mood and which gender and or person of the subject, agent or object noun is, which of the three depends on the verb.. The vowel comes in three classes, First, Second and Third kind. The vowel table tells which vowel is used while the Voice-Aspect-Tense, VAT, table tells which set to use on which VAT combination along with the remaining sounds around.
Negation:Negation is done though the VAT vowel, it changes from the +, positive or affirmative coloumn, to the -, negative or negation coloumn of the same sort along with agreeing like the vowel normally is, along with a suffix prior to it. -ŋ- prior to the VAT vowel, unless the final consonant prior is plosive velar, k or g, in which it is -m- instead.
Vowels Indicative Optative Subjunctive V1 V2 V3 V1 V2 V3 V1 V2 V3 Person + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - First -ë -ö -oo -e -u -ö -yy -ë -e -ö -e -u -i -u -aa -u -i -öö Second -ëë -ii -uu -a -ë Third Liv -üü -ö -e -y -ö -i Art -ii -e -ii -üü -e -üü -öö Non -o -a -aa -ö Mag -u -aa -ëë -aa -ëë -ë
Perfective Prospective Retrospective Inceptive Continuative Pausative Terminative Genericative Active Past -V1ssw
(Aortis)-V2v
(Historal Causum)-V1mjël
(Consequentum)-V3b
(Past Initio)-V1tsjm
(Ingressus)-V1kws
(Finitum)-V2lwm
(Plerum)Present — -V1zw
(Causum)-V2ll
(Initio)-V1
(Present)-V2s
(Pausa)Future -V2ŋŋl
(Futurum)-V3tswf
(Futurum Consequenta)-V1sn
(Futurum Initio)-V2ll
(Initio)V3tj
(Futurum Termius)Perfective Retrospective Prospective Inceptive Continuative Pausative Terminative Genericative Anti-
PassivePast -V1zvj
(Aortis)-V1vv
(Historal Causum)-V2muf
(Consequentum)-V1tff
(Past Initio)-V1ffm
(Ingressus)-V3kwf
(Finitum)-V2lm
(Plerum)Present — -V3ssf
(Causum)-V2llf
(Initio)-V2ts
(Present)-V1f
(Pausa)Future -V1fŋ
(Futurum)-V3tsfj
(Futurum Consequenta)-V1fn
(Futurum Initio)-V2llf
(Initio)-V2twf
(Futurum Termius)Perfective Retrospective Prospective Inceptive Continuative Pausative Terminative Genericative Passive Past -V1ššw
(Aortis)-V2vž
(Historal Causum)-V2müš
(Consequentum)-V1tš
(Past Initio)-V3tšm
(Ingressus)-V3kwš
(Finitum)-V2leeš
(Plerum)Present — -V3žž
(Causum)-V2šl
(Initio)-V1šš
(Present)-V2š
(Pausa)Future -V2šŋ
(Futurum)-V3tšf
(Futurum Consequenta)-V1šn
(Futurum Initio)-V2šl
(Initio)-V2džw
(Futurum Termius)Perfective Retrospective Prospective Inceptive Continuative Pausative Terminative Genericative Circumstantial Past -V3ǧw
(Aortis)-V1 vvn
(Historal Causum)-V1dwamj
(Consequentum)-V2tǧ
(Past Initio)-V2tff
(Ingressus)-V3tswëm
(Finitum)-V1ljë
(Plerum)Present — -V1ssǧ
(Causum)-V2ǧl
(Initio)-V1m
(Present)-V2nn
(Pausa)Future -V2ǧm
(Futurum)-V3tšǧ
(Futurum Consequenta)-V2šn
(Futurum Initio)-V2ǧl
(Initio)-V1džm
(Futurum Termius)
See Verb Examples
Mood
The mood is conjugated on the VAT vowel, the front where a prefix is placed depending on the mood and a suffix prior to the VAT vowel.
Mood Prefix Suffix Optative a- -l Subjunctive uu- -lj Imperative i- -lw See Examples
Circumstantial Voice
The circumstantial voice is the oddball of the voices, to mark it one has to first mark it on the verb but it requires the postposition it is forcing into the subject position to act as a particle infront of the verb itself with some modifications. The modification is depended upon which case one would use with the postposition
Pst (ë)lj- PP Int tlj(ë)- PP Erg slj(ë)- PP Acc mlj(ë)- PP the initial ë disappears if it begins with a vowel.
See Examples
Participle
Adjectival
In umbrean participles serves three purposes, the first one is similar to english where it takes on an adjective characteristic describing a noun, "The walking man", but with the differens of having one for every tense.
The second is for relative clauses, "The man whom I like" where the verb is turned into a participle but the sentence itself remains otherwise the same, and is like unlike english placed infront of the noun it describes.
And thirdly they are used to modify the verb in the phrase.
To get the subject or object back into the clause one simply puts the noun infront of the participle in postpositional case, similar to "The man eating woman".
Active voice cannot be used in participles.
To form a participle the conjugated verb is taken with the addition of a vowel which is depended on the tense in question and a consonant which depends on the gender of the subject that is being relativized, doesn't matter which of the two uses, and the voice in question. The vowel may be omitted when phonotactics allows it.
Participle Tense Vowels Positive / Negative
Affirmative / NegationPerfective Retrospective Prospective Inceptive Continuative Pausative Terminative Genericative Past -e / -üü
(Aortis)-a / -ii
(Historal Causum)-ë / -ö
(Consequentum)-a / -ii
(Past Initio)-e / -üü
(Ingressus)-e / -üü
(Finitum)-ë / -ö
(Plerum)Present — -e / -üü
(Causum)-oo / -e
(Initio)-ë / -ö
(Present)-e / -üü
(Pausa)Future -oo / -e
(Futurum)-a / -ii
(Futurum Consequenta)-ë / -ö
(Futurum Initio)-oo / -e
(Initio)-ë / -ö
(Futurum Termius)
Number Gender Voice Anti-Passive Passive Circumstantial int / acc erg pst int / erg acc pst int / pst erg/acc Sg Liv -vj -zzj -bb -žw -nn -dw -dž -šw Mag -zz -ǧw -mj -ttw -šš Art -nn -džw -ššw Non -ff -zw -žw Pc Mag/Liv -vvdj -zwd -ddw -žwdj -m -dj -dž -tš Art/Non -dzj -tj -tšw Plural -vm -zzjn -sn -žn -mm -sjn -džm -šn
See Examples
Adverbial
The adverbial participle is formed in a similar manner to the adjectival participle but there are differenses.
The verb is conjugated but the VAT vowel is replaced with a different set. and the ending changes only according to the voice.
Indicative Optative Subjunctive + - + - + - V1 -e -üü -ii -u -o -ee V2 -e -aa -yy -i -ë -öö V3 -ë -ö -e -ii -o -a
+ - Passive -(y)n -(aa)m Anti-passive -(im) -(ë)n Circumstantial -(y)ŋ -(ii)ŋ The vowel in the voice-polarity suffix is not used in present tempus or where phonotactics allows it's omition
The adverbial participle can be used in several manners and each manner usually requires a specific set of tempuses to be used
- Causual
- H. Causum or Causum is used
- Answers "Why?" the verb occures
- Temporal
- Present, Aortis & Futurum is used
- Answers "When" The verb happened
- Locational
- Ingressus, Pausa & Futurum Termius
- Answers where it occured.
- Manner
- Present is used alone, is always contemporary.
- Answers "how" a verb was done.
- Result
- Consequentum or F. Consequenta is used
- Tells what outcome the verb has.
- Concession
- Ingressus, Present & Initio, Futurum Termius
- The verb happened despite the action or state of the participle.
See ExamplesSupine
The supine describes actions done for the purpose of something or a result of the action. In english it is often the infitive form of the verb, "We walked over to Ronald To help him". Important to notice is that the supine, unlike adverbial participles, can inherently take an object if it neccesitates it.
Can also mark the purpose of a noun if used infront of them.
Supines don't take conjugational affixation but rather these to mark positive or negative, to do or not to do it.
Positive Negative -lii -lüü
See Examples
Gerund
The gerund form of the verbs are used to create noun clauses similar to english "That" clauses. "I know that he is a nice guy"
The gerund is formed by adding these endings to the conjugated form and is depended on case and the polarity of the verb.
Case Suffix + - Int -ël -öl Erg -ëssl -ösl Acc -ëml -öml Pst -ëtšwl -ötšwl
See Examples
Infinitives
Modal Forms
Umbrean verbs can take on 8 modal forms which is used for both modality purposes as a verb but can also function as adjectives on their own.
Verb form
The verb form is used along as any normal verb, the positive form and negative form refers to the polarity of the modality. While there is general derivation of each of the three forms some verbs do not follow it and have other forms in the quadrouplet. This infix is often placed between the vowel and the final consonants in the last syllable of the root.
Adjectival form
The adjectival form works as the name itself suggests like an adjective, the suffixes are put onto the verb and then treated like a normal adjective that has to take on adjectival affixes. The anti-passive form focuses on the subject while the passive one focuses on the object.
Adjectival Modality Verb form Adjective Form Positive Negative Passive Anti-passive Base -Ø -žžw(y)1-
-ššw(y)1-- - Gerundive -ssj(o)-
-zzj(o)--dzw(ëë)-
-tsw(ëë)-Abilitative -v(e)-
-f(e)--p(u)-
-b(u)-Hypothetical -nj(y)- -m(üü)- - Gerundive: Marks that the noun it modifies is needs or ought to be the object or subject of the verb
- Abilative: Marks that the noun it modifies is can or is able to be the object or subject of the verb
- Hypothetical: Marks that the noun it modifies could be the object or subject of the verb
1 vowels are omitable if the phonotactic allows it
See Examples
Sequence of tenses
Umbrean uses Relative Tenses[*] meaning subclauses are put into present tense if they happened at the sametime as the main verb, past if it occured before the verb and future if it occured after the main verb.
Nominalization
Ditransitive Verbs
For more information on Ditransitive verbs see Umbrean/Ditransitive verbs
Ditransitive Verbs[*] in the umbrean language are arranged in the fashion of SO1VO2. The first object is the theme, indirect object, and the second object is the recipient (direct object) and the Subject is the Donor.SOTVOR.
English Examples: "I give him a book" vs "I gave a book to him", "He asked me a question" vs "He asked a question to me"
Donor: The donor is the one that does verb, in case of the verb "give" it gives something. "I gave him a book" "He asked me a question."
Theme: The theme is the object which is transferred or undergoing the verb directly, like a book in giving. "I gave him a book" ""He asked me a question"
Recipient: The recipient recieves the Theme in some manner in an indirect manner, it is common for the recipient to be said by a prepositional phrase in english. "I gave him a book" "He asked me a question".
Cases
The donor takes on the Ergative case, Theme takes the accusative case and Recipient takes on postpositional case.
Nouns
For more information on nouns see Umbrean/Nouns
Declension
Umbrean nouns are declined according to 4 things, Gender (Magical, Living, Articial and Non-moving), Case (Intransitive, Ergative, Accusative And Postpositional), State (Indefinate, Definate, Constructive) and Number (Plural, Singular and Paucal).
Suffixes are used to mark the declension and the declension paradigms differs mostly by vowels and are hence named after the 3 main vowels that are changed within the given paradigm.
Case Desription: Ergative Ref The grammatical case that identifies the subject of a transitive verb in ergative-absolutive languages Accusative Acc The grammatical case used to mark the direct object of an transitive verb Intransitive Int The grammatical case used in some languages to mark the subject of an transitive verb Postpositional Pst The grammatical case primarely used for postpositional phrases
Name Amount Singular 1 Paucal 2-6 Plural 6<
General declension State→ Indef. Def. Const. Number→
Case↓Sg. Pc. Pl. Sg. Pc. Pl. Sg. Pc. Pl. Int -V -V -Vv -Vlw -Vll -Vvjl -Vtl -Vtl -Vtl Erg -Vss -Vsw -Vsw -Vsl -Vzwlj -Vlz -Vtsw -Vdzw -Vsswëtl Acc -Vm -Vmjy -Vnw -Vlwmj -Vljym -Vnl -Vtlom -Vmlw -Vsn Pst -Vts -Vdzm -Vdzv -Vtsl -Vdzl -Vdzv -Vttw -Vtlö -Vtwlj
Declensions Dec Gender Mag Liv Art Non 1st a-ee-u y-o-öö ee-i-ë ü-uu-e 2nd ii-o-e o-a-üü 3rd y-uu-o See Examples
Possession
For more information on Possession see Umbrean/Possession
In umbrean the possession of something differ on wether it is alienable or inalienable possession.
Alienable possession refer to a possession that can change in the course of time, a coin can switch owners over time and hence is alienable. In alienable possession the noun that is possessed, the coin in "my coin" is put into construct state while the possessor, me/my, is in ordinary indefinate state, both having the same case to match their grammatical position.
Inalienable possession refer to possession that is static through time, your arm will always be your arm, parents will always be parents even if disowned. In this case both are in indefiniate state but the same case.
In both cases the possessed comes after the possessor in the word order.
See Examples
Adjective
Declension
Base form Singular Paucal Plural Mag Liv Art Non Mag/Liv Art/Non Int -t -s -tt -t -t -d -dz Erg -sj -s -sj -ssw -ssw -ts -dz Acc -mj -m -m -m -mm -mm -mj Pst -tsw -tsw -tt -sw -tsj -tsj -ssw See Examples
Predicate
Postposition
For more information on Postpositions see Umbrean/Postpositions
Being a head final language the Umbrean language utilizes postpositions rather than prepositions and adpositional phrases would come before the noun. "On the table" would be said as"The table on" and a noun phrase like "The cat on the table" is said "The table on the cat", in an essence the opposite of english. Similar to greek and other languages the case of the noun that is within its phrase affects often the acctual meaning of the postposition.
Postpositions are inflected according to Gender and Case of the noun within its phrase, if it is first or second person it is inflected according to the living gender.
If the postposition does not get an inflection on it, it is a particle used for the circumtational voice for verbs.
Inflection
Sg Pc Pl 3rd Mag -a -ëssw -eŋj Liv -ö Art -y -os Non -o 2nd -itw -osw -enw 1st -itj -osj -ymj See Examples
Word Order
Deixis, Proforms & Anaphora
Umbrean Deixis[*], anaphora or pro-forms, are numerous and quite sensitive to alot of grammar and pragmatic situations.
Determiner[*]: They occure before the noun and refers to the noun somehow. "This hat" "That hat" "Some hats"
Demonstratives: These are diectic in their nature, refers to a noun by context. "This hat" "That hat" "yon hat" "This is fun" "That was fun"
Quantifiers: These refer to most often an unfixed quantity, with the exception of "All" or "no", "All men" "no men" "Some men" "few men"
Quantifiers Quantifier English Elective Any
WhicheverExistensial Some
Universal All
EveryMost Most Negative No
NoneCollective as a group
TogatherDistrubutive Each individually
Each
Each on their own
Discourse
Discourse Deixis are used to refer to entire segments of an utterence or even the utterence itself. Examples, "This is fun", "That way of looking at it is wrong"
- Mlje: That, a segment that was mentioned prior to now
- Mle: This, Refers to the utterence itself
- Mlwe: This, refers to a segment that is about to be uttered or will be in a short time
Mlwe may be used to mark objects, like a demonstratives, that one is about to explain. "Walking I saw this dog"
Interrogative
Interogative forms are used to ask for questions. While english makes no distinction between Determiner form, what animal ate those?, and Pro-noun form, What fell on him?, Umbrean does and heavily so.
Interrogative Determiner
These are the determiner forms, Magical and Living gender, along with Artificial and Non-moving, have identical forms within their own gender due and it changes according to number and case.
Interrogative Determiners Mag / Liv Art / Non Number→
Case↓sg. pc. pl. sg. pc. pl. Int kwiv kwav kwëëv gjiv gjav gjëëv Erg kwizj kwazj kwëëzj gjizj gjazj gjëëzj Acc kwim kwam kwëëm gjim gjam gjëëm Pst kwits kwats kwëëts gjits gjats gjëëts Interogative Pronouns
The pronouns are similar to english with a few addition, it distinguishes between an item, a living thing, an animal and a sapient being.
Interrogative pronouns What thing? Number→
Case↓sg. pc. pl. Int zo zjo zwa Erg zos zjos zwas Acc zom zjom zwam Pst zot zjot zwat What Person? Who? Number→
Case↓sg. pc. pl. Int dzëë dzjëë dzwëë Erg dzëës dzjëës dzwëës Acc dzëëm dzjëëm dzwëëm Pst dzëët dzjëët dzwëët What Animal? Number→
Case↓sg. pc. pl. Int ta tja twa Erg tas tjas twas Acc tam tjam twam Pst tat tjat twat What living thing? Number→
Case↓sg. pc. pl. Int fla flja flwa Erg flas fljas flwas Acc flam fljam flwam Pst flat fljat flwat There is a hierarchy of choice which you ask for depending on level of knowledge, the higher it is in the hierarchy the more specific it must be that kind of entity.
High > Person > Animal > Living > Thing > Low
Demonstratives
Demonstratives are highly contextual. They refer to a specific entity of some sort that is deduced from what is said and done around.
- This: Refers to an entity close to the speaker
- That: Refers to an entity close to the listener
- Yon: Refers to an entity neither close to the speaker nor listener
Demonstratives Determiner
Demonstrative Determiner mag - liv - art - non
mag - liv - art - nonCase↓ This That Yon Sg. Pc. Pl. Sg. Pc. Pl. Sg. Pc. Pl. Int tlet
tlež
tlezj
tledjtljëv
tlwëvtliizz zzliit
zzliž
zzliizj
zzliidjtslyt
tslyž
tslyzj
tslydjErg tletsw
tležžw
tlezzw
tledzwtljëz
tlwëztliizw zzliitsw
zzliižžw
zzliizzw
zzliidzwtslytsw
tslyžžw
tslyzzw
tslydzwAcc tlesn
tležwn
tlezjn
tlezntljëvm
tlwëvmtliizn zzliisn
zzliižwn
zzliizjn
zzliizntslysn
tslyžwn
tslyzjn
tslyznPst tletsw
tledžw
tledzw
tledzwtljëdw
tlwëdwtliidz zzliitsw
zzliidžw
zzliidzw
zzliidzwtslytsw
tslydžw
tslydzw
tslydzwAffection
Determiners don't only refer to physical distance but can refer to emotional distance.
- This: Refers to an entity the speaker is very affectionate toward, children, close family, good friends typicly. May include things one has laboured for long and developed emotional attatchment to.
- That: Refers to an entity the speaker is neutral toward. Such Possessions, bought items, distant family members, general people.
- Yon: Refers to an entity the speaker is emotional distant to or even disdain, people one dislike or items of bad association.
Definiteness
Nouns can occure definite and indefinite form with a determiner with slight meaning
Definite Indefinete This The thing close to me that can be seen or whichs location is well known The thing that is somewhere near me but cannot be seen by you or both of us That The thing close to you that can be seen or whichs location is well known The thing that is somewhere near you but cannot be seen by me or both of us Yon The thing far from us that can be seen or whichs location is well known The thing that is far from us and beyond sight or The thing that is somewhere around and cannot be seen by us Demonstrative Pronouns
Demonstrative Pronouns mag - liv - art - non
mag - liv - art - nonThis That Yon Number→
Case↓sg. pc. pl. sg. pc. pl. sg. pc. pl. Int lmet
lmežw
lmezj
lmedwlmeeddj
lmeevjllmjy šwllët
šwllëžw
šwllëzj
šwllëdwšwlladdj
šwllavjšwly džlat
džlažw
džlazj
džladwdžljeeddj
džljeevjdžlwi Erg lmets
lmež
lmezz
lmedzlmeedzj
lmeevzlmjys šwllëts
šwllëž
šwllëzz
šwllëdzšwlladzj
šwllavzšwlys džlats
džlaž
džlazz
džladzdžljeedzj
džljeevzdžlwis Acc lmesn
lmevm
lmezjm
lmeznlmeezzjn
lmeevmjlmjym šwllësn
šwllëvm
šwllëzjm
šwllëznšwllazzjn
šwllavmjšwlym džlasn
džlavm
džlazjm
džlazndžljeezzjn
džljeevmjdžlwim Pst lmetw
lmedž
lmedz
lmedzwlmeedw
lmeedvjlmjyts šwllëtw
šwllëdž
šwllëdz
šwllëdzwšwlladw
šwlladvjšwlyts džlatw
džladž
džladz
džladzwdžljeedw
džljeedvjdžlwidts Compound demonstratives
There exist also compound demonstratives, they are composed of demonstrative pronoun + postposition. Key thing to remember is that the demonstrative pronoun takes the gender of the noun it acts upon, wether determiner or pronoun, and the postposition takes the same gender, but the demonstrative pronoun takes the neccisery case marking of the postposition
Determiner Demonstrative
PronounPostposition This only expands the determiners and not the pronouns except a few handful cases
See Examples
Gender mixture
Umbrean does not allow gender mix in the singular forms ever. One cannot say like "this hat and dog" to mean this for both the dog and the hat as they are different genders. In paucal magic and livinng can be used togather and artificial and non-moving can be togather, but those two groups cannot be used togather. In plural gender matters none and it can mix togather.
The gender of the deixis is picked by the closest word or the one wishes to focus on more.
Quantifiers
Determiner
Personal Pronouns
Umbrean pronouns makes distinctions according to the 5 cases, 3 numbers, 4 genders, T-V[*], Collective vs Distributive and Inclusive vs exclusive.
Cases: Intransitive, Ergative, Accusative, Postpositional and Reflexive
Numbers: Singular, Paucal and Plural, Same number must be used as the noun that it replaces.
Genders: The genders are noticible only in third person where the pronoun with a gender matching the noun it replaces must be used.
T-V: This distinction is a politeness distinction that only occures in second person, One is polite that is used to be polite or people of higher rank while the other is impolite, lower ranking or someone you are close to.
Coll vs Distr: This distinction only occures in Paucal and Plural and tells if the group did it individually (Distributive) or as a group (Collective). "The five of us ate 3 kg of apples togather" (No more than 3 kg was used, Collective) vs "The five of us ate 3 kg of apples each" (A grand total of 15 kg of apples were eaten then, Distributive)
Inclusive vs Exclusive: Occures only in first person paucal and plural where it distinguisher if the one spoken to, second person, is included (Inclusive) or not (Eclusive)
Case Intransitive Ergative Accusative Postpositional sg. pc. pl. sg. pc. pl. sg. pc. pl. sg. pc. pl. coll. distr. coll. distr. coll. distr. coll. distr. coll. distr. coll. distr. coll. distr. coll. distr. 1st inc. tswë dže džle dzjü dzjlü tšees dzes dzles džliis džlwiis tsümj džüm džlüm dzjëëm dzjlëëm tswit džot džlot dzjiit dzjlwiit exc. džettj džlettj dzjüttj dzjlüttj dzetsj dzletsj dzliitsj dzlwiitsj džüsjm džlüsjm džëësjm džlëësjm džottj džlottj džiittj džlwiittj 2nd Common fü vjuu vljuu bü blü füss vjuus vljuus büss büss füm vjuum vljuum büm büm füt vjutt vljutt büt blüt Respect dy tju tjlu tšwa tšwla dys tjus tjlus tšwas tšwlas dym tjum tjlum tšwam tšwlam ddy twutj tlutj tšwat tšwlat 3rd Object Animal Magical tsjaš dzwaš dzwlaš džwaš džwlaš tsjasj dzwasj dzwlasj džwasj džwlasj tsjašm dzwašm dzwlašm džwašm džwlašm tsjašt dzwašt dzwlašt džwašt džwlašt Living tsjaf dzwaf dzwlaf džwaf džwlaf tsjafs dzwafs dzwlafs džwafs džwlafs tsjafm dzwafm dzwlafm džwafm džwlafm tsjafp dzwafp dzwlafp džwafp džwlafp Artificial tsjavj dzwavj dzwlavj džwavj džwlavj tsjavjz dzwavjz dzwlavjz džwavjz džwlavjz tsjavjm dzwavjm dzwlavjm džwavjm džwlavjm tsjavjd dzwavjd dzwlavjd džwavjd džwlavjd Non-Move tsjaz dzwaz dzwlaz džwaz džwlaz tsjass dzwass dzwlass džwass džwlass tsjazm dzwazm dzwlazm džwazm džwlazm tsjazd dzwazd dzwlazd džwazd džwlazd Person General ŋŋo ŋii ŋlii ŋŋa ŋŋla ŋŋos ŋiis ŋliis ŋŋas ŋŋlas ŋŋom ŋiim ŋliim ŋŋam ŋŋlam ŋŋot ŋiit ŋliit ŋŋat ŋŋlat Male no nii nlii nna nnla nos niis nliis nnas nnlas nom niim nliim nnam nnlam not nii nliit nnat nnlat Female mo mii mlii mma mla mos miis mliis mmas mlas mom miim mliim mmam mlam mot miit mliit mmat mlat Sick one General
First person inclusive dual Case Pro-noun Int Erg Acc Pst abdefgǧhijklmnŋñoprsštstuvyzžüëö
Conditional Sentence
For more information on Conditional Sentence see Umbrean/Conditional sentence
Generalizations Conditional sentences expresses factual things that always occur, "If water is heated to 10 degrees it boils" and the If can be replaced with "when" or "whenever".Hypothetical Conditional sentence expresses a hypothetical situation that could be possible
Factual Conditional sentence states it as factual that the result will occur if condition is meet. It may also be used to express that if the condition had been meet result should also have occurred but didn't.
Contra-factual sentence expresses a situation against known facts.
Kind Condition Result Tempus Mood Modality Tempus Mood Modality Generalizations Causum Indicative Base Plerum Indicative Base Hypothetical Any but H.Causum, Causum
Consequenta, F.ConsequentaSubjunctive Base Futurm Consequenta Optative Abilative Factual Likely Causum Indicative Base Futurm Consequenta Optative Gerundive Unlikely Causum Indicative Abilative Futurm Consequenta Subjunctive Hypothetical Contra-Factual Historal Causum Subjunctive Base Consequentum Subjunctive Hypothetical
Accusative Absolute
Accusative Absolute is similar to latins Ablative Absolute[*], a participle plus a noun describing things around the verb. It always occure in the begining before the subject or agent.
See Examples
Modality
For more information on Modality see Umbrean/Modality
Copula Usage
There exist technicly no copula in umbrean, they have other methods of achiving it.
Noun Predicate
Example: He is an idiot
This is achived by putting the noun into intransitive construction state with the proper number vowel and then use it as an ordinary verb.
Adjectives for noun predicates, "He is a green dog", is used like an adjective predicate present adverbial participle.
Relative clause for noun predicates, "He is the man that I saw yesterday", is used adverbial participle.
See ExamplesAdpositional Predicate
Example: We are with him
Adpositional predicates are constructed by taking the adposition and add the proper Circumfix and then use it as a verb where the object that was being modified by it is the agent while the object in the adpositional phrase is treated as an ordinary object. the ë in the ëlj- prefix is ommited if the postposition begins with a vowel.
Case Prefix Int (ë)lj- -(i)f1 Erg (ë)lj- -(o)s1 Acc (ë)lj- -(a)m1 Pst (ë)lj- -(v)2
- 1: Vowels can be excluded if phonotactics allows it
- 2: is only used if it ends in a vowel
See Examples
Locative Predicate
Example: We are at the store
See Adpositional Predicate
Adjectival PredicateExample: We are blue
Adjectival predicates are achived through using the adjective as a verb all on its own and have it declined according to the noun.
See Examples
Existential
Example: I am
tswümj: v.t.aSee Examples
Question
Polarity questions
Polarity
Content Question
Questions are formed by inverting the position of the Agent and the Object if its transitive, otherwise it remains the same with the Subject. The question word and particles does the rest to signify it is a question.
Yes or no question
A particle is placed before the part one desires to place emphesis on or behidn the verb if no emphesis is desired
Yes: Swom
No: Zy
General QuestionGeneral questions uses no particle and you simply uses the question word in their appropiate spot, no Fronting[*]
Dictionary
See a verb list here
Open or Closed
Class Open/Closed Adjectives Open Nouns Open Pro-nouns Closed Postpositions Open Pro-Forms Closed Verbs Open Polarity
A common way to negate or inverse a words meaning is to change the polarity vowel within it to its opposite, though which vowel is the polarity vowel is individual to each word.
Short vowel Long vowel +
Positive-
Negative+
Positive-
Negativea ii aa a e üü ee y i u ii uu o ë oo e u aa uu a y ëë yy ii ü i üü ee ë ö ëë u ö öö öö ë
Direction
Directions are divided on from whos perspective it is, first, second or third person.
Directions Person First Second Third Right Pjodwia Amodwia Migna Left Bjana Bjuma Bfignina Up [Term?] [Term?] [Term?] Down [Term?] [Term?] [Term?] Forward [Term?] [Term?] [Term?] Backward [Term?] [Term?] [Term?] Verbs of motion
Motion By own means By animal By Machine By Magic Slow Medium Fast Slow Medium Fast Land Travel Toward Ot
(Walk toward)
(Jog toward)
(Run toward)
(Ride/Walk toward)
(Ride/Trott toward)
(Ride/Gallop toward)Ëššw
(Drive toward)Away From Sitw
(Walk away from)
(Jog away from)
(Run away from)
(Ride/Walk away from )
(Ride/Trott away from )
(Ride/Gallop away from )
(Drive away from)In Mëǧ
(Walk into)
(Jog into)
(Run into)
(Ride/Walk into)
(Ride/Trott into)
(Ride/Gallop into)
(Drive into )Out
(Walk out of)
(Jog out of)
(Run out of)
(Ride/Walk out of)
(Ride/Trott out of)
(Ride/Gallop out of)
(Drive out of )Across
(Walk across)
(Jog across)
(Run across)
(Ride/Walk across)
(Ride/Trott across)
(Ride/Gallop across)
(Drive across)Arrival
(Walk and arrive at)
(Jog and arrive at)
(Run and arrive at)
(Ride/Walk and arrive at)
(Ride/Trott and arrive at)
(Ride/Gallop and arrive at)
(Drive and arrive at)Multi
Directional
(Walk around)
(Jog around)
(Run around)
(Ride/Walk around)
(Ride/Trott around)
(Ride/Gallop around)
(Drive around)Climb Upward
(Climb upward)
(Climb upward while
riding an animal)
(Climb upward while
using a machine)Downward
(Climb down)
(Climb down while
riding an animal)
(Climb down while
using a machine)Along
(Climb along the side)
(Climb along the side while
riding an animal)
(Climb along the side while
using a machine)Water In water
(Swim)Toward
(Swim toward)(Swim fast toward)
(Swim toward with
an animal)(Swim fast toward with
an animal)
(Swim toward with
an machine)Away from
(Swim away from)(Swim fast away from)
(Swim away from with
an animal)(Swim fast away from with
an animal)
(Swim away from with
an machine)Upward
(Swim up)
(Swim up with
an animal
(Swim up with
an machine)Downward
(Dive)
(Dive with
an animal)
(Dive with
an machine)On water
(Sail)Toward Ø Away from Float Toward
(Float aimlessly)Away from Air Fly Float Kinship
Kinship Grandmother Grandfather Grandmother Grandfather Uncles Wife Uncle Uncles Wife Uncle Uncles Wife Uncle Aunts husband Aunt Aunts husband Aunt Aunts husband Aunt Kjymmösj
(Father)Kjynnösj
(Mother)Uncles Wife Uncle Uncles Wife Uncle Uncles Wife Uncle Aunts husband Aunt Aunts husband Aunt Aunts husband Aunt Male Cousin Female Cousin Male Cousin Female Cousin Male Cousin Female Cousin Male Cousin Female Cousin Male Cousin Female Cousin Male Cousin Female Cousin Male Cousin Female Cousin Male Cousin Female Cousin Male Cousin Female Cousin Male Cousin Female Cousin Male Cousin Female Cousin Male Cousin Female Cousin Twin Sisters Husband Twin Sister Little Sisters Husband Little Sister Big Sisters Huband Big Sister Wife Self Husband Big Brother Big Brothers Wife Little Brother Little Brothers Wife Twin Brother Twin Brothers Wife Niece Nephew Niece Nephew Niece Nephew Son Daughter Son Daughter Niece Nephew Niece Nephew Niece Nephew Second Kinship SecondWife Father Mother Second Husband Half Brother Half Sister Big Sister
Sister
Twin Sister
Little SisterSelf Big Brother
Brother
Twin Brother
Little BrotherHalf Brother Half Sister Derivation
To Noun
To noun From Verb Suffix Meaning Transformation Source Target Place of action Verb Noun -ššw Agentative Verb Noun -ss Patientative Verb Noun Part of Verb Noun - Time when or place
where done happenVerb Noun Substance used to do Verb Noun Abstract Verb Noun Abstraction of
opposite actionVerb Noun Instrumental Used to do verb Verb Noun Verb Noun From Adjective Suffix Meaning Transformation Source Target Quality of Adj Noun Usually has it Adj Noun Adj Noun From Noun Suffix Meaning Transformation Source Target Part of Noun Noun Decended of, child of Noun Noun -ŋ living thing Noun Noun -nn Female of Noun Noun -mm Male of Noun Noun -tjidw Dominion of, domain of Noun Noun Abtraction of Noun Noun Language of Verb Noun -nits Producer of Noun Noun Noun Noun Noun Noun Noun Noun To Adjective
To Adjective From Verb Suffix Meaning Transformation Source Target -(ii)ss property of agent Verb Adj -(ü)m Property of Patient Verb Adj able to Verb Adj Related to Verb Adj -lo for the purpose of Verb Adj -lë not for the purpose of Verb Adj From Adjective Suffix Meaning Transformation Source Target -yymj opposite of Adj Adj Diminutive Adj Adj Augmentative Adj Adj Adj Adj From Noun Suffix Meaning Transformation Source Target Similar to Noun Adj Lacking of Noun Adj Related to Noun Adj -ukwla Quality of Noun Adj Noun Adj To Verb
To Verb From Verb Suffix Meaning Transformation Source Target to undo Verb Verb Opposite/Reverse Action Verb Verb -omm to redo Verb Verb Frequentative Verb Verb Subject/Object switch Verb Verb Consequence of Verb Verb Momentane Verb Verb Mutual action Verb Verb Verb Verb From Adjective Meaning Meaning Transformation Source Target Adj Verb From Noun Suffix Meaning Transformation Source Target Making or creating
or causing noun
A/P-sNoun Verb Noun Verb Numbers
Number Cardinal Ordinal Fractal Collective Distributive Multiple Additional Subtractal Power Root English Umbrean English Umbrean English Umbrean English Umbrean English Umbrean English Umbrean English Umbrean English Umbrean English Umbrean English Umbrean 0 Zero Osŋ Zeroth One Zeroth All Zero Zero 1 One Iž First Whole All One One 2 Two Ëëzw Second Half All Two Two 3 Three Yvv Third One Third All Three Three 4 Four ets Fourth One Fourth Four 5 Five ellts Fifth One Fifth Five 6 Six atsm Sixth One Sixth Six 7 Seven ydj Seventh One Seventh Seven 8 Eight dël Eighth One Eighth Eight 9 Nine atlit Nineth One Nineth Nine 10 Ten ekkim Tenth One Tenth Ten 11 Eleven slletw Eleventh One Eleventh Eleven
12 potens Potense 12^x Cardinal Ordinal Fractal Collective Distributive Multiple Additional Subtractal Power Root Suffix Word Suffix Word Suffix Word Suffix Word Suffix Word Suffix Word Suffix Word Suffix Word Suffix Word Suffix Word 1 12 (10) -üt / -tl ütl 2 144 (100) 4 20736 (10000) 8 429981696 (100000000)
Numbers in umbrean has to agree by gender to the noun and changes wether it is ordinal, cardinal, fractal or multiple
- Cardinal: Normal number, One, Two, Three, Four, Five
- Ordinal: in order, First, Second, Third, Fourth, Fifth
- Fractal: Division, Half, One third, One fourth, one fifth
- Multiple: Multiple of a number, Twice, Trice, Four times, Five times
- Additional: Plus it. Plus one, plus two, plus three, plus four, plus five
- Subtractional: Minus it, Minus one, minus two, minus three, minus four, minus five
- Collective: Counting as a single unit, All four, All five
- Distributive: Singly, Twicly, answers "how many at a time?)
- Power: to the nth power
- Root: the nth root of something
Rational Numbers
To express a rational like "Two and two thirds" one would do this for the general "n and p q's" (n+p/q)
n and p q's n + 1 p q Ordinal Multiple Fractal
Compound words
Compound words are formed by taking the original stem, lacking grammatical genders, conjugations or declensions.
Umbrean has a fondness of Portmanteau[*] in compounding.
)
)Class Structure Verb-Verb Modifying-Head Noun-Verb Object-Verb Noun-Noun Modifying-Head Adjective-Noun Postposition-Verb Type English Umbrean Parts Verb-Verb Noun-Verb Adjective-Noun Postposition-Verb Word Classes
While english division here is shown the umbrean language divides its own words a bit differently
- Nouns ()
- Items, objects, concepts and ideas
- Adjectives ()
Sentence Order
Intransitive Noun
PhrasePostpositional
PhraseSupine
PhraseVerb
phraseIntransitive
caseTransitive Noun
PhraseNoun
PhrasePostpositional
PhraseSupine
PhraseVerb
phraseErgative
caseAccusative
caseDitransitive Noun
PhraseNoun
PhrasePostpositional
PhraseSupine
PhraseVerb
phraseNoun
PhraseErgative
caseAccusative
casePostpositional
case
Noun Phrase Postpositional
ClauseNumber Determiner Adjective Relative
ClauseNoun Noun
PhraseNoun
PhrasePostpositional
PhraseSupine
PhraseVerbgerund Noun
PhraseErgative
caseAccusative
casePostpositional
caseInfinitive
Relative Phrase Noun
PhraseNoun
PhrasePostpositional
PhraseSupine
PhraseVerbparticiple Noun
PhraseErgative
caseAccusative
casePostpositional
case
Postpositional
PhraseNoun
PhrasePostpostition