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{{Infobox language | {{Infobox language | ||
|image = | |image = Ris_vaka.png | ||
|creator = User:Waahlis | |||
|imagesize = 250px | |imagesize = 250px | ||
|name = Ris | |name = Ris | ||
|nativename = रिस | |nativename = रिस | ||
|pronunciation = | |pronunciation = ɹɪs | ||
|region = [[w:South Asia|South Asia]] | |region = [[w:South Asia|South Asia]] | ||
|states = [[w:Iran|Iran]] | |states = [[w:Iran|Iran]] | ||
|speakers = Enough. | |speakers = Enough. | ||
|date = 2013 | |date = 2013 | ||
|familycolor = | |familycolor = Indo-European | ||
|fam1 = | |fam1 = Jivan | ||
|ancestor = Proto-Jivan | |||
|dia1 = Main Ris | |||
|ancestor = | |||
|dia1 = Ris | |||
|dia2 = Rayan | |dia2 = Rayan | ||
|map = Namastan.jpg | |map = Namastan.jpg | ||
|mapcaption = Map picturing the Namastan region in [[w:Iran|Iran]], south of the [[w:Caspian Sea|Caspian Sea]] | |mapcaption = Map picturing the Namastan region in [[w:Iran|Iran]], south of the [[w:Caspian Sea|Caspian Sea]] | ||
| | |clcr = qri | ||
| | |script1 = Deva | ||
| | |script2 = Latn | ||
|agency = | |agency = | ||
|notice = IPA | |notice = IPA | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''Ris''', /ɹɪs/, (Devanagari: '''रिस''', Latin: '''Ris''' [[IPA for Ris|/ɹɪs/]]) is | '''Ris''', /ɹɪs/, (Devanagari: '''रिस''', Latin: '''Ris''' [[IPA for Ris|/ɹɪs/]]) is a Jivan language, a constructed ''a priori'' language related to [[Kiwi]]. It draws inspiration from mainly the [[w:Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]] branch of the [[w:Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] languages, with inspiration from the nonconcatenative morphology of the [[w:Semitic|Semitic]] languages. | ||
The language is a [[w:language isolate|language isolate]], and is thus not known to be related to any extant language. Ris has a normal-sized inventory of consonants and a fair amount of [[w:allophony|allophony]]. It is a [[w:fusional|fusional]] language and is morphosyntactically [[w:active-stative|active-stative]] and with a fluid subject. The [[w:morphology|morphology]] is evenly split between nominal and verbal inflections. | The language is a [[w:language isolate|language isolate]], and is thus not known to be related to any extant language. Ris has a normal-sized inventory of consonants and a fair amount of [[w:allophony|allophony]]. It is a [[w:fusional|fusional]] language and is morphosyntactically [[w:active-stative|active-stative]] and with a fluid subject. The [[w:morphology|morphology]] is evenly split between nominal and verbal inflections. | ||
==Background== | ==Background== | ||
The Ris language is a Jivan language with a number of speakers totalling over 245,000. Maybe. It is designed to be closely related to the [[w:Sanskrit|Sanskrit]] language with clear influence from the [[w:Old Avestan|Old Avestan]] language. Ris is spoken in [[w:Central Asia|Central Asia]], not far from the Jivan Urheimat in [[w:Caucasia|Caucasia]]. It is not the official language of any region. | |||
The language has remained extant especially in the Namastan and Maharaya regions in [[w:Iran|Iran]] and [[w:Afghanistan|Afghanistan]] despite the lack of official status. There is an exclave of speakers of the Parsa dialect of the Ris language in Iran, sometimes classified as a proper language. The dialect is heavily influenced by the [[w:Farsi|Farsi language]]. | The language has remained extant especially in the Namastan and Maharaya regions in [[w:Iran|Iran]] and [[w:Afghanistan|Afghanistan]] despite the lack of official status. There is an exclave of speakers of the Parsa dialect of the Ris language in Iran, sometimes classified as a proper language. The dialect is heavily influenced by the [[w:Farsi|Farsi language]]. | ||
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==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
This is the Ris inventory of consonants. | |||
Gemination is not phonemic. The letter /h/ represents [[w:Aspirated consonants|aspiration]] when following consonants. | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px;" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px;" | ||
|+'''Phonology and Orthography''' | |+'''Phonology and Orthography''' | ||
! colspan="2" rowspan="2"| | ! colspan="2" rowspan="2"| | ||
! colspan="2" style="background: ;"|Bilabial | ! colspan="2" style="background: ;"|[[w:Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]] | ||
! colspan="2" style="background: ;"|Dental | ! colspan="2" style="background: ;"|[[w:Dental consonant|Dental]] | ||
! colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="background: ;"|Retroflex | ! colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="background: ;"|[[w:Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]] | ||
! rowspan="2" style="background: ;"|Palatal | ! rowspan="2" style="background: ;"|[[w:Palatal consonant|Palatal]] | ||
! colspan="2" style="background: ;"|Velar | ! colspan="2" style="background: ;"|[[w:Velar consonant|Velar]] | ||
! rowspan="2" style="background: ;"|[[w:Glottal consonant|Glottal]] | |||
|- align="center" | |- align="center" | ||
! style="background: ;"| <small>aspirated</small> | ! style="background: ;"| <small>aspirated</small> | ||
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! style="background: ;"| <small>unaspirated</small> | ! style="background: ;"| <small>unaspirated</small> | ||
|- align="center" | |- align="center" | ||
! colspan="2" style="background: ;"|Nasal | ! colspan="2" style="background: ;"|[[w:Nasal consonants|Nasal]] | ||
| colspan="2"|m /m/ | | colspan="2"|m /m/ | ||
| colspan="2"|'''n''' /n̪/ | | colspan="2"|'''n''' /n̪/ | ||
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|[ɲ] | |[ɲ] | ||
| colspan="2"|[ŋ] | | colspan="2"|[ŋ] | ||
| | |||
|- align="center" | |- align="center" | ||
! rowspan="2" style="background: ;"|Plosives | ! rowspan="2" style="background: ;"|[[w:Plosive consonants|Plosives]] | ||
! style="background: ;"|<small>voiced</small> | ! style="background: ;"|<small>voiced</small> | ||
|'''bh''' /bʱ/ | |'''bh''' /bʱ/ | ||
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|'''ḍh''' /ɖʱ/ | |'''ḍh''' /ɖʱ/ | ||
|'''ḍ''' /ɖ/ | |'''ḍ''' /ɖ/ | ||
| | |[ɟ] | ||
|'''gh''' /gʱ/ | |'''gh''' /gʱ/ | ||
|'''g''' /g/ | |'''g''' /g/ | ||
| | |||
|- align="center" | |- align="center" | ||
! style="background: ;"|<small>voiceless</small> | ! style="background: ;"|<small>voiceless</small> | ||
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|'''ṭh''' /ʈʰ/ | |'''ṭh''' /ʈʰ/ | ||
|'''ṭ''' /ʈ/ | |'''ṭ''' /ʈ/ | ||
| | |[c] | ||
|'''kh''' /kʰ/ | |'''kh''' /kʰ/ | ||
|'''k''' /k/ | |'''k''' /k/ | ||
|'''ḥ''' /ʔ/ | |||
|- align="center" | |- align="center" | ||
! rowspan="2" style="background: ;"| | ! rowspan="2" style="background: ;"|[[w:Affricate consonants|Affricates]] | ||
! style="background: ;"| <small>voiced</small> | ! style="background: ;"| <small>voiced</small> | ||
| colspan="2"| | | colspan="2"| | ||
| colspan=" | | colspan="5" rowspan="1"|'''j''' /ɟ͡ʝ ~ d͡ʒ/ | ||
| colspan="2"| | |||
| | | | ||
|- align="center" | |- align="center" | ||
! style="background: ;"|<small>voiceless</small> | ! style="background: ;"|<small>voiceless</small> | ||
| colspan="2"| | | colspan="2"| | ||
| colspan="5" rowspan="1"|'''ć''' /c͡ç ~ t͡ʃ/ | | colspan="5" rowspan="1"|'''ć''' /c͡ç ~ t͡ʃ/ | ||
| colspan="2"| | |||
| | | | ||
|- align="center" | |- align="center" | ||
! rowspan="2" style="background: ;"|Fricatives | ! rowspan="2" style="background: ;"|[[w:Fricative consonant|Fricatives]] | ||
! style="background: ;"|<small>voiced</small> | ! style="background: ;"|<small>voiced</small> | ||
| colspan="2"|'''v''' /β/ | | colspan="2"|'''v''' /β/ | ||
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| | | | ||
| colspan="2"| | | colspan="2"| | ||
| | |||
|- align="center" | |- align="center" | ||
! style="background: ;"|<small>voiceless</small> | ! style="background: ;"|<small>voiceless</small> | ||
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|'''ś''' /ɕ/ | |'''ś''' /ɕ/ | ||
| | | | ||
| colspan=" | | colspan="2" rowspan="1"|'''h''' /x ~ h/ | ||
|- align="center" | |- align="center" | ||
! colspan="2" style="background: ;"|Trills | ! colspan="2" style="background: ;"|[[w:Trill consonant|Trills]] | ||
| colspan="2"| | | colspan="2"| | ||
| colspan="2"| | | colspan="2"| | ||
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| | | | ||
| colspan="2"| | | colspan="2"| | ||
| | |||
|- align="center" | |- align="center" | ||
! colspan="2"| Approximant | ! colspan="2"| [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]] | ||
| colspan="2"| | | colspan="2"| | ||
| colspan="2"|'''r''' /ɹ/ | | colspan="2"|'''r''' /ɹ/ | ||
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| | | | ||
| colspan="2"| | | colspan="2"| | ||
| | |||
|- align="center" | |- align="center" | ||
! colspan="2"| Lat. Approximant | ! colspan="2"| [[w:Lateral approximant consonant|Lat. Approximant]] | ||
| colspan="2"| | | colspan="2"| | ||
| colspan="2"|'''l''' /l/ | | colspan="2"|'''l''' /l/ | ||
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| | | | ||
|colspan="2"| | |colspan="2"| | ||
| | |||
|} | |} | ||
===Consonant allophony=== | |||
====Sandhi==== | |||
The Ris phonology utilises a variety of sandhi procedures, collectively called ''saṃdhi'' in Ris. Sandhi refers to alteration of sounds at morpheme boundaries, that assimilate due to adjacent sounds. | |||
====Retroflex sandhi==== | |||
Retroflex [[w:sandhi|sandhi]], ''raṛisaṃdhi'', occurs at the morpheme boundaries or clusters containing a retroflex consonant, or its vocalic equivalent. | |||
{{Scriptgloss | |||
|script = वृत | |||
|phrase = vṛta | |||
|IPA = /ˈβɚtɑ/ → /ˈβɚʈɑ/ | |||
| morphemes = vṛta-∅ | |||
| gloss = land.INAN.SG-PAT | |||
| translation = land | |||
}} | |||
{{Scriptgloss | |||
|script = इणदर | |||
|phrase = iṇdra | |||
|IPA = /ˈɪɳdɹɑ/ → /ˈɪɳɖɹɑ/ | |||
| morphemes = iṇdra-∅ | |||
| gloss = earth.INAN.SG-PAT | |||
| translation = Earth | |||
}} | |||
{{Scriptgloss | |||
|script = हरनटि | |||
|phrase = hranṭi | |||
|IPA = /ˈxɹanʈɪ/ → /ˈxɹaɳʈɪ/ | |||
| morphemes = hranṭi-∅ | |||
| gloss = to_run.VN.INAN.SG-PAT | |||
| translation = running | |||
}} | |||
====Nasal sandhi==== | |||
The nasal [[w:sandhi|sandhi]], or ''anaśisaṃdhi'', works in a similar way to the retroflex one. The nasal stops assimilate to the place of articulation of the adjacent sound, including to retroflex consonants. | |||
{{Scriptgloss | |||
|script = अमभिल | |||
|phrase = ambhiḷa | |||
|IPA = /anˈbʱɪɭɑ/ → /amˈbʱɪɭɑ/ | |||
| morphemes = an-bhiḷa-∅ | |||
| gloss = re-to_word.VN.INAN.SG-PAT | |||
| translation = rewording | |||
}} | |||
{{Scriptgloss | |||
|script = हरनटि | |||
|phrase = hranṭi | |||
|IPA = /ˈxɹanʈɪ/ → /ˈxɹaɳʈɪ/ | |||
| morphemes = hranṭi-∅ | |||
| gloss = to_run.VN.INAN.SG-PAT | |||
| translation = running | |||
}} | |||
{{Scriptgloss | |||
|script = अनखूति | |||
|phrase = ankhūti | |||
|IPA = /anˈkʰʊːtɪ/ → /aŋˈkʰʊːtɪ/ | |||
| morphemes = am-khūti-∅ | |||
| gloss = down-to_fall.VN.INAN.SG-PAT | |||
| translation = downfall | |||
}} | |||
====Voicedness sandhi==== | |||
Sandhi due to [[w:voicedness|voicedness]], known as ''ūkasaṃdhi'' in Ris, causes some consonants to change their [[w:phonation|phonation]] in morpheme boundaries. | |||
====Lenition==== | ====Lenition==== | ||
Ris also suffers from severe [[w:lenition|lenition]], or caused when: | |||
*Consonants lie in medial position between two vowels. | *Consonants lie in medial position between two vowels. | ||
*Consonants lie in final position in | *Consonants lie in final position in words, but not in syllables. | ||
The aspirated | The [[w:aspirated consonant|aspirated consonant]]s become completely [[w:spirantisation|spirantisised]], whilst the unaspirated phonemes become [[w:affricate|affricate]]s. The exceptions are the velars, which all become [[w:fricative consonant|fricative]]s. The nasal consonants, affricates, trills and approximants remain unaffected. | ||
Please note that the phonemes without brackets are the non- | Please note that the phonemes without brackets are the non-lenited consonants. | ||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px;" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px;" | ||
|+ | |+'''Lenition''' | ||
! colspan="2" rowspan="2"| | ! colspan="2" rowspan="2"| | ||
! colspan="2"|Bilabial | ! colspan="2"|Bilabial | ||
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|} | |} | ||
====Consonant Assimilation==== | ====Consonant Assimilation==== | ||
Nāmic possesses a progressive consonant assimilation word-internally, based upon phonation, or voicedness. | Nāmic possesses a progressive consonant assimilation word-internally, based upon phonation, or voicedness. | ||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; text-align: center;" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; text-align: center;" | ||
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Nāmic possesses a few classes of conjugations, which conjugate slightly differently, because of their phonological attributes, or irregularity. They are named after the most prominent word conjugated in the class. | Nāmic possesses a few classes of conjugations, which conjugate slightly differently, because of their phonological attributes, or irregularity. They are named after the most prominent word conjugated in the class. | ||
[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]][[Category: | [[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:User:Waahlis]] |