User:Waahlis/Vrka: Difference between revisions

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'''Please note that the content of this page is heavily out of date, and is up for revision. Inconsistencies and mistakes are frequent'''
{{Infobox language
==Background==
|image = Ris_vaka.png
'''Nāmic''', [ˈnɑːm.ɪk], natively '''Naṃkrthāvāka '''[ˌnã.kr̩ˑ.ˈtʰaː.faː.xa] translated as "named constructed speech" and written "नँक्र्थावाक", in the Nāharā script- is a mixed constructed ''a priori/ a posteriori'' language. It draws inspiration from mainly the Indo-European branch, yet makes a decisive stance to preserve artificial features.
|creator = User:Waahlis
|imagesize = 250px
|name = Ris
|nativename = रिस
|pronunciation = ɹɪs
|region = [[w:South Asia|South Asia]]
|states = [[w:Iran|Iran]]
|speakers = Enough.
|date = 2013
|familycolor = Indo-European
|fam1 = Jivan
|ancestor = Proto-Jivan
|dia1 = Main Ris
|dia2 = Rayan
|map = Namastan.jpg
|mapcaption    = Map picturing the Namastan region in [[w:Iran|Iran]], south of the [[w:Caspian Sea|Caspian Sea]]
|clcr = qri
|script1        = Deva
|script2      = Latn
|agency        =
|notice = IPA
}}


Since there is a tendency in Nāmic to blend characteristics of both artificial and natural languages, a rather unholy mixture has arisen, for example: It is a fusional language, like its predecessors [[w:Latin language|Latin]], [[w:Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]], [[w:Ancient Greek language|Greek]] and [[w:Proto-Germanic language|Germanic]] - yet displays the highly unnatural ergative-accusativ alignment, or tripartite, - which is rarely seen outside conlanging.
'''Ris''', /ɹɪs/, (Devanagari:  '''रिस''', Latin: '''Ris''' [[IPA for Ris|/ɹɪs/]])  is a Jivan language, a constructed ''a priori'' language related to [[Kiwi]]. It draws inspiration from mainly the [[w:Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]] branch of the [[w:Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] languages, with inspiration from the nonconcatenative morphology of the [[w:Semitic|Semitic]] languages.


Concerning the vocabulary, both words derived from Indo-European stems, as well as complete ''a priori ''words, appear; such as "''dhrā''" - tree, from Indo-European ''*dóru'', and the word for heaven'', "ıāmna"''''' - '''from... me. [[File:Nāmic language.jpg|thumb|400px|Nāmic language on Google Maps.]]
The language is a [[w:language isolate|language isolate]], and is thus not known to be related to any extant language. Ris has a normal-sized inventory of consonants and a fair amount of [[w:allophony|allophony]]. It is a [[w:fusional|fusional]] language and is morphosyntactically [[w:active-stative|active-stative]] and with a fluid subject. The [[w:morphology|morphology]] is evenly split between nominal and verbal inflections.


==Setting==
==Background==
The Nāmic language is a Indo-Aryan language with a number of speakers totalling over 5.6 million. It is designed to be closely related to the Sanskrit language with clear influence from the Old Avestan language. Naṃkrthāvāka is spoken in Central Asia and Indian subcontinent, but is not the official language of any region.
The Ris language is a Jivan language with a number of speakers totalling over 245,000. Maybe. It is designed to be closely related to the [[w:Sanskrit|Sanskrit]] language with clear influence from the [[w:Old Avestan|Old Avestan]] language. Ris is spoken in [[w:Central Asia|Central Asia]], not far from the Jivan Urheimat in [[w:Caucasia|Caucasia]]. It is not the official language of any region.


The language has remained extant especially in the Namasthani and Maharaya regions in India, Pakistan and Tibet, despite the lack of official status. There is an exclave of speakers of the Pārsa dialect of the Nāmic language in Iran, spoken around the Sistan Lake. The dialect is heavily influenced by the [[wikipedia:Farsi|Farsi language]].
The language has remained extant especially in the Namastan and Maharaya regions in [[w:Iran|Iran]] and [[w:Afghanistan|Afghanistan]] despite the lack of official status. There is an exclave of speakers of the Parsa dialect of the Ris language in Iran, sometimes classified as a proper language. The dialect is heavily influenced by the [[w:Farsi|Farsi language]].


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
{| class="toccolours collapsible collapsed" style="width: 600px;"
|+
! colspan="8" scope="row"|Vocabulary
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|प्राणस्तिका
| style="text-align: center;"|''prāṇasṭıkā ''
| style="text-align: center;"| articulation, pronounciation, phonology
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|वातज़ाण
| style="text-align: center;"|''vātaȷyāṇa''
| style="text-align: center;"| notation, signature, consonant
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|ह्वार
| style="text-align: center;"|''hvāra''
| style="text-align: center;"| vowel, saying, noise
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|अवर्यान्त
| style="text-align: center;"|''avaryānta ''
| style="text-align: center;"| affricate
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|मार्तिका
| style="text-align: center;"|''mārṭıkā ''
| style="text-align: center;"| softness, lenition
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|साँख्रटिका
| style="text-align: center;"|''sāṃkhrṭıkā''
| style="text-align: center;"| assimilation
|}


:''See also: [[IPA for Nāmic]]''
===Consonants===
===Consonants===
This is the Ris inventory of consonants.


The following table portraits Nāmic's phonetic inventory of consonants. All consonants, except aspirated ones, may be geminated, which is phonemic, and represented by doubling the grapheme. The letter /h/ represents aspiration when succeding consonants, and breathy-voice when preceding vowels. "Nh", is an exception, being a velar nasal.
Gemination is not phonemic. The letter /h/ represents [[w:Aspirated consonants|aspiration]] when following consonants.


{| class="toccolours " style="width: 700px;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px;"
|+Phonology and Orthography
|+'''Phonology and Orthography'''
! colspan="2" rowspan="2"|
! colspan="2" rowspan="2"|
! colspan="2" style="background: ;"|Bilabial
! colspan="2" style="background: ;"|[[w:Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
! rowspan="2" style="background: ;"|Labiodental
! colspan="2" style="background: ;"|[[w:Dental consonant|Dental]]
! colspan="2" style="background: ;"|Dental
! colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="background: ;"|[[w:Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
! colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="background: ;"|Retroflex
! rowspan="2" style="background: ;"|[[w:Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! rowspan="2" style="background: ;"|Palatal
! colspan="2" style="background: ;"|[[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]
! colspan="2" style="background: ;"|Velar
! rowspan="2" style="background: ;"|[[w:Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background: ;"|Glottal
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
!  style="background: ;"| <small>aspirated</small>
!  style="background: ;"| <small>aspirated</small>
Line 67: Line 59:
! style="background: ;"| <small>unaspirated</small>
! style="background: ;"| <small>unaspirated</small>
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" style="background: ;"|Nasal
! colspan="2" style="background: ;"|[[w:Nasal consonants|Nasal]]
| colspan="2"|m [m]
| colspan="2"|m /m/
| colspan="2"|'''n''' /n̪/
| colspan="2" rowspan="1"|'''ṇ''' /ɳ/
|[ɲ]
| colspan="2"|[ŋ]
|
|
| colspan="2"|n [n̪]
| colspan="2" rowspan="1"|ṇ [ɳ]
|(ɲ)
| colspan="2"|(ŋ)
| colspan="2" rowspan="8"|
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
! rowspan="2" style="background: ;"|Plosives
! rowspan="2" style="background: ;"|[[w:Plosive consonants|Plosives]]
!  style="background: ;"|<small>voiced</small>
!  style="background: ;"|<small>voiced</small>
|bh []
|'''bh''' //
|b [b]
|'''b''' /b/
|'''dh''' /d̪ʱ/
|'''d''' /d̪/
|'''ḍh''' /ɖʱ/
|'''ḍ''' /ɖ/
|[ɟ]
|'''gh''' /gʱ/
|'''g''' /g/
|
|
|dh [d̪ʱ]
|d [d̪]
|ḍh [ɖʱ]
|ḍ [ɖ]
|ȷ [ɟ]
|gh [gʱ]
|g [g]
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
!  style="background: ;"|<small>voiceless</small>
!  style="background: ;"|<small>voiceless</small>
|ph []
|'''ph''' //
|p [p]
|'''p''' /p/
|
|'''th''' /t̪ʰ/
|th [t̪ʰ]
|'''t''' //
|t []
|'''ṭh''' /ʈʰ/
|ṭh [ʈʰ]
|'''''' /ʈ/
|ṭ [ʈ]
|[c]
|ȷ [c]
|'''kh''' //
|kh []
|'''k''' /k/
|k [k]
|'''ḥ''' /ʔ/
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
! rowspan="2" style="background: ;"|Affricatives
! rowspan="2" style="background: ;"|[[w:Affricate consonants|Affricates]]
! style="background: ;"| <small>voiced</small>
! style="background: ;"| <small>voiced</small>
| colspan="2"|py [p͡ɸ]
| colspan="2"|
| colspan="5" rowspan="1"|'''j''' /ɟ͡ʝ ~ d͡ʒ/
| colspan="2"|
|
|
| colspan="4" rowspan="1"|dy [ɖ͡ʐ]
|ȷy [ɟ͡ʝ]
| colspan="2"|
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
!  style="background: ;"|<small>voiceless</small>
!  style="background: ;"|<small>voiceless</small>
| colspan="2"|by [b͡β]
| colspan="2"|
| colspan="5" rowspan="1"|'''ć''' /c͡ç ~ t͡ʃ/
| colspan="2"|
|
|
| colspan="4" rowspan="1"|ty [ʈ͡ʂ]
|ky [c͡ç]
| colspan="2"|
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
! rowspan="2" style="background: ;"|Fricatives
! rowspan="2" style="background: ;"|[[w:Fricative consonant|Fricatives]]
! style="background: ;"|<small>voiced</small>
! style="background: ;"|<small>voiced</small>
| colspan="2"|'''v''' /β/
| colspan="2"|
| colspan="2"|
|v [v]
| colspan="2" rowspan="1"|'''y''' /ʐ/
|
| colspan="2"|
| colspan="2"|
| colspan="2" rowspan="1"|y [ʐ]
|
|
| colspan="2"|
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
!  style="background: ;"|<small>voiceless</small>
!  style="background: ;"|<small>voiceless</small>
| colspan="2"|
| colspan="2"| [ɸ]
|v [f]
| colspan="2"|'''s''' //
| colspan="2"|s []
| colspan="2" rowspan="1"|'''''' /ʂ/
| colspan="2" rowspan="1"|ṣ [ʂ]
|'''ś''' /ɕ/
|
|
|
| colspan="2" rowspan="1"|'''h''' /x ~ h/
| colspan="1" rowspan="1"|h [x]
 
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" style="background: ;"|Trills
! colspan="2" style="background: ;"|[[w:Trill consonant|Trills]]
| colspan="2"|
| colspan="2"|
| colspan="2"|
|
|
| colspan="2"|r [r]
|
|
|
|
| colspan="2"|
|
|
| colspan="2"|
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
! rowspan="2" style="background: ;"|Approxim.
! colspan="2"| [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
! style="background: ;"| <small>voiced</small>
| colspan="2"|
| colspan="2"|
|(v [w])
| colspan="2"|'''r''' /ɹ/
| colspan="2" rowspan="1"|'''ṛ''' /ɻ/
|
| colspan="2"|
| colspan="2"|
| colspan="2" rowspan="1"|
|
|ı [j]
| colspan="2"|
| colspan="1" rowspan="2"|h [h]
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
!style="background: ;"|<small>voiceless</small>
! colspan="2"| [[w:Lateral approximant consonant|Lat. Approximant]]
| colspan="2"|
|(v [ʍ])
| colspan="2"|
| colspan="2"|
| colspan="2"|'''l''' /l/
| colspan="2" rowspan="1"|'''ḷ''' /ɭ/
|
|
|colspan="2"|
|
|
|
| colspan="2"|
|}
|}
Please note that all retroflex consonants and the dental trill rhoticise the surrounding consonants. The pronunciation of <span style="font-size: 125%;">⟨</span>v<span style="font-size:125%;">⟩</span> is considered dialectal.
 
===Consonant allophony===
====Sandhi====
The Ris phonology utilises a variety of sandhi procedures, collectively called ''saṃdhi'' in Ris. Sandhi refers to alteration of sounds at morpheme boundaries, that assimilate due to adjacent sounds.
 
====Retroflex sandhi====
Retroflex [[w:sandhi|sandhi]], ''raṛisaṃdhi'', occurs at the morpheme boundaries or clusters containing a retroflex consonant, or its vocalic equivalent.
 
{{Scriptgloss
|script = वृत
|phrase = vṛta
|IPA = /ˈβɚtɑ/ → /ˈβɚʈɑ/
| morphemes = vṛta-∅
| gloss = land.INAN.SG-PAT
| translation = land
}}
 
{{Scriptgloss
|script = इणदर
|phrase = iṇdra
|IPA = /ˈɪɳdɹɑ/ → /ˈɪɳɖɹɑ/
| morphemes = iṇdra-∅
| gloss = earth.INAN.SG-PAT
| translation = Earth
}}
 
{{Scriptgloss
|script = हरनटि
|phrase = hranṭi
|IPA = /ˈxɹanʈɪ/ → /ˈxɹaɳʈɪ/
| morphemes = hranṭi-∅
| gloss = to_run.VN.INAN.SG-PAT
| translation = running
}}
 
====Nasal sandhi====
The nasal [[w:sandhi|sandhi]], or ''anaśisaṃdhi'', works in a similar way to the retroflex one. The nasal stops assimilate to the place of articulation of the adjacent sound, including to retroflex consonants.
 
{{Scriptgloss
|script = अमभिल
|phrase = ambhiḷa
|IPA = /anˈbʱɪɭɑ/ → /amˈbʱɪɭɑ/
| morphemes = an-bhiḷa-∅
| gloss = re-to_word.VN.INAN.SG-PAT
| translation = rewording
}}
 
{{Scriptgloss
|script = हरनटि
|phrase = hranṭi
|IPA = /ˈxɹanʈɪ/ → /ˈxɹaɳʈɪ/
| morphemes = hranṭi-∅
| gloss = to_run.VN.INAN.SG-PAT
| translation = running
}}
 
{{Scriptgloss
|script = अनखूति
|phrase = ankhūti
|IPA = /anˈkʰʊːtɪ/ → /aŋˈkʰʊːtɪ/
| morphemes = am-khūti-∅
| gloss = down-to_fall.VN.INAN.SG-PAT
| translation = downfall
}}
 
====Voicedness sandhi====
Sandhi due to [[w:voicedness|voicedness]], known as ''ūkasaṃdhi'' in Ris, causes some consonants to change their [[w:phonation|phonation]] in morpheme boundaries.


====Lenition====
====Lenition====
In addition to the consonants above, Nāmic suffers from severe allophony, '''lenition''', caused when:
Ris also  suffers from severe [[w:lenition|lenition]], or  caused when:


*Consonants lie in medial position between two vowels.
*Consonants lie in medial position between two vowels.
*Consonants lie in final position in lexemes - '''Not '''in syllables.
*Consonants lie in final position in words, but not in syllables.


The aspirated consonants become completely spirantisised, whilst the unaspirated phonemes become affricates. The exceptions are the velars, which all become fricatives. The nasal consonants, affricates, trills and approximants remain unaffected.
The [[w:aspirated consonant|aspirated consonant]]s become completely [[w:spirantisation|spirantisised]], whilst the unaspirated phonemes become [[w:affricate|affricate]]s. The exceptions are the velars, which all become [[w:fricative consonant|fricative]]s. The nasal consonants, affricates, trills and approximants remain unaffected.


Please note that the phonemes without brackets are the non-lenitioned consonants.
Please note that the phonemes without brackets are the non-lenited consonants.


{| class="toccolours " style="width: 500px;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px;"
|+Allophony
|+'''Lenition'''
! colspan="2" rowspan="2"|
! colspan="2" rowspan="2"|
! colspan="2"|Bilabial
! colspan="2"|Bilabial
Line 271: Line 323:
|}
|}


Nota bene
There is additional allophony, regarding phonation. The pairs [c - ɟ], [ç -ʝ], and [v - f]/[w - ʍ], are only represented by one grapheme each: <span style="font-size: 125%;">⟨</span>ȷ<span style="font-size:125%;">⟩</span>, <span style="font-size: 125%;">⟨</span>hy<span style="font-size:125%;">⟩</span>, and <span style="font-size: 125%;">⟨</span>v<span style="font-size:125%;">⟩</span> respectively. Their voiced counterpart is an allophone - see [[Nāmic#Consonant Assimilation| Consonant Assimilation]].
Thus, our conclusion is that the word '''vāka'''- voice, speach - shouldn't be pronounced [ˈvaːka], but rather [ˈfaːxa].
====Affricates====
In addition to these, there's a multitude of digraphs with corresponding affricates. It is important to note that the four digraphs <span style="font-size: 125%;">⟨</span>pt<span style="font-size:125%;">⟩</span>, <span style="font-size: 125%;">⟨</span>vt<span style="font-size:125%;">⟩</span>, <span style="font-size: 125%;">⟨</span>kt<span style="font-size:125%;">⟩</span>, and <span style="font-size: 125%;">⟨</span>ȷt<span style="font-size:125%;">⟩</span>symbolise consonant clusters with an affricate onset. They are not affected by lenition.
{| class="toccolours " style="width: 500px; text-align: center;"
|+Affricate clusters
!colspan="2" scope="col"|Cluster
!colspan="2" scope="col"|Grapheme
|-
|colspan="2"|[p͡ɸt]
|colspan="2"|Pt
|-
|colspan="2"|[b͡βd]
|colspan="2"|Bt
|-
|colspan="2"|[t͡ʃt]
|colspan="2"|Kt
|-
|colspan="2"|[d͡ʒd]
|colspan="2"|Jt
|}


====Consonant Assimilation====
====Consonant Assimilation====
Nāmic possesses a progressive consonant assimilation word-internally, based upon phonation, or voicedness.
Nāmic possesses a progressive consonant assimilation word-internally, based upon phonation, or voicedness.


The consequence is that a consonant, a cluster, or an affricate, is pronounced differently, depending on whether it is preceded by a voiced or voiceless consonant. There are exceptions to this rule, since the alveolar trill [r] and the retroflex tap [ɽ] do not differ between voicedness.
The nasal stops are affected quite differently, with a complete nasalisation of the preceding vowel - and loss of the stop - if the initial or first consonant is ''voiced''. However, nasals are perceived as neutral in nature, and does therefore not affect voiceless nor voiced phonemes.
There are, however, two dialects of Nāmic;
*''Sthānta'', which means "current, dominating".


*''Austikā'', which means "golden, posh".
The Sthānta dialect will be featured in this article, and is the main dialect that distinguishes consonant assimilaton upon voicedness.


{| class="toccolours " style="width: 500px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; text-align: center;"
|+Assimilation
|+Assimilation
!colspan="2" scope="col"|Example
!colspan="2" scope="col"|Example
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The representation of Nāmic's vowels. There are are 12 vowel phonemes, yet only 6 graphemes, thus, it may be assumed some are allophones during certain circumstances. It is obvious that many of the vowel graphemes are recycled, since many phonemes are allophones. The background is covered in the [[Nāmic#Metaphony|Metaphony]] section.
The representation of Nāmic's vowels. There are are 12 vowel phonemes, yet only 6 graphemes, thus, it may be assumed some are allophones during certain circumstances. It is obvious that many of the vowel graphemes are recycled, since many phonemes are allophones. The background is covered in the [[Nāmic#Metaphony|Metaphony]] section.


{| class="toccolours " style="width: 540px; "
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; "
! scope="col" style="width: 90px; "|
! scope="col" style="width: 90px; "|
! scope="col" style="width: 90px; text-align: center; "|Front
! scope="col" style="width: 90px; text-align: center; "|Front
Line 404: Line 421:
There are a limited number of diphthongs in Nāmic, with the same amount rising as falling diphthongs. [ɪ̯] is most often equivalent to [j], and [u̯] is often just [w]. The left diphthong is its front value, and the right one is the back value. All other vowel clusters are diaeresis. The main phoneme in all diphthongs may be geminated.
There are a limited number of diphthongs in Nāmic, with the same amount rising as falling diphthongs. [ɪ̯] is most often equivalent to [j], and [u̯] is often just [w]. The left diphthong is its front value, and the right one is the back value. All other vowel clusters are diaeresis. The main phoneme in all diphthongs may be geminated.


{| class="toccolours " style="width: 500px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; text-align: center;"
|+Diphthongs
|+Diphthongs
! colspan="6"|Rising
! colspan="6"|Rising
Line 472: Line 489:
Front diphthongs on the left, back ones at the right.
Front diphthongs on the left, back ones at the right.


{| class="toccolours " style="width: 500px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; text-align: center;"
|+Diphthong Allophony
|+Diphthong Allophony
! colspan="14"|Falling
! colspan="14"|Falling
Line 538: Line 555:
Nāmic's metaphony is based upon backness, with exceptions being when /ә/, /e/ and /o/ are followed by an [r], which ignores the harmony, and modifies the phoneme.
Nāmic's metaphony is based upon backness, with exceptions being when /ә/, /e/ and /o/ are followed by an [r], which ignores the harmony, and modifies the phoneme.


{| class="toccolours " style="width: 500px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; text-align: center;"
|+Metaphony
|+Metaphony
! colspan="2"|Grapheme
! colspan="2"|Grapheme
Line 579: Line 596:
The vowels will be represented by a default /a/. Please note that any nasal can nasalise the preceding vowel, however in non-voiced environments, only the letter <span style="font-size: 125%;">⟨</span>ṃ<span style="font-size:125%;">⟩</span> may.
The vowels will be represented by a default /a/. Please note that any nasal can nasalise the preceding vowel, however in non-voiced environments, only the letter <span style="font-size: 125%;">⟨</span>ṃ<span style="font-size:125%;">⟩</span> may.


{| class="toccolours " style="width: 500px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; text-align: center;"
|+Quality
|+Quality
!
!
Line 622: Line 639:
Stress must always be marked in all polysyllabic words - except verbs in the infinitive, or rather lemma, to avoid confusion in the vocabulary.
Stress must always be marked in all polysyllabic words - except verbs in the infinitive, or rather lemma, to avoid confusion in the vocabulary.


{| class="toccolours " style="width: 500px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; text-align: center;"
|+Diacritics
|+Diacritics
!
!
Line 642: Line 659:
The manipulation of stress in conjugations and declensions '''change the meaning''' of the word radically. The most common usage of changing the stress, is in the conjugations; the stress may be pressed forward to the ultimate syllable, to change the tense from present to preterite. See the [[Nāmic#Verbs |Verbs section]].
The manipulation of stress in conjugations and declensions '''change the meaning''' of the word radically. The most common usage of changing the stress, is in the conjugations; the stress may be pressed forward to the ultimate syllable, to change the tense from present to preterite. See the [[Nāmic#Verbs |Verbs section]].


{| class="toccolours " style="width: 550px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 550px; text-align: center;"
|+Stress Apophony
|+Stress Apophony
!
!
Line 660: Line 677:
| colspan="2"|"I"<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">pro.</span>1<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">.sg</span>.<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">abs</span> "danced" <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">intrans.</span><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">ppfv</span>.1<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">.sg</span>
| colspan="2"|"I"<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">pro.</span>1<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">.sg</span>.<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">abs</span> "danced" <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">intrans.</span><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">ppfv</span>.1<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">.sg</span>
|}
|}
In the [[Nāmic#First Declension|first nominal declension]], nouns terminating in an unstressed open syllable, may be stressed on the ultimate syllable in the genitive case.
In the [[Namic#First Declension|first nominal declension]], nouns terminating in an unstressed open syllable, may be stressed on the ultimate syllable in the genitive case.
{| class="toccolours " style="width: 550px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 550px; text-align: center;"
|+Stress Apophony
|+Stress Apophony
!
!
Line 684: Line 701:
===Prosody===
===Prosody===
====Intonation====
====Intonation====
The intonation of the Nāmic language is phonemic, and is primarily used to distinguish grammatical moods. There are three common pitches used in Nāmic, and one for further emphasis. The intonation is not phonemic, but should be used to keep a native pronunciation.
The intonation of the Namic language is phonemic, and is primarily used to distinguish grammatical moods. There are three common pitches used in Nāmic, and one for further emphasis. The intonation is not phonemic, but should be used to keep a native pronunciation.
*Rising [↗] Intonation.
*Rising [↗] Intonation.
*Falling [↘] Intonation.
*Falling [↘] Intonation.
Line 692: Line 709:
The intonation is used to emphasise certain words - that is, if you want to stress a certain action, location or noun in the sentence. It is very similar to the case in English. If not necessarily sad, the pitch is normaly rising [↗].
The intonation is used to emphasise certain words - that is, if you want to stress a certain action, location or noun in the sentence. It is very similar to the case in English. If not necessarily sad, the pitch is normaly rising [↗].


{| class="toccolours " style="width: 500px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; text-align: center;"
|+Lexical
|+Lexical
! colspan="2"|English
! colspan="2"|English
Line 716: Line 733:
|}
|}
For the grammatical intonation, certain moods are associated with certain intonation, which may vary by dialect and accent. The standard however dictates a '''rising '''pitch [↗] during interrogative moods and the interrogative words, followed by a '''dipping '''intonation in the end [↘↗].
For the grammatical intonation, certain moods are associated with certain intonation, which may vary by dialect and accent. The standard however dictates a '''rising '''pitch [↗] during interrogative moods and the interrogative words, followed by a '''dipping '''intonation in the end [↘↗].
{| class="toccolours " style="width: 500px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; text-align: center;"
|+Interrogative Mood
|+Interrogative Mood
!
!
Line 731: Line 748:
|}
|}
The conditional mood however - the subjunctive mood when used in main clauses - is characterised by a '''peaking '''[↗↘] intonation. The English language doesn't really distinguish the intonation in the conditional mood, but a rising pitch is fairly common.
The conditional mood however - the subjunctive mood when used in main clauses - is characterised by a '''peaking '''[↗↘] intonation. The English language doesn't really distinguish the intonation in the conditional mood, but a rising pitch is fairly common.
{| class="toccolours " style="width: 500px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; text-align: center;"
|+Conditional Mood
|+Conditional Mood
!
!
Line 751: Line 768:
*Here? ↗
*Here? ↗


{| class="toccolours " style="width: 500px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; text-align: center;"
|+Prosodic stress in pro-adverbs
|+Prosodic stress in pro-adverbs
!
!
Line 776: Line 793:
SVO with ergative verbs is rather common, similarly to English.
SVO with ergative verbs is rather common, similarly to English.


{| class="toccolours " style="width: 500px;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px;"
|+Transitive SVO
|+Transitive SVO
! colspan="3"|Inflectional phrase
! colspan="3"|Inflectional phrase
Line 795: Line 812:
Since focus lies on the patient, the verb phrase often moves further back.
Since focus lies on the patient, the verb phrase often moves further back.


{| class="toccolours " style="width: 500px;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px;"
|+Transitive SOV
|+Transitive SOV
! colspan="3"|Inflectional phrase
! colspan="3"|Inflectional phrase
Line 814: Line 831:
The intransitive order SV(O) is not very common, but it does occur.
The intransitive order SV(O) is not very common, but it does occur.


{| class="wikitable" style="width: 500px;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px;"
|+Intransitive SVO
|+Intransitive SVO
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|Inflectional Phrase
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|Inflectional Phrase
Line 830: Line 847:
Since focus lies on the verb in the Nāmic languages intransitive orders, the VS(O) is much more common. Please note that the pronoun may be dropped, but it is not custom regarding intransitive verbs.
Since focus lies on the verb in the Nāmic languages intransitive orders, the VS(O) is much more common. Please note that the pronoun may be dropped, but it is not custom regarding intransitive verbs.


{| class="toccolours " style="width: 500px;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px;"
|+Intransitive SVO
|+Intransitive SVO
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|Inflectional Phrase
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|Inflectional Phrase
Line 848: Line 865:
The Naṃkrthāvāka does not possess particular positions for the adpositional phrase, thus it will be prepositional for the sake of simplicity. It is quite similar to English.
The Naṃkrthāvāka does not possess particular positions for the adpositional phrase, thus it will be prepositional for the sake of simplicity. It is quite similar to English.


{| class="toccolours "
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+  
|+  
! colspan="5" style="text-align: center;"|Noun Phrase
! colspan="5" style="text-align: center;"|Noun Phrase
Line 875: Line 892:
Possessive noun phrases can be formed by the means of a possessive pronoun, or a dative construction. Nevertheless, they remain after the noun.
Possessive noun phrases can be formed by the means of a possessive pronoun, or a dative construction. Nevertheless, they remain after the noun.


{| class="toccolours "
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+Possessive
|+Possessive
! colspan="5" style="text-align: center;"|Noun Phrase
! colspan="5" style="text-align: center;"|Noun Phrase
Line 897: Line 914:
In the Naṃkrthāvāka, adverbial phrases always precede the modified verb. The noun phrase may be freely positioned,or it may depend on transitivity - see further up.
In the Naṃkrthāvāka, adverbial phrases always precede the modified verb. The noun phrase may be freely positioned,or it may depend on transitivity - see further up.


{| class="toccolours "
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+  
|+  
! colspan="5" style="text-align: center;"|Verb Phrase
! colspan="5" style="text-align: center;"|Verb Phrase
Line 920: Line 937:


Please note that the pronouns decline as common nouns, according to the phonological characteristics, except ''[[Nāmic#Interrogative Declension|kō, keı, kā]]'', and their respective relative pronouns. See the "[[Nāmic#Nominal Declension|Declensions]]" section.
Please note that the pronouns decline as common nouns, according to the phonological characteristics, except ''[[Nāmic#Interrogative Declension|kō, keı, kā]]'', and their respective relative pronouns. See the "[[Nāmic#Nominal Declension|Declensions]]" section.
{| class="toccolours collapsible collapsed" style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
|+  
|+  
! colspan="20" scope="col"|Correlatives
! colspan="20" scope="col"|Correlatives
Line 1,199: Line 1,216:
Please note that the ergative-absolutive distinction is not made in the third nominal declension, nor in the comparative, cercative nor the superlative degrees of comparison of adjectives, whence they form the [http://conlang.wikia.com/wiki/Neumatic_Declension#Nominative Nominative case].
Please note that the ergative-absolutive distinction is not made in the third nominal declension, nor in the comparative, cercative nor the superlative degrees of comparison of adjectives, whence they form the [http://conlang.wikia.com/wiki/Neumatic_Declension#Nominative Nominative case].


{| class="toccolours collapsible collapsed" style="width: 600px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="width: 600px; text-align: center;"
|+Case
|+Case
! colspan="2"|Case
! colspan="2"|Case
Line 1,312: Line 1,329:


====Pronominal Declension====
====Pronominal Declension====
{| class="toccolours " style="width: 550px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 550px; text-align: center;"
|+Personal Pronouns
|+Personal Pronouns
!scope="col"|Person →
!scope="col"|Person →
Line 1,443: Line 1,460:
In transitive phrases with pronouns, the syntax is modified. The subject is most often omitted, however, if enclitic pronouns are used, the subjects become almost compulsory. The cause is the phonological change in the verb.
In transitive phrases with pronouns, the syntax is modified. The subject is most often omitted, however, if enclitic pronouns are used, the subjects become almost compulsory. The cause is the phonological change in the verb.


{| class="toccolours " style="width: 500px;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px;"
|+Transitive (S)OV
|+Transitive (S)OV
! colspan="3"|Inflectional phrase
! colspan="3"|Inflectional phrase
Line 1,457: Line 1,474:
|}
|}


{| class="toccolours " style="width: 500px;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px;"
|+Transitive SV(O)
|+Transitive SV(O)
! colspan="3"|Inflectional phrase
! colspan="3"|Inflectional phrase
Line 1,474: Line 1,491:
The demonstratives serve as '''determinatives'''. However, since Nāmic doesn't have a third person personal pronoun in the English sense, its demonstratives fulfil this function instead, by standing independently without a noun to be modified. The demonstratives decline by gender, number, and case. The declension is equivalent to English '''he''', '''she '''and '''it''', and will be called the '''third person''' in conjugations. Consider the following:
The demonstratives serve as '''determinatives'''. However, since Nāmic doesn't have a third person personal pronoun in the English sense, its demonstratives fulfil this function instead, by standing independently without a noun to be modified. The demonstratives decline by gender, number, and case. The declension is equivalent to English '''he''', '''she '''and '''it''', and will be called the '''third person''' in conjugations. Consider the following:


{| class="toccolours " style="width: 500px;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px;"
|+Demonstratives
|+Demonstratives
! colspan="3"|Determiner
! colspan="3"|Determiner
Line 1,508: Line 1,525:
====Distal Declension====
====Distal Declension====
The distal, or normal declension, corresponds either to ''he'', ''she ''and ''it'', or '''that'''. It is a cognate to the Sanskrit distal "''ayám''"-declension.
The distal, or normal declension, corresponds either to ''he'', ''she ''and ''it'', or '''that'''. It is a cognate to the Sanskrit distal "''ayám''"-declension.
{| class="toccolours " style="width: 550px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 550px; text-align: center;"
|+Distal Demonstratives
|+Distal Demonstratives
!scope="col"|Person →
!scope="col"|Person →
Line 1,623: Line 1,640:
The proximal declension, corresponds well to the English demonstrative '''this'''. It is a cognate to the Sanskrit distal "''etát''"-declension.
The proximal declension, corresponds well to the English demonstrative '''this'''. It is a cognate to the Sanskrit distal "''etát''"-declension.


{| class="toccolours " style="width: 550px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 550px; text-align: center;"
|+Proximal Demonstratives
|+Proximal Demonstratives
!scope="col"|Person →
!scope="col"|Person →
Line 1,737: Line 1,754:
There is but one interrogative pronoun, ''kyā'', which declines. It congruates with gender, but does not distinguish the dual number. It is essentially similar to the First front declension, though it's somewhat irregular.
There is but one interrogative pronoun, ''kyā'', which declines. It congruates with gender, but does not distinguish the dual number. It is essentially similar to the First front declension, though it's somewhat irregular.
====Interrogative Declension====
====Interrogative Declension====
{| class="toccolours " style="width: 550px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 550px; text-align: center;"
|+Interrogative Declension
|+Interrogative Declension
!scope="col"|Gender →
!scope="col"|Gender →
Line 1,827: Line 1,844:
The relative declension is indeed identical to the interrogative one, with exception for three enclitics. In case they are suffixed postvocally, they receive an initial <span style="font-size: 125%;">⟨</span>a<span style="font-size:125%;">⟩.</span>
The relative declension is indeed identical to the interrogative one, with exception for three enclitics. In case they are suffixed postvocally, they receive an initial <span style="font-size: 125%;">⟨</span>a<span style="font-size:125%;">⟩.</span>


{| class="toccolours " style="width: 550px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 550px; text-align: center;"
|+Relative Enclitics
|+Relative Enclitics
!scope="col"|Gender →
!scope="col"|Gender →
Line 1,887: Line 1,904:
*Contain only [ɛ]'s.
*Contain only [ɛ]'s.


{| class="toccolours " style="width: 550px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 550px; text-align: center;"
|+Front Declension
|+Front Declension
!scope="col"|
!scope="col"|
Line 1,985: Line 2,002:
*the ⟨ṿ⟩ indicates an intervocal ⟨u⟩, pronounced /w/.
*the ⟨ṿ⟩ indicates an intervocal ⟨u⟩, pronounced /w/.


{| class="toccolours " style="width: 550px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 550px; text-align: center;"
|+Back Declension
|+Back Declension
!scope="col"|
!scope="col"|
Line 2,080: Line 2,097:
Please note that the ⟨ṭ⟩ is pronounced /ʂ/ intervocally and finally.
Please note that the ⟨ṭ⟩ is pronounced /ʂ/ intervocally and finally.


{| class="toccolours " style="width: 550px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 550px; text-align: center;"
|+Second Declension
|+Second Declension
!scope="col"|
!scope="col"|
Line 2,169: Line 2,186:
Please note that the neuter declines identically to the masculine, however, this does not apply to the so called "s-neuter". The s-neuter includes nouns which terminate with a nasal and an /s/.
Please note that the neuter declines identically to the masculine, however, this does not apply to the so called "s-neuter". The s-neuter includes nouns which terminate with a nasal and an /s/.


{| class="toccolours " style="width: 550px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 550px; text-align: center;"
|+Third Declension
|+Third Declension
!scope="col"|
!scope="col"|
Line 2,260: Line 2,277:
*{{cd|pātur}}, पातर, (''pedestrian'')
*{{cd|pātur}}, पातर, (''pedestrian'')


{| class="toccolours " style="width: 550px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 550px; text-align: center;"
|+Fourth Declension
|+Fourth Declension
!scope="col"|
!scope="col"|
Line 2,348: Line 2,365:
Predicative adjectives are conjuncted to the object with copulae or another verb, that is, a predicate. The adjectival predicative is indeclinable to case and number, but not gender. It can be compared.
Predicative adjectives are conjuncted to the object with copulae or another verb, that is, a predicate. The adjectival predicative is indeclinable to case and number, but not gender. It can be compared.


{| class="toccolours " style="width: 500px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="6"|''āyam''
! colspan="6"|''āyam''
! colspan="6"|''sāma''
! colspan="6"|''sāma''
Line 2,379: Line 2,396:
The nominal form stands independently or with a demonstrative, to represent the full object. In Nāmic, it's identical to the nominative attributive form.
The nominal form stands independently or with a demonstrative, to represent the full object. In Nāmic, it's identical to the nominative attributive form.


{| class="toccolours " style="width: 500px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="6"| ''grīgama''
! colspan="6"| ''grīgama''
! colspan="6"|''nāvaı''
! colspan="6"|''nāvaı''
Line 2,408: Line 2,425:
Attributive adjectives differ in the sense that they congruate with the nouns regarding case, number and gender. They describe a feature of the object in a state.
Attributive adjectives differ in the sense that they congruate with the nouns regarding case, number and gender. They describe a feature of the object in a state.


{| class="toccolours " style="width: 500px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="6"|''nāraı''
! colspan="6"|''nāraı''
! colspan="6"|''mādraı''
! colspan="6"|''mādraı''
Line 2,437: Line 2,454:
The last form describes a verb, in which manner it's conducted. Adverbs are not perceived as a lexical category in Neumatic linguistics, separate from adjectives. Please note that adverbs decline by gender and number of the verb's subject.
The last form describes a verb, in which manner it's conducted. Adverbs are not perceived as a lexical category in Neumatic linguistics, separate from adjectives. Please note that adverbs decline by gender and number of the verb's subject.


{| class="toccolours " style="width: 500px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="6"|''nāka''
! colspan="6"|''nāka''
! colspan="6"|''kāryakā''
! colspan="6"|''kāryakā''
Line 2,475: Line 2,492:
===Adjectival Comparison===
===Adjectival Comparison===


{| class= "toccolours collapsible collapsible" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(249, 249, 249); text-align: center; width: 66%; height: 100%;"
{| class= "bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsible" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(249, 249, 249); text-align: center; width: 66%; height: 100%;"
! colspan="9" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% |Adjectival Root
! colspan="9" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% |Adjectival Root
|-
|-
Line 2,755: Line 2,772:
Please note that this is however only used in formal contexts.
Please note that this is however only used in formal contexts.


{| class="toccolours " style="width: 500px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="9"|''htrīṇa''
! colspan="9"|''htrīṇa''
! colspan="9"|''marәyā''
! colspan="9"|''marәyā''
Line 2,782: Line 2,799:
Nāmic possesses four moods, which all verbs conjugate by. The conditional is simply the subjunctive used in main clauses, and is therefore identical in form.
Nāmic possesses four moods, which all verbs conjugate by. The conditional is simply the subjunctive used in main clauses, and is therefore identical in form.


{| class="toccolours " style="width: 600px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 600px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="6"|Indicative
! colspan="6"|Indicative
! colspan="6"|Subjunctive
! colspan="6"|Subjunctive
Line 2,804: Line 2,821:
The difference between the past and the present, is simply a manipulated stress. All tenses are dependent on the aspects.
The difference between the past and the present, is simply a manipulated stress. All tenses are dependent on the aspects.


{| class="toccolours " style="width: 150px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 150px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="3"|Present
! colspan="3"|Present
! colspan="3"|Past
! colspan="3"|Past
Line 2,827: Line 2,844:
There are three or two aspects in the Nāmic language, although not all aspects may be combined with other moods.
There are three or two aspects in the Nāmic language, although not all aspects may be combined with other moods.


{| class="toccolours " style="width: 600px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 600px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="6"|Aorist
! colspan="6"|Aorist
! colspan="6"|Imperfective
! colspan="6"|Imperfective
Line 2,854: Line 2,871:
Differentiating between the transitivity is made through an old causative infix from the [[w:Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]] language, initially /aja/. This infix did however go through mutation and formed firstly /ja/, then just /j/. Eventually it grew to form falling diphthongs from the preceding vowel. These diphthongs were exposed to synaeresis and formed the following table:
Differentiating between the transitivity is made through an old causative infix from the [[w:Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]] language, initially /aja/. This infix did however go through mutation and formed firstly /ja/, then just /j/. Eventually it grew to form falling diphthongs from the preceding vowel. These diphthongs were exposed to synaeresis and formed the following table:


{| class="toccolours " style="width: 500px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; text-align: center;"
|+Development of the causative infix /aja/.
|+Development of the causative infix /aja/.
! colspan="14"|Falling
! colspan="14"|Falling
Line 2,895: Line 2,912:


The development can be seen in transition from '''Old Nāmic''':
The development can be seen in transition from '''Old Nāmic''':
{| class="toccolours" style="width: 500px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; text-align: center;"
|+Development of the causative infix /aja/.
|+Development of the causative infix /aja/.
! colspan="5"|Language
! colspan="5"|Language
Line 2,969: Line 2,986:
====Intransitive Conjugation====
====Intransitive Conjugation====
This section is subject to change. Reduplication has received a new purpose, and paradigms shall now be derived from PIE.
This section is subject to change. Reduplication has received a new purpose, and paradigms shall now be derived from PIE.
{| class="toccolours collapsible collapsible" style="background: none repeat scroll ; text-align: center; width: 66%; height: 100%;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsible" style="background: none repeat scroll ; text-align: center; width: 66%; height: 100%;"
! colspan="9" |Intransitive Verb
! colspan="9" |Intransitive Verb
|-
|-
Line 3,180: Line 3,197:
====Transitive Conjugations====
====Transitive Conjugations====
This one, on the other hand, is finished. Descriptive texts will come.
This one, on the other hand, is finished. Descriptive texts will come.
{| class="toccolours collapsible collapsible" style="background: none repeat scroll ; text-align: center; width: 66%; height: 100%;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsible" style="background: none repeat scroll ; text-align: center; width: 66%; height: 100%;"
! colspan="9" |Transitive Verb
! colspan="9" |Transitive Verb
|-
|-
Line 3,393: Line 3,410:
Nāmic possesses a few classes of conjugations, which conjugate slightly differently, because of their phonological attributes, or irregularity. They are named after the most prominent word conjugated in the class.
Nāmic possesses a few classes of conjugations, which conjugate slightly differently, because of their phonological attributes, or irregularity. They are named after the most prominent word conjugated in the class.


[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:Attamian languages]]
[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:User:Waahlis]]