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Valian: Difference between revisions
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|name = Valian | |name = Valian | ||
|nativename = Välyatalle | |nativename = Välyatalle | ||
|pronunciation = | |pronunciation = ˈvæljɑˌd̥ɑlle | ||
| | |setting = [[w:Eurasia|Eurasia]] | ||
|speakers = 3 190 | |speakers = 3 190 | ||
|date = 2012 | |date = 2012 | ||
|familycolor=Isolate | |familycolor=Isolate | ||
| | |fam2 = [[Tenarian languages]] | ||
|ancestor = [[Valian#Old Valian|Old Valian]] | |ancestor = [[Valian#Old Valian|Old Valian]] | ||
| | |stand1 = Standard Valian | ||
| | |dia1 = Sanahta | ||
| | |clcr = qav | ||
| | |script1 = Latn | ||
|creator = User:Chrysophylax | |||
|notice = IPA | |notice = IPA | ||
}} | }} | ||
<!-- start article --> | <!-- start article --> | ||
'''Välyatalle''', [ˈvæl.jɑˌtɑl.le], (a compound of {{ | '''Välyatalle''', [ˈvæl.jɑˌtɑl.le], (a compound of {{term|välya}} 'good, noble' and {{term|talle}} 'speech'), also known as '''Valian''' is an a priori [[artistic language|artlang]] strongly inspired by Estonian phonology. The grammar is a mash up between agglutinative trends, weird case retention, a half-broken gender system (inspired by Swedish debates about forcing the use of a gender neutral pronoun to not 'offend' anyone), and appositional genitive constructions (with trends to state differences for nouns) and Spanish-style object/subject marking on verbs (e.g. entregandotelo 'giving it to you'). As a bonus, there's a lot of sandhi going on at morpheme boundaries to spice up the mix and a seeming Ablaut-style system in effect for many of the verb stems. It is currently being quickly codified as I spend more and more sleepless nights running different sounds through my head and deciding on morphological and syntactic features. | ||
But "Why so much Eesti?" you may ask. Well, the truth is that I have come to realise Estonian is a language rich in "cellar doors" i.e. rich in sounds I find extremely pleasing, e.g. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_detailpage&v=BNHZce1TCa8 Greip - Vihma Loits (YouTube)] and [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FtM_jG_llDU Sandra Nurmsalu - Velvetiin (YouTube)]. | But "Why so much Eesti?" you may ask. Well, the truth is that I have come to realise Estonian is a language rich in "cellar doors" i.e. rich in sounds I find extremely pleasing, e.g. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_detailpage&v=BNHZce1TCa8 Greip - Vihma Loits (YouTube)] and [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FtM_jG_llDU Sandra Nurmsalu - Velvetiin (YouTube)]. | ||
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At its core, the language writes the plosive series as ⟨p t k⟩, the nasals as ⟨m n⟩, the trill as ⟨r⟩, the voiced labial fricative as ⟨v⟩, the palatal approximant as ⟨y⟩, the lateral one as ⟨l⟩, and the glottal fricative as ⟨h⟩. Palatalisation is not indicated in writing as it is the result of a regular process. | At its core, the language writes the plosive series as ⟨p t k⟩, the nasals as ⟨m n⟩, the trill as ⟨r⟩, the voiced labial fricative as ⟨v⟩, the palatal approximant as ⟨y⟩, the lateral one as ⟨l⟩, and the glottal fricative as ⟨h⟩. Palatalisation is not indicated in writing as it is the result of a regular process. | ||
The "weakened" variants of ''p, t, k'' (see [[{{FULLPAGENAME}} | The "weakened" variants of ''p, t, k'' (see [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Consonants|Valian phonology]]) encountered after certain consonants and intervocalically are written as ''b, d, g'' something which may confusion at first as they are not fully voiced sounds, unlike say English, but are actually only half voiced, often if word-final they represent unreleased stops. Like the vowels, the basic (non-weakened) consonants can all be doubled for the long versions of the consonants. Note, this means that there are no double ⟨b d g⟩ at all. The voiced labial fricative ⟨v⟩ is counted among the "weakened" consonantal sounds as it too cannot be doubled even though there is no 'full' form of it. | ||
As will be noted, many forms of the personal pronouns and related affixes are written as if non-weakened with ''t, k'' even though they are between vowels. Nonetheless, they are to be pronounced as normal weakened consonants. One of the more prominent examples of irregularity in usage of the weakened consonants is evident in the native name of the language itself ''Välyatalle'' – a remnant from when the name was ''Välya(h) tallet'' and not one single word. There are many similar compound words that are spelt "strongly" when nonetheless pronounced "weakly". | As will be noted, many forms of the personal pronouns and related affixes are written as if non-weakened with ''t, k'' even though they are between vowels. Nonetheless, they are to be pronounced as normal weakened consonants. One of the more prominent examples of irregularity in usage of the weakened consonants is evident in the native name of the language itself ''Välyatalle'' – a remnant from when the name was ''Välya(h) tallet'' and not one single word. There are many similar compound words that are spelt "strongly" when nonetheless pronounced "weakly". | ||
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====Possession==== | ====Possession==== | ||
Nouns can be marked directly for possession, absorbing the role possessive adjectives have in many European languages. The markers are - | Nouns can be marked directly for possession, absorbing the role possessive adjectives have in many European languages. The markers are -tä, -kä, -nä corresponding to the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd singular and follow the number marker. Thus ''siidinä'' 'his hope' and ''siiditän'' 'our (excl.) hope'. Although they are written with "unweakened" consonants they are to be pronounced as if written with the weakened set. | ||
E.g. | E.g. | ||
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===Adjectives=== | ===Adjectives=== | ||
Adjectives in Valian can be broadly divided into two groups: ha-adjectives and s-adjectives. The first group (ha-adjectives) is characterised by ending in -ha, always being after their nouns and not inflecting for possession. The second group (s-adjectives) on the other hand are able to stand before their nouns in certain registers, inflect for possession, and always terminate in -s. There are some oddballs that do not belong to either group, as the verbal participle in -ttava which may behave as an adjective, a noun, or a verb, depending on context, e.g., an adjective and a verb in ''täättava handa'' 'the freezing man' or 'the man is freezing', and a noun in ''palia vëi Sveariik tärnama | Adjectives in Valian can be broadly divided into two groups: ha-adjectives and s-adjectives. The first group (ha-adjectives) is characterised by ending in -ha, always being after their nouns and not inflecting for possession. The second group (s-adjectives) on the other hand are able to stand before their nouns in certain registers, inflect for possession, and always terminate in -s. There are some oddballs that do not belong to either group, as the verbal participle in -ttava which may behave as an adjective, a noun, or a verb, depending on context, e.g., an adjective and a verb in ''täättava handa'' 'the freezing man' or 'the man is freezing', and a noun in ''palia vëi Sveariik tärnama täättava vaha kui tää […]'' 'Sweden received a good freezing this morning as snow […]''. | ||
====First group (ha-adjectives)==== | ====First group (ha-adjectives)==== | ||
These adjectives do agree with their heads in plurality but '''not''' in the state of possession. E.g., ''handain hauhain'' 'the wroth men' but never *'''handaitä hauhaitä''' 'your angry man'. | These adjectives do agree with their heads in plurality but '''not''' in the state of possession. E.g., ''handain hauhain'' 'the wroth men' but never *'''handaitä hauhaitä''' 'your angry man'. | ||
They are furthermore easily turned into adverbs by suffixing -n. e.g., ''vaha'' 'good' → ''vahan '' 'well'; ''huva'' 'lone' → ''huvan'' 'once'; ''hauha'' 'wroth' → ''hauhan'' 'wrathfully'. | |||
====Second group (s-adjectives)==== | ====Second group (s-adjectives)==== | ||
This second group of adjectives agree with their heads in both plurality and state of possession. E.g., ''lai, lai, kasgelodinitä malmesinitä!'' 'Woe, woe, my sorrowful sperm whales!'. | |||
===Pronouns=== | ===Pronouns=== | ||
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! style="background:#63ADD0" colspan="2" rowspan="3" | singular | ! style="background:#63ADD0" colspan="2" rowspan="3" | singular | ||
! style="background:#63ADD0" colspan="2" | first | ! style="background:#63ADD0" colspan="2" | first | ||
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#93C9E1" | {{ | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#93C9E1" | {{term|tee}} | ||
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#93C9E1" | {{ | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#93C9E1" | {{term|tu}} | ||
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#93C9E1" | {{ | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#93C9E1" | {{term|tä}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="background:#63ADD0" colspan="2" | second | ! style="background:#63ADD0" colspan="2" | second | ||
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#93C9E1" | {{ | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#93C9E1" | {{term|kee}} | ||
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#93C9E1" | {{ | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#93C9E1" | {{term|ku}} | ||
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#93C9E1" | {{ | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#93C9E1" | {{term|kä}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="background:#63ADD0" colspan="2" | third | ! style="background:#63ADD0" colspan="2" | third | ||
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#93C9E1" | {{ | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#93C9E1" | {{term|nee}} | ||
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#93C9E1" | {{ | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#93C9E1" | {{term|nu}} | ||
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#93C9E1" | {{ | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#93C9E1" | {{term|nä}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="background:#63ADD0" colspan="2" rowspan="3" | plural | ! style="background:#63ADD0" colspan="2" rowspan="3" | plural | ||
! style="background:#63ADD0" colspan="2" | first | ! style="background:#63ADD0" colspan="2" | first | ||
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#93C9E1" | {{ | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#93C9E1" | {{term|teen}} | ||
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#93C9E1" | {{ | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#93C9E1" | {{term|tun}} | ||
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#93C9E1" | {{ | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#93C9E1" | {{term|tän}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="background:#63ADD0" colspan="2" | second | ! style="background:#63ADD0" colspan="2" | second | ||
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#93C9E1" | {{ | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#93C9E1" | {{term|keen}} | ||
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#93C9E1" | {{ | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#93C9E1" | {{term|kun}} | ||
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#93C9E1" | {{ | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#93C9E1" | {{term|kän}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="background:#63ADD0" colspan="2" | third | ! style="background:#63ADD0" colspan="2" | third | ||
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#93C9E1" | {{ | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#93C9E1" | {{term|neen}} | ||
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#93C9E1" | {{ | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#93C9E1" | {{term|nun}} | ||
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#93C9E1" | {{ | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#93C9E1" | {{term|nän}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
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<!-- Categories --> | <!-- Categories --> | ||
[[Category:Languages]] | [[Category:Languages]] | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:Artlangs]] | ||
[[Category:Valian]] | [[Category:Valian]] | ||
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