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==Pronominal predicatives==
{{Ambox
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible  mw-collapsible" style="width: 500px; text-align:center;"
| name  = construction
| subst = <includeonly>{{subst:substcheck}}</includeonly>
| small = {{{small|no}}}
| type  = notice
| image = [[File:rissphere.png|65px]]
| sect  = {{{1|}}}
| issue = got infected with a nasty case of ''topic-comment'' grammar, and needs to be treated accordingly.
| talk  = {{{talk|}}}
| date  = {{{date|}}}
}}
{{Infobox language
|image =
|imagesize = 100px
|name = Kandi
|altname = Tsan
|nativename = Kándi tsúyi
|pronunciation = kaːndɪ t͡suβ̞ʝɪ
|creator = User:Waahlis
|setting = Unknown conworld
<!-- |region = West Africa
|states = Sierra Leone, Burkina Faso -->
|speakers = 4 million
|date = 2015
|familycolor = Afro-Asiatic
|fam1 = Jasi-Jivan
|fam2 = Tanisi
|ancestor = Proto-Kandi
|clcr = qts
|script1        = Latn
|agency        = ''Aytšin Tatšūkkāndi''
|notice = IPA
}}
'''Kāndi''', or '''Tsan''' (''kándi tsúyi'' or ''tsani tsúyi'') is a language spoken by the Tsan people. It belongs to the Tanisi language family and is thus distantly related to the [[Ris]] language. Kandi is a heavily [[w:agglutinative language|agglutinating]] with a complex verbal morphology. The language has repeatedly been analysed as lacking [[w:nouns|nouns]] and [[w:adjectives|adjectives]] altogether, in favour of [[w:verb|verb]]s.
 
<!-- ==Etymology==
The word ''tsan'' is the Kandi word for "''hand''" and is most often used to denote the speakers of the language, the Tsan people. As with most words in Kandi, the word has an adjectival meaning as well, and is usually translated as "''to be crafty''". -->
==Phonology==
===Consonants===
The Kandi inventory of consonants is very symmetrical. In D'Ivoires first model, he was mistaken and realised the velar approximant /ɰ/ as a variation of the long vowels. Comparative studies of the Ris and Jávva languages proved this to be wrong.
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
|+'''d'Ivoire model'''
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2"|
! colspan="1" rowspan="2"|Bilabial
!Dental
! colspan="3"|Alveolar
! rowspan="2"|Dorsal
 
! rowspan="2"|Glottal
|-
!<small>central</small>
!<small>central</small>
!<small>lateral</small>
!<small>palatal</small>
|-
! rowspan="1" colspan="2" |Nasals
|'''m''' /m/
| colspan="2" rowspan="1"|'''n''' /n/
|
|
|
|
|- align="center"
! rowspan="3"|Stops
|-
|-
! colspan="7"|Stative and dynamic affixes
!<small>voiceless</small>
|
| colspan="2"|'''t''' /t/
|
|
|'''k''' /k/
|
|-
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2"|<small>person</small> →
!<small>voiced</small>
! scope="col"|1
| '''b''' /b/
! scope="col"|2
| colspan="2"| '''d''' /d/
! scope="col"|3.PROX (3)
|
! scope="col"|3.OBV (4)
|
! scope="col"|0
| '''g''' /g/
|
|-
|-
| ''-w-''
! rowspan="1" colspan="2"|Affricates
| ''-k-''
|
| -
|
| ''-y-''
|'''ts''' /t͡s/
| ''-h-''
|'''tl '''/t͡ɬ/
|'''tš '''/t͡ɕ/
|
|
|-
! colspan="2"|Fricatives
|
|
|'''s''' /s/
|
|'''š '''/ɕ/ · '''y''' /ʝ/
|'''x''' /x/
| '''h''' /h/
|-
! colspan="2" style="background: ;"|Approximants
|'''w''' /β̞/
|
|
|'''l''' /l/
|  
|'''ǧ''' /ɰ/
|
|-
! colspan="2" style="background: ;"|Trills
|
|colspan="5"|'''r''' /ʀ~r/
|
|}
 
===Vowels===
D'Ivoire standardised the phonemic inventory of vowels in the language, as per his conclusion that there were four phonemic short vowels, /i/, /a/, /u/, /ɔ/ and three phonemic "long" vowels. The quality of the long vowels is however rarely realised as the same as their short counterparts. It is likely that they once only differed in length, but such is no longer the case.
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 550px; text-align:center;"
|+ '''d'Ivoire model'''
|-
|-
! colspan="7"|Stative
|-
|-
! scope="row"|<small>same</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|
| ''-á-''
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
| ''-wá''
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
| ''-ká''
| ''-í'' (''Vy'')
| ''-yá''
| ''-há''
|-
|-
! scope="row"|<small>different</small>
! style="" |Close front unrounded
| ''-í-''
| '''i''' /i/
| ''-wí''
| '''í''' /iː/ [iː]
| ''-kí''
| -
| ''-yi''
| ''-hí''
|-
|-
! colspan="7"|Dynamic
! style="" |Open back unrounded
| '''a''' /a/
| '''á''' /aː/ [æ]
|-
|-
! scope="row"|<small>same</small>
! style="" |Open-mid back rounded
| ''-u-''
| '''o''' /ɔ/
|''wu-''
| '''ó''' /ɔː/
|''ku-''
|''u-''
|''yu-''
|''hu-''
|-
|-
! scope="row"|<small>different</small>
! style="" |Close back rounded
|''-a-''
|'''u''' /u/
|''wa-''
|'''ú''' /uː/ [u͜β̞]
|''ka-''
|''a-''
|''ya-''
|''ha-''
|-
|-
|}
|}


==Noun classes and quantifiers==
 
===Morphophonology===
 
==Noun class specifers==
There are 9 noun classes in Kandi. They are distinguished by the specifier they use, which is one of few grammatical number dependent elements in the language.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightblubg mw-collapsible mw-collapsible" style="width: 750px; text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightblubg mw-collapsible mw-collapsible" style="width: 750px; text-align:center;"
|-
|-
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|''-im''
|''-im''
|''-nna''
|''-nna''
|''-ūnna''
|''-únna''
|''-yme''
|''-yme''
|''-imme''
|''-imme''
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|''ki-''
|''ki-''
|''kin-''
|''kin-''
|''-ūnna''
|''-únna''
|''-yunna''
|''-yunna''
|
|
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|
|
|
|
| long/straight/thing objects
| long/straight objects, instruments
|-
|-
! VIII
! VIII
|''-kka''
|''-kka''
|''-ākka''
|''-ákka''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| unclear
| unclear, abstractions
|-
|-
! IX
! IX
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|
|
|
|
|
|''-yeh''
|
|''-yeh''
| abstractions, divinity, honorifics
| vast objects, divinity, honorifics
|}
|}


== Simple stuff ==
== Simple stuff ==
=== Pluralisation ===
Do we distinguish plurals? They are a pain after all. Yeah, yeah, I guess I have to.
==== I ====
*''agūrriy'' /a.gu͜β.rɪj/ → <nowiki>*</nowiki>''agūrriyna'' /a.gu͜β.rɪː.nə/ → ''agūrrīn'' /a.gu͜β.rɪːn/
*''amik'' / a.mɪk/ → <nowiki>*</nowiki>''amikna'' /a.mɪk.na/ → ''amiǧna'' /a.mɪŋ.nə/
*''līlak'' → <nowiki>*</nowiki>''līlakna'' /lɪː.lak.na/ → <nowiki>*</nowiki>''līlaǧn'' /lɪː.laŋ.nə/ → ''līlan'' /lɪː.lan/
*''ikāru'' → ''ikāruna''
==== Irregular ====
*''ok'' → ''okok''
==== The other stuff ====
==Predicative expressions==
==Predicative expressions==
The Kāndi language lacks a clear distinction between nouns and verbs, and exhibits a flexibility between the predicate and argument in a clause. Any Kāndi content word is equivalent to a predicative expression, by default {{sc|to be + noun}}. That means that a word like '''''šay''''' would mean ''(it is a) girl''.
The Kāndi language lacks a clear distinction between nouns and verbs, and exhibits a flexibility between the predicate and argument in a clause. Any Kāndi content word is equivalent to a predicative expression, by default {{sc|to be + noun}}. That means that a word like '''''šay''''' would mean ''(it is a) girl''.
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|index = 1
|index = 1
}}{{gloss/indexable
}}{{gloss/indexable
|phrase = agūrri
|phrase = agúrri
|IPA = [agu͜βrɪ]
|IPA = [agu͜βrɪ]
| morphemes = agūrri-∅
| morphemes = agúrri-∅
| gloss = boy({{sc|II}})-{{sc|PRED}}
| gloss = boy({{sc|II}})-{{sc|PRED}}
| translation = It is a boy.
| translation = It is a boy.
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}}
}}


In a similar fashion there is '''''wī''''', '''''yīn''''' ({{sc|PL}}), '''''sir'''''; content words for ''me'', ''you'', ''this'', et c., equivalent to English pronouns. In order to create a predicative expression of the type {{sc|I am + noun/adj}}, these are fixed to the end of the word. In most circumstances these ''pronominal predicatives'' are clitical.
In a similar fashion there is '''''wí''''', '''''yín''''' ({{sc|PL}}), '''''sir'''''; content words for ''me'', ''you'', ''this'', et c., equivalent to English pronouns. In order to create a predicative expression of the type {{sc|I am + noun/adj}}, these are fixed to the end of the word. In most circumstances these ''pronominal predicatives'' are clitical.
{{gloss/indexable
{{gloss/indexable
|phrase = wī
|phrase = wí
|IPA = [wɪː]
|IPA = [wɪː]
| morphemes = wī-∅
| morphemes = wí-∅
| gloss = {{sc|1SG}}(I)-{{sc|PRED}}
| gloss = {{sc|1SG}}(I)-{{sc|PRED}}
| translation = It is I (It is me)
| translation = It is I (It is me)
| index = 3
| index = 3
}}{{gloss/indexable
}}{{gloss/indexable
|phrase = agūrriwī
|phrase = agúrriwí
|IPA = [agu͜βrɪwɪː]
|IPA = [agu͜βrɪwɪː]
| morphemes = katsa-∅=wī
| morphemes = katsa-∅=wí
| gloss = boy({{sc|I}})-{{sc|PRED}}={{sc|1SG}}
| gloss = boy({{sc|I}})-{{sc|PRED}}={{sc|1SG}}
| translation = I am a boy.
| translation = I am a boy.
| index = 4
| index = 4
}}{{gloss/indexable
}}{{gloss/indexable
|phrase = katsayīn
|phrase = katsayín
|IPA = [ˈkat͡sajɪːn]
|IPA = [ˈkat͡sajɪːn]
| morphemes = katsa-∅=yīn
| morphemes = katsa-∅=yín
| gloss = songbird({{sc|II}})-{{sc|PRED}}={{sc|2PL}}
| gloss = songbird({{sc|II}})-{{sc|PRED}}={{sc|2PL}}
| translation = You are songbirds.
| translation = You are songbirds.
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}}
}}


This is all fine and dandy, but you may ask yourself, what about predicative expressions with adjectives? How do I describe things? Kāndi does not only lack a verb and noun distinction, it does not have adjectives in their own right either. Rather, some content words are more like adjectives than others, confer '''''kirim''''', ''something red'':
This is all fine and dandy, but you may ask yourself, what about predicative expressions with adjectives? How do I describe things? Kandi does not only lack a verb and noun distinction, it does not have adjectives in their own right either. Rather, some content words are more like adjectives than others, confer '''''kirim''''', ''something red'':
{{gloss/indexable
{{gloss/indexable
|phrase = kirim
|phrase = kirim
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| index = 6
| index = 6
}}{{gloss/indexable
}}{{gloss/indexable
|phrase = kirimmī
|phrase = kirimmí
|IPA = [kɪˈɾɪbmɪː]
|IPA = [kɪˈɾɪbmɪː]
| morphemes = kirim-∅=wī
| morphemes = kirim-∅=wí
| gloss = red({{sc|IX}})-{{sc|PRED}}={{sc|1SG}}
| gloss = red({{sc|IX}})-{{sc|PRED}}={{sc|1SG}}
| translation = I am something red (I am red)
| translation = I am something red (I am red)
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| index = 7
| index = 7
}}{{gloss/indexable
}}{{gloss/indexable
|phrase = walīlak kirim
|phrase = walílak kirim
|IPA = [waˈlɪːlak kɪˈɾɪm]
|IPA = [waˈlɪːlak kɪˈɾɪm]
| morphemes = wa-līlak-∅ kirim-∅
| morphemes = wa-lílak-∅ kirim-∅
| gloss = {{sc|SPEC.SG.IV}}-flower({{sc|IV}})-{{sc|PRED}} red({{sc|IX}})-{{sc|PRED}}
| gloss = {{sc|SPEC.SG.IV}}-flower({{sc|IV}})-{{sc|PRED}} red({{sc|IX}})-{{sc|PRED}}
| translation = The flower is red
| translation = The flower is red
| index = 8
| index = 8
}}{{gloss/indexable
}}{{gloss/indexable
|phrase = okūnna amik
|phrase = okúnna amik
|IPA = [okˈʊːdna aˈmɪk]
|IPA = [okˈʊːdna aˈmɪk]
| morphemes = ok-∅-ūnna amik-∅
| morphemes = ok-∅-únna amik-∅
| gloss = eye({{sc|V}})-{{sc|PRED}}-{{sc|SPEC.DU.V}} red({{sc|IX}})-{{sc|PRED}}
| gloss = eye({{sc|V}})-{{sc|PRED}}-{{sc|SPEC.DU.V}} pebble({{sc|VI}})-{{sc|PRED}}
| translation = The eyes are pebble
| translation = The eyes are pebbles
| index = 7
| index = 9
}}
The specifier is difficult to understand, but confer the Salish languages of North America. The specifier is approximated relatively well by the expression {{sc|that which}}, which means that '''''tšanun wušunna''''' could be interpreted as ''That which is a horse, it is sad''.
 
===Compound predicative expressions===
In a similar manner to the enclitical pronomials previously, the predicate may be incorporated into the subject of the clause, and produce a compound of sorts. The compounds are normally accompanied with a suffix '''''-y-''''' for phonological reasons:
{{gloss/indexable
|phrase = okkamik
|IPA = [okˈkamɪk]
| morphemes = ok-y-amik-∅
| gloss = eye({{sc|V}})-{{sc|COMP}} pebble({{sc|VI}})-{{sc|PRED}}
| translation = The eyes are pebble/The eye is a pebble
| index = 10
}}{{gloss/indexable
|phrase = šayyú
|IPA = [ˈʃajːʊ͜β]
| morphemes = šay-y-yú-∅
| gloss = girl({{sc|V}})-{{sc|COMP}}-pretty({{sc|VIII}})-{{sc|PRED}}
| translation = The girl is pretty
| index = 11
}}
These compounds are no longer very common, and they are sometimes used attributively, confer ''the pretty girl'', instead of ''the girl is pretty''. Most of them have become fixed phrases, '''''šayyú''''' is a common way to call for a girl, for example. The word '''''okkamik''''' on the other hand is used for especially unempathetic people. Other examples include '''''omókkánay''''', ''God is great'', and '''''wánawakáyuma''''', ''the sky is endless''.
== Intransitive clauses ==
:''See also: [[Kandi/Sandbox#Predicative_expressions|Kandi/Predicative expressions]]''
 
Intransitive clauses in Kandi are formed in a very similar manner to predicative expressions. In fact, there is no difference at all. Which... Can be tricky. In essence, there is no grammatical difference between ''I am biking'' and ''I am a bike''.
{{gloss/indexable
|phrase = síkawí
|IPA = [ˈsɪːkawɪː]
| morphemes = síka-∅=wí
| gloss = bike({{sc|VI}})-{{sc|PRED}}={{sc|1SG}}
| translation = I am a bike/I am biking
| index = 12
}}{{gloss/indexable
|phrase = tíndatšiwí
|IPA = [ˈtɪːndat͡ʃɪwɪː]
| morphemes = tínda-∅-tši=wí
| gloss = know({{sc|IX}})-{{sc|PRED}}-{{sc|DUB}}={{sc|1SG}}
| translation = I am not sure I know
| index = 13
}}{{gloss/indexable
|phrase = yúr kánnami
|IPA = [ˈjʊ͜βɾ ˈkaːdnamɪ]
| morphemes = yúr-∅ kán-∅-yam-i
| gloss = goat({{sc|II}})-{{sc|PRED}} sight(V)-{{sc|PRED}}-{{sc|INF}}-{{sc|II.SPEC}}
| translation = The goat must have seen (been able to see)
| index = 14
}}
 
Do note that the specifier is afficed to the predicate-like part of the clause, in the last case '''''kánnam-i'''''. An apt translation would thus be ''That which is know(-ing), is a goat''. Remember that definiteness and tense are not distinguished in the language.
 
== Transitive clauses ==
Transitive clauses are formed in a few different ways. This is the most common construction,
{{gloss/indexable
|phrase = yúr kingússa kánnami
|IPA = [ˈjʊ͜βɾ ˈkɪŋgʊ͜βsːa ˈkɔdnamɪ]
| morphemes = yúr-∅ kin-gússa-∅ kán-∅-yam-i
| gloss = goat({{sc|II}})-{{sc|PRED}} {{sc|V.SPEC}}-arse({{sc|V}})-{{sc|PRED}} sight(V)-{{sc|PRED}}-{{sc|INF}}-{{sc|II.SPEC}}
| translation = The goat must have seen the arse
| index = 15
}}
{{gloss/indexable
|phrase = Kšammí štaptih!
|IPA = [ˈkɕabmɪː ˈɕtap͡ftɪ]
| morphemes = kšan-∅=wí štap-∅-tih
| gloss = writing({{sc|IX}})-{{sc|PRED}}={{sc|1SG}} book({{sc|VII}})-{{sc|PRED}}-{{sc|VII.SPEC}}
| translation = I'm writing a book!
| index = 16
}}
which uses a specifier marking on the verb and on the object of the verb. Less idiomatic translations would be ''That which sees that which is the arse, it is a goat'' and ''I write that which is a book!'', respectively.
{{gloss/indexable
|phrase = Išawíy!
|IPA = [ˈɪʃawɪːʝ]
| morphemes = iša-∅=wí=y
| gloss = hate({{sc|IX}})-{{sc|PRED}}={{sc|1SG}}={{sc|2SG}}
| translation = I hate you!
| index = 17
}}{{gloss/indexable
|phrase = winnaš wahšúwí!
|IPA = [wahˈwɪdnaʃ wahˈʃʊ͜βɪː]
| morphemes = winnaš-∅ wah-šú-∅=wí
| gloss =  moose({{sc|II}})-{{sc|PRED}} {{sc|SURP}}-eat({{sc|III}})-{{sc|PRED}}={{sc|1SG}}
| translation = Gah, the moose is eating me!
| index = 18
}}
 
== Possession ==
There are two main methods of expression possession in the language, utilising either the locative {{sc|LOC}} or the possessive {{sc|POSS}} affixes. The possessive suffix is by far the most common one, but the locative is more prevalent in certain dialects and in more formal registers. The usage is similar to Irish or Finnish, where for example the phrase ''The book at him'' most often translates as ''His book''. It is important to note that the locative possession is restricted to animacy; only possessions of people can take the locative, making the phrase ''The house at the dog'' purely positional. It also calls into question your suitability as a pet owner.
 
{{gloss/indexable
|phrase = síkawíniš
|IPA = [ˈsɪːkwɪːnɪʃ]
| morphemes = síka=wí-n-iš
| gloss =  bike({{sc|VI}})=me({{sc|I}})-{{sc|POSS}}-{{sc|SPEC}}
| translation = my bike
| index = 18
}}{{gloss/indexable
|phrase = kiy wanikánikka?
|IPA = [ˈkɪj ˈwanɪkaːnɪkːa]
| morphemes = kiy wani=ká-n-ikka
| gloss = what name({{sc|VIII}})=you({{sc|I}})-{{sc|POSS}}-{{sc|SPEC}}
| translation = what is your name?
| index = 18
}}{{gloss/indexable
|phrase = wušunnay ixán
|IPA = [ˈwʊʃʊdnaj ˈɪxaːn]
| morphemes = wušunna-y ixá-n
| gloss = despair({{sc|IX}})-({{sc|IX.SPEC}}) child({{sc|I}})-{{sc|POSS}}
| translation = the despair of a child
| index = 19
}}{{gloss/indexable
|phrase = kamúnne wíyun
|IPA = [ˈkamʊːdnɛ ˈwɪːjʊn]
| morphemes = kamún-ye wí-yun
| gloss = house({{sc|IX}})-({{sc|IX.SPEC}}) me({{sc|I}})-{{sc|LOC}}
| translation = my house/the house at me
| index = 20
}}
}}


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