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{{construction}} | {{construction}} | ||
{{Infobox language | {{Infobox language | ||
| name = | | name = Aeranir | ||
| nativename = coeñar aerānir<br />coeñar inceris | |||
| pronunciation = ˈk̟øː.ɲar ˈɪ̃ŋ̟.k̟ɛ.rɪs̠]<br />[ˈk̟øː.ɲar ɛːˈraː.nɪr | |||
| nativename = | |||
| pronunciation = | |||
|creator=Limius | |creator=Limius | ||
|setting=''[[Avrid]]'' | |setting=''[[Avrid]]'' | ||
| state = [[Telrhamir]], [[Iscaria]], [[Aeranid Empire]] | | state = [[Telrhamir]], [[Iscaria]], [[Aeranid Empire]] | ||
| ethnicity = Aeran | | ethnicity = Aeran | ||
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|ancestor2=[[Proto-Iscaric]] | |ancestor2=[[Proto-Iscaric]] | ||
|ancestor3=[[Aeranir#Old Aeranir|Old Aeranir]] | |ancestor3=[[Aeranir#Old Aeranir|Old Aeranir]] | ||
| nation = [[Aeranid Empire]] | | nation = [[Aeranid Empire]] | ||
| minority = [[Iscaria]], [[S'entin]], [[Tevrén]] | | minority = [[Iscaria]], [[S'entin]], [[Tevrén]] | ||
| notice = IPA | | notice = IPA | ||
| | | clcr = qco | ||
}} | }} | ||
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:{{interlinear | box=yes | :{{interlinear | box=yes | ||
| sircuīva īliō Rāscānus salvan | | sircuīva īliō Rāscānus salvan qurrīhā | ||
| tell-PFV.3SG.C Ilius-DAT.SG Rascanus-NOM.SG book-ACC.SG read-INF | | tell-PFV.3SG.C Ilius-DAT.SG Rascanus-NOM.SG book-ACC.SG read-INF | ||
|'Rascanus told Ilius that he was reading a book'}} | |'Rascanus told Ilius that he was reading a book'}} | ||
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:{{interlinear | box=yes | :{{interlinear | box=yes | ||
| | | taetue ne tīn | ||
| drink-PFV.3SG.E <nowiki>=</nowiki>2SG tea-ACC.SG | | drink-PFV.3SG.E <nowiki>=</nowiki>2SG tea-ACC.SG | ||
|'You drank the tea'}} | |'You drank the tea'}} | ||
:{{interlinear | box=yes | :{{interlinear | box=yes | ||
| tīn ni | | tīn ni taesun | ||
| tea-NOM.SG 2SG<nowiki>=</nowiki> drink-PFV.PTCP-E.NOM.SG | | tea-NOM.SG 2SG<nowiki>=</nowiki> drink-PFV.PTCP-E.NOM.SG | ||
|'The tea you drank'}} | |'The tea you drank'}} | ||
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* [[w:Genitive case|Genitive]]: ''sī rēnis'': 'of this king' | * [[w:Genitive case|Genitive]]: ''sī rēnis'': 'of this king' | ||
* [[w:Dative case|Dative]]: ''seō rēnī'': 'to/for this king' | * [[w:Dative case|Dative]]: ''seō rēnī'': 'to/for this king' | ||
* [[w:Ablative case|Ablative]]: ''seā | * [[w:Ablative case|Ablative]]: ''seā rēni'': 'from/by this king' | ||
* [[w:Locative case|Locative]]: ''sīs rēnīs'': 'at/with the king' | * [[w:Locative case|Locative]]: ''sīs rēnīs'': 'at/with the king' | ||
Sometimes the same endings, e.g. ''-ī'' and ''-ēs'', are used for more than one case. Since the function of a word in Aeranir is shown by ending rather than word order, in theory ''requor rēnī'' could mean either 'I return to the king' or 'I return from the king.' In practice, however, such ambiguities are rare. | Sometimes the same endings, e.g. ''-ī'' and ''-ēs'', are used for more than one case. Since the function of a word in Aeranir is shown by ending rather than word order, in theory ''requor rēnī'' could mean either 'I return to the king' or 'I return from the king.' In practice, however, such ambiguities are rare. | ||
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|} | |} | ||
===Third person | ===Third person pronouns=== | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:autmargin:auto;" | {| class="wikitable" style="margin:autmargin:auto;" | ||
|+caption | Personal pronouns | |+caption | Personal pronouns | ||
Line 1,128: | Line 1,123: | ||
|} | |} | ||
=== | === Demonstrative pronouns === | ||
Demonstratives underwent a great deal of change during the latest stages of Classical Aeranir, and much of the older forms were preserved in Golden Age Aeranir alongside their newer counterparts. The Classical Aeranir distal and medial demonstratives were formed from the third person pronoun ''us, va, un'' plus a suffix. This produced a variety of irregular forms, which were regularised in early Golden Age Aeranir. However, which stem was taken to become the new regular form varied between times, locations, and speakers. Generally, two stems were predominant for each demonstrative; with the medial varying between ''ust-'' and ''unt-'' and the distal between ''ūl-'' and ''ull-''. Eventually, the former of the two became more common, although the latter remained in marginal use, even into the Aeranid languages. | |||
<div style="overflow:auto"> | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" style="margin:autmargin:auto;" | ||
|+caption | | |+caption | Old demonstrative pronouns | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="3" | | ! rowspan="3" | | ||
! colspan=" | ! colspan="6" | '''''seus, sea, seun'''''<br>this, this one (proximal) | ||
! colspan=" | ! colspan="6" | '''''ustus, usta, untun'''''<br>that of yours (medial) | ||
! colspan="6" | | ! colspan="6" | '''''ūlus, ūla, ūllun'''''<br>that, that one (distal) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan=" | ! colspan="3" | Singular | ||
! colspan=" | ! colspan="3" | Plural | ||
! colspan=" | ! colspan="3" | Singular | ||
! colspan="3" | Plural | |||
! colspan="3" | Singular | |||
! colspan="3" | Plural | |||
|- | |- | ||
! <small>singular</small> | ! Temporary | ||
! <small>plural</small> | ! Cyclical | ||
! <small>singular</small> | ! Eternal | ||
! <small>plural</small> | ! Temporary | ||
! <small>singular</small> | ! Cyclical | ||
! <small>plural</small> | ! Eternal | ||
! <small>singular</small> | ! Temporary | ||
! <small>plural</small> | ! Cyclical | ||
! <small>singular</small> | ! Eternal | ||
! <small>plural</small> | ! Temporary | ||
|- style="text-align:center;" | ! Cyclical | ||
! inalienable | ! Eternal | ||
| ''tī''<br>''te'' | ! Temporary | ||
| ''īster'' | ! Cyclical | ||
| ''nī''<br>''ne'' | ! Eternal | ||
| ''rester'' | ! Temporary | ||
| ''sī''<br>''se'' | ! Cyclical | ||
| ''seōvus'' | ! Eternal | ||
| ''ūlī'' | |- style="text-align:center;" | ||
| ''ūlōvus'' | ! Nominative | ||
| ''ustī'' | | ''seus'' | ||
| ''ustōvus'' | | ''sea'' | ||
| ''cī''<br>''ce'' | | rowspan="3" | ''seun'' | ||
|- style="text-align:center;" | | ''seur'' | ||
! alienable | | ''sear'' | ||
| ''tuius'' | | rowspan="3" | ''seunt'' | ||
| ''eius'' | | ''ustus'' | ||
| ''nuius'' | | ''usta'' | ||
| ''ruius'' | | rowspan="3" | ''untun'' | ||
| colspan="2" | ''seius'' | | ''urtur'' | ||
| colspan="2" | ''ūleius'' | | ''urtar'' | ||
| colspan="2" | ''usteius'' | | rowspan="3" | ''untunt'' | ||
| ''cuius'' | | ''ūlus'' | ||
|} | | ''ūla'' | ||
| rowspan="3" | ''ullun'' | |||
| ''ullur'' | |||
| ''ullar'' | |||
| rowspan="3" | ''ullunt'' | |||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |||
! Accusative | |||
| ''seun'' | |||
| ''sean'' | |||
| ''sī'' | |||
| ''seae'' | |||
| ''untun'' | |||
| ''untan'' | |||
| ''vītī'' | |||
| ''vītae'' | |||
| ''ullun'' | |||
| ''ullan'' | |||
| ''vīlī'' | |||
| ''vīlae'' | |||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |||
! Vocative | |||
| ''sē'' | |||
| ''sea'' | |||
| ''seur'' | |||
| ''sear'' | |||
| ''uste'' | |||
| ''usta'' | |||
| ''urtur'' | |||
| ''urtar'' | |||
| ''ūle'' | |||
| ''ūla'' | |||
| ''ullur'' | |||
| ''ullar'' | |||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |||
! Essive | |||
| ''seū'' | |||
| ''seau'' | |||
| ''seū'' | |||
| colspan="3" | ''seur'' | |||
| ''ūtū'' | |||
| ''ūtau'' | |||
| ''ūtū'' | |||
| colspan="3" | ''urtur'' | |||
| ''ūlū'' | |||
| ''ūlau'' | |||
| ''ūlū'' | |||
| colspan="3" | ''ullur'' | |||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |||
! Instrumental | |||
| ''seōrun'' | |||
| ''seārun'' | |||
| ''seōrun'' | |||
| colspan="3" | ''seōs'' | |||
| ''untōrun'' | |||
| ''untārun'' | |||
| ''untōrun'' | |||
| colspan="3" | ''vēstōs'' | |||
| ''ullōrun'' | |||
| ''ullārun'' | |||
| ''ullōrun'' | |||
| colspan="3" | ''vēlōs'' | |||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |||
! Genitive | |||
| ''sī'' | |||
| ''seae'' | |||
| ''sī'' | |||
| ''seōvus'' | |||
| ''seāvus'' | |||
| ''seōvus'' | |||
| ''vistī'' | |||
| ''vistae'' | |||
| ''vistī'' | |||
| ''vustōvus'' | |||
| ''vustāvus'' | |||
| ''vustōvus'' | |||
| ''vīlī'' | |||
| ''vīlae'' | |||
| ''vīlī'' | |||
| ''vūlōvus'' | |||
| ''vūlāvus'' | |||
| ''vūlōvus'' | |||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |||
! Dative | |||
| colspan="3" | ''seō'' | |||
| ''seōna'' | |||
| ''seāna'' | |||
| ''seōna'' | |||
| colspan="3" | ''vītō'' | |||
| ''vintōna'' | |||
| ''vintāna'' | |||
| ''vintōna'' | |||
| colspan="3" | ''vīlō'' | |||
| ''villōna'' | |||
| ''villāna'' | |||
| ''villōna'' | |||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |||
! Ablative | |||
| colspan="3" | ''seā'' | |||
| ''seōs'' | |||
| ''seās'' | |||
| ''seōs'' | |||
| colspan="3" | ''vistā'' | |||
| ''vēstōs'' | |||
| ''vēstās'' | |||
| ''vēstōs'' | |||
| colspan="3" | ''vīlā'' | |||
| ''vēlōs'' | |||
| ''vēlās'' | |||
| ''vēlōs'' | |||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |||
! Locative | |||
| colspan="3" | ''sīs'' | |||
| colspan="3" | ''seā'' | |||
| colspan="3" | ''vistīs'' | |||
| colspan="3" | ''vātā'' | |||
| colspan="3" | ''vīlīs'' | |||
| colspan="3" | ''vālā'' | |||
|} | |||
</div> | |||
Even after the new regular demonstratives had been widely adopted, the old ones continued to be used for stylistic purposes, and where considered more proper for official writing, speech, and communication. | |||
In Classical Aeranir, demonstratives could stand for a person or thing, but also a place—there was no distinction between 'this' and 'here.' However, in Golden Age Aeranir, another one of the old stems was generalised to create dedicated locative pronouns '''''vistus, vista, vistun''''' 'there (near you),' and '''''vīlus, vīla, vīlun''''' 'there (far away).' By analogy, the proximal locative demonstrative '''''viseus, visea, viseun''''' 'here' was also created. These were used along side the regular demonstratives to express location. | |||
===Possessive pronouns=== | |||
Possessive pronouns in Aeranir distinguish between many more different types of possession than ordinary nouns, which use only the genitive to mark possession, ownership, association, etc. Pronouns distinguish both alienable and inalienable possession. | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;" | |||
|+caption | Possessive pronouns | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="3" | | |||
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | 1st person | |||
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | 2nd person | |||
! colspan="6" | 3rd person | |||
! rowspan="3" | reflexive | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" | proximal | |||
! colspan="2" | distal | |||
! colspan="2" | medial | |||
|- | |||
! <small>singular</small> | |||
! <small>plural</small> | |||
! <small>singular</small> | |||
! <small>plural</small> | |||
! <small>singular</small> | |||
! <small>plural</small> | |||
! <small>singular</small> | |||
! <small>plural</small> | |||
! <small>singular</small> | |||
! <small>plural</small> | |||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |||
! inalienable | |||
| ''tī''<br>''te'' | |||
| ''īster'' | |||
| ''nī''<br>''ne'' | |||
| ''rester'' | |||
| ''sī''<br>''se'' | |||
| ''seōvus'' | |||
| ''ūlī'' | |||
| ''ūlōvus'' | |||
| ''ustī'' | |||
| ''ustōvus'' | |||
| ''cī''<br>''ce'' | |||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |||
! alienable | |||
| ''tuius'' | |||
| ''eius'' | |||
| ''nuius'' | |||
| ''ruius'' | |||
| colspan="2" | ''seius'' | |||
| colspan="2" | ''ūleius'' | |||
| colspan="2" | ''usteius'' | |||
| ''cuius'' | |||
|} | |||
Objects of inalienable possession are marked with the genitive of a personal or demonstrative pronoun. These include body parts, kinship and familiarity terms, personal attributes, emotions, or thoughts. These pronouns generally proceed the possessee, although that is not always the case, especially in poety. Singular pronouns ''tī'', ''nī'', ''cī'', ''sī'', ''ustī'', and ''ūlī'' may be appear as ''tei'', ''nei'', ''cei'', ''sei'', ''usti'', ''ūli'' before words starting with a vowel, and ''te'', ''ne'', ''ce'', ''se'', ''ust'', ''ūl'' before words starting with ''i''. | |||
:{{interlinear | box=yes | |||
| se incus | |||
| this-T.GEN.SG head-NOM.SG | |||
|'this one's head'}} | |||
Alienable possession, including essentially all other categories, is marked via possessive adjectives. These adjective may appear either before or after the possessee, but usually come afterwards. Oftentimes, the different use of alienable/inalienable pronouns may hint at a difference in meaning. The word '''''indus''''', for example, may mean 'head,' but also 'capital' or 'leader.' With inalienable pronouns, however, it always means 'head,' versus with alienable pronouns, it means 'capital,' or 'leader' because while a head is inalienable, a capital or leader is not. However, this might not always be the case, depending on the possessor and context. | |||
:{{interlinear | box=yes | |||
| ēs incus telūhramir tuius | |||
| COP.3SG.T head-NOM.SG mesa-ESS.SG<nowiki>=</nowiki>hram-GEN.PL mine-T.NOM.SG | |||
|'My capital is Telhramir'}} | |||
:{{interlinear | box=yes | |||
| ēs ūlae (tlānae aerānihae) incus telūrhamir | |||
| COP.3SG.T that_one's-C.GEN.SG (flower-GEN.SG Aeranid-C.GEN.SG) head-NOM.SG mesa-ESS.SG<nowiki>=</nowiki>rham-GEN.PL | |||
|'Its (the Aeranid Empire's) capital is Telrhamir'}} | |||
==Adverbs== | |||
Adverbs in Aeranir are used to modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs indicating time, manner, or place. | |||
Most adjectives are formed from nouns or adjectives, although they can be derived from some verbs, especially stative verbs. There are a variety of different formulation strategies, depending on the class of the noun/adjective/verb. | |||
*''formus'' ("warm" 1st-2nd declension adjective) → '''''formē''''' ("warmly") | |||
*''aerās'' ("an Aeran" 3rd declension noun) → '''''aerāne''''' ("like an Aeran") | |||
*''raelis'' ("a child" 3rd declension i-stem noun) → '''''raeliter''''' ("like a child") | |||
*''vȳlēs'' ("three days from now" 4th declension noun) → '''''vȳlē''''' ("every three days") | |||
*''sacus'' ("a pin" 5th declension noun) → '''''saciter''''' ("sharply, like a pin") | |||
One of the most notable uses of the adverbial form is with verbs like ''ficitz'' ("it makes me"), ''fitz'' ("I become"), and ''caitz'' ("I change into"). Adverbs can be used to denote the result of a change of state in such a clause. | |||
:{{interlinear | box=yes | |||
| fīx prīstus pāliōne Boezymiae | |||
| make.PFV-3SG.T first-NOM.SG provincial_governor-ADV Boezymia-GEN.SG | |||
|'The First Senator made them provincial governor of Boezymia'}} | |||
:{{interlinear | box=yes | |||
| sa Īliō qūria tzillē cainnī | |||
| COP-3SG.C Ilius-DAT.SG power-NOM.SG cat-ADV change_form-GER-GEN | |||
|'Ilius has the power to turn into a cat'}} | |||
==Verbs== | |||
===Conjugation=== | |||
====Agreement==== | |||
[[File:Dga pyramid.png|thumb|250px|right|The ''DGA pyramid'', originally developed by u/Darkgamma, 2018. ''[https://www.reddit.com/r/conlangs/comments/aarsyy/the_total_cacophony_of_bäladiri_verb_agreement/ The Total Cacophony of Bäladiri Verb Agreement and Argument Assignment]''.]] | |||
Verbs in Aeranir are conjugated to agree with the [[w:Grammatical number|number]], the [[w:Grammatical person|person]], and in the third person singular, the [[w:Grammatical gender|gender]] of the most oblique argument given a word's [[w:Valency (linguistics)|valency]], as defined by the ''DGA pyramid''<ref>https://www.reddit.com/r/conlangs/comments/aarsyy/the_total_cacophony_of_bäladiri_verb_agreement/</ref>. Here, '''S''' represents the [[w:Subject (grammar)|subject]] of an [[w:Intransitive verb|intransitive verb]], such as 'the person' in 'the person laughed.' '''A''' represents the [[w:Agent (grammar)|agent]] of a [[w:Transitive verb|transitive verb]] (also occasually called the [[w:Subject (grammar)|subject]]), or the person or thing that does the action of the verb, such as 'the child' in 'the child reads the book.' '''D''' marks the donor, a special type of agent, who gives something or does a the action of a verb for the benefit of another, such as ‘the senator’ in ‘the senator gave the cat some milk.’ These are collectively called the '''nominative argument''', and are expressed usually with the [[w:Nominative case|nominative case]], but also occasionally with the [[w:Genitive case|genitive case]] in dependant clauses. | |||
'''P''' represents the [[w:Patient (grammar)|patient]] of a [[w:Transitive verb|transitive verb]], or the person or thing towhich the verb is done, also called the '''direct object''', such as ‘the book’ in ‘the child reads the book.’ '''T''' represents the '''theme''', or the object that is given to someone or something, such as ‘the milk’ in ‘the senator gave the cat some milk.’ These two roles make up the '''accusative argument''', which is marked with the [[w:Accusative case|accusative case]]. Finally, '''R''' represents the '''recipient''', or the person who recieves the theme from the donor, or benefits from the donor's action, with a [[w:Ditransitive verb|ditransitive verb]], also commonly called the '''indirect object''', such as 'the cat' in 'the senator gave the cate some milk.' | |||
Aeranir verbs conjugate their endings to agree with the most oblique argument in a clause. That means the '''subject''' of an '''intransitive verb''' (e.g. '''''claut<u>itz</u>'''''; '<u>I</u> laugh'), the '''patient''' of a '''transitive verb''' (e.g. '''''auh<u>en</u>te'''''; 'I look at <u>you</u>'), or the '''recipient''' of a '''ditransitive verb''' (e.g. '''''tzav<u>ī</u>'r salvae'''''; 'you all gave <u>me</u> the books'). | |||
:{{interlinear | box=yes | |||
| mollī cōmus | |||
| leak-<u>3SG.E</u> <u>house</u>-NOM.SG | |||
|'The house is leaking'}} | |||
:{{interlinear | box=yes | |||
| requis te coptin nuiun | |||
| return-<u>3SG.C</u> <nowiki>=</nowiki>1SG <u>hat</u>-ACC.SG 2SG.POS.PRO-T.ACC.SG | |||
|'I'm giving back your hat'}} | |||
:{{interlinear | box=yes | :{{interlinear | box=yes | ||
| | | imptās ne mu sōlī nomī Sētīlī | ||
| | | send-POT.<u>3SG.T</u> <nowiki>=</nowiki>2SG <nowiki>=</nowiki>INTERR clothing-ACC.PL new-IPFV.PTCP-T.ACC.SG <u>Setil</u>-DAT.SG | ||
|' | |'Can you send Setil the new clothes?'}} | ||
It should be noted that a verb in the [[w:Active voice|active voice]] must always have the maximum number of arguments according to its inherent transitivity. This means, for example, that one can never say 'John eats.' Because 'to eat' is transitive, there must be a patient, or direct object, e.g. 'John eats food.' However, there are a number of valancy dropping operations available in Aeranir to allow various arguments to be dropped, which are discussed in the section on [[w:Voice (grammar)|voice]]. | |||
: | Additional arguments can be expressed with [[w:Clitic|pronominal clitics]] attached to the end of a verb in independant clauses and to the beginning in dependant ones (e.g.'''''auhen<u>te</u>'''''; '<u>I</u> look at you,' '''''tzāvī<u>'r</u> salvae'''''; '<u>you all</u> gave me the books'), however these are not considered part of a verbs conjugation, and are optional, especially if the information can be assumed or is known between speakers. | ||
====Number of Conjugations==== | |||
| | {| class="wikitable" style="margin:autmargin:auto;" | ||
| | |+caption | Basic conjugation paradigm | ||
|' | |- | ||
! Aspect → | |||
! colspan="4" | Imperfective | |||
! colspan="4" | Perfective | |||
|- | |||
! Mood →<br>Voice ↓ | |||
! Indicative | |||
! Subjunctive | |||
! Desiderative | |||
! Potential | |||
! Indicative | |||
! Subjunctive | |||
! Desiderative | |||
! Potential | |||
|' | |- | ||
! Active | |||
| '''aehatz'''<br>They love me | |||
| '''aehet'''<br>They should love me | |||
| '''aehārit'''<br>They want to love me | |||
| '''aehātatz'''<br>They can love me | |||
| '''aehāvī'''<br>They loved me | |||
| '''aehēvī'''<br>They should have loved me | |||
| '''aehāruī'''<br>They wanted to love me | |||
| '''aehātāvī'''<br>They could have loved me | |||
|- | |||
! Middle | |||
''' | | '''aehor'''<br>I love | ||
| '''aeheō'''<br>I should love | |||
| '''aehārō'''<br>I want to love | |||
| '''aehātor'''<br>I can love | |||
| '''aehāvō'''<br>I loved | |||
| '''aehēvō'''<br>I should have loved | |||
| '''aehāruō'''<br>I wanted to love | |||
| '''aehātāvō'''<br>I could have loved | |||
|- | |||
! Passive | |||
| '''aehālō'''<br>I am loved | |||
| '''aehēlō'''<br>I should be loved | |||
| '''aehārēlō'''<br>I want to be loved | |||
| '''aehātālō'''<br>I can be loved | |||
| '''aehāvēlō'''<br>I was loved | |||
| '''aehēvēlō'''<br>I should have been loved | |||
| '''aehāruēlō'''<br>I wanted to be loved | |||
| '''aehātāvēlō'''<br>I could have been loved | |||
|- | |||
! Causative | |||
| '''aehātitz'''<br>They let me love them | |||
| '''aehātiat'''<br>They should let me love them | |||
| '''aehātīrit'''<br>They want to let me love them | |||
| '''aehāssītatz'''<br>They can let me love them | |||
| '''aehātīvī'''<br>They have let me love them | |||
| '''aehātiāvī'''<br>They should have let me love them | |||
| '''aehātīruī'''<br>They wanted to let me love them | |||
| '''aehāssītāvī'''<br>They could have let me love them | |||
|} | |||
==== Conjugation formation ==== | |||
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:100%; overflow:auto;"> | |||
<div style="font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;"> Conjugation formation </div> | |||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"> | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:autmargin:auto;" | |||
: | |||
: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | {{gcl|IPFV|}} | ||
! colspan=" | ! colspan ="2" | A-grade | ||
! colspan=" | ! colspan="2" | I-grade | ||
! colspan="2" | E-grade | |||
! colspan ="2" | Null-grade | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! ''strong'' | ||
! ''weak'' | |||
! ''strong'' | |||
! ''weak'' | |||
! ''strong'' | |||
! ''weak'' | |||
! ''strong'' | |||
! ''weak'' | |||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |||
! rowspan="4" | {{gcl|ACT|}} | |||
! {{gcl|IND|}} | |||
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | |||
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ī-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | |||
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | |||
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | |||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |||
! {{gcl|SUBJ|}} | |||
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | |||
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-iā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | |||
|- | | colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | ||
! | | colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | ||
| ''' | |- style="text-align:center;" | ||
| '' | ! {{gcl|DES|}} | ||
| '' | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | ||
| ''' | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ār-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | ||
| ''' | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | ||
| '' | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-er/īr-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | ||
| ''' | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | ||
| ''' | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-er/īr-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | ||
|- | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | ||
! | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-er-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | ||
| '' | |- style="text-align:center;" | ||
| '' | ! {{gcl|POT|}} | ||
| '' | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | ||
| ''' | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | ||
| ''' | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | ||
| ''' | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itā/ītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | ||
| ''' | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | ||
| '' | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itā/ītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | ||
|- | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | ||
! | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | ||
| ''' | |- style="text-align:center;" | ||
| '' | ! rowspan="4" | {{gcl|MID|}} | ||
| ''' | ! {{gcl|IND|}} | ||
| ''' | | colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | ||
| '' | | colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ī-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | ||
| ''' | | colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | ||
| ''' | | colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | ||
| ''' | |- style="text-align:center;" | ||
| | ! {{gcl|SUBJ|}} | ||
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | |||
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-iā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | |||
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | |||
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | |||
{| | |||
|- | |||
| | |||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |- style="text-align:center;" | ||
! | ! {{gcl|DES|}} | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | |||
| | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ār-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | ||
| | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-er/īr-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-er/īr-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-er-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | |||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |- style="text-align:center;" | ||
! {{gcl| | ! {{gcl|POT|}} | ||
| | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | ||
| | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | ||
| | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | ||
| | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itā/ītā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itā/ītā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | |||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |- style="text-align:center;" | ||
! {{gcl| | ! rowspan="4" | {{gcl|PAS|}} | ||
! {{gcl|IND|}} | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}- | | colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | ||
| | | colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ī-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}- | | colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | ||
| | | colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}- | |||
| | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}} | |||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |- style="text-align:center;" | ||
! {{gcl| | ! {{gcl|SUBJ|}} | ||
| | | colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}- | | colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-iā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | ||
| | | colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}- | | colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | ||
| | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}- | |||
| | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}- | |||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |- style="text-align:center;" | ||
! | ! {{gcl|DES|}} | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | |||
| | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ār-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | ||
| | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-er/īr-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-er/īr-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-er-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | |||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |- style="text-align:center;" | ||
! {{gcl| | ! {{gcl|POT|}} | ||
| | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | ||
| | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | ||
| | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | ||
| | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itā/ītā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itā/ītā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | |||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |- style="text-align:center;" | ||
! {{gcl| | ! rowspan="4" | {{gcl|CAUS|}} | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}- | ! {{gcl|IND|}} | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}- | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tī-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}- | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātī-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}- | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tī-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}- | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itī/ītī-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}- | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tī-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}- | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itī/ītī-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}- | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tī-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itī-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | |||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |- style="text-align:center;" | ||
! {{gcl| | ! {{gcl|SUBJ|}} | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}- | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tiā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}- | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātiā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}- | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tiā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}- | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itiā/ītiā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}- | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tiā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}- | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itiā/itiā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}- | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tiā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}- | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itiā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | ||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |- style="text-align:center;" | ||
! {{gcl|DES|}} | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tier-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātier-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tier-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itier/ītier-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tier-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itier/ītier-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tier-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itier-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | |||
! {{gcl|DES|}} | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}- | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}- | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}- | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}- | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}- | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}- | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}- | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}- | |||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |- style="text-align:center;" | ||
! {{gcl|POT|}} | ! {{gcl|POT|}} | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}- | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-sītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}- | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-āsītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}- | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-sītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}- | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-issītā/īsītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}- | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-sītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}- | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-issītā/īsītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}- | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-sītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}- | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-issītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | ||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | {{gcl|PFV|}} | |||
! colspan ="2" | A-grade | |||
! colspan="2" | I-grade | |||
! colspan="2" | E-grade | |||
! colspan ="2" | Null-grade | |||
|- | |||
! ''strong'' | |||
! ''weak'' | |||
! ''strong'' | |||
! ''weak'' | |||
! ''strong'' | |||
! ''weak'' | |||
! ''strong'' | |||
! ''weak'' | |||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |- style="text-align:center;" | ||
! rowspan="4" | {{gcl| | ! rowspan="4" | {{gcl|ACT|}} | ||
! {{gcl|IND|}} | ! {{gcl|IND|}} | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}} | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}- | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/āv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}} | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}- | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/īv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}} | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}- | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/ēv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}} | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}- | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | ||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |- style="text-align:center;" | ||
! {{gcl|SUBJ|}} | ! {{gcl|SUBJ|}} | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}- | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}- | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/ēv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}- | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}- | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/iāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}- | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}- | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/eāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}- | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}- | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | ||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |- style="text-align:center;" | ||
! {{gcl|DES|}} | ! {{gcl|DES|}} | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}- | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}- | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-āru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}- | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}- | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru/īru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}- | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}- | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru/īru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}- | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}- | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | ||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |- style="text-align:center;" | ||
! {{gcl|POT|}} | ! {{gcl|POT|}} | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}- | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}- | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}- | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}- | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv/ītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}- | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}- | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv/ītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}- | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}- | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | ||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |||
! rowspan="4" | {{gcl|MID|}} | |||
! {{gcl|IND|}} | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/āv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/īv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/ēv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | |||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |||
! rowspan="4" | {{gcl| | |||
! {{gcl|IND|}} | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl| | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/āv-{{gcl| | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl| | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/īv-{{gcl| | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl| | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/ēv-{{gcl| | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl| | |||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u-{{gcl| | |||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |- style="text-align:center;" | ||
! {{gcl|SUBJ|}} | ! {{gcl|SUBJ|}} | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl| | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/ēv-{{gcl| | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/ēv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl| | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/ | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/iā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl| | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/ | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/eā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl| | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē-{{gcl| | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | ||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |- style="text-align:center;" | ||
! {{gcl|DES|}} | ! {{gcl|DES|}} | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl| | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-āru-{{gcl| | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-āru-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl| | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru/īru-{{gcl| | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru/īru-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}- | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru/īru-{{gcl| | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru/īru-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl| | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru-{{gcl| | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | ||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |- style="text-align:center;" | ||
! {{gcl|POT|}} | ! {{gcl|POT|}} | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl| | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātāv-{{gcl| | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātāv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl| | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv/ītāv-{{gcl| | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv/ītāv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl| | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv/ītāv-{{gcl| | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv/ītāv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl| | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv-{{gcl| | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | ||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |- style="text-align:center;" | ||
! rowspan="4" | {{gcl| | ! rowspan="4" | {{gcl|PAS|}} | ||
! {{gcl|IND|}} | ! {{gcl|IND|}} | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl| | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/āv-{{gcl| | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/āv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl| | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/īv-{{gcl| | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/īv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl| | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/ēv-{{gcl| | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/ēv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl| | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u-{{gcl| | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | ||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |- style="text-align:center;" | ||
! {{gcl|SUBJ|}} | ! {{gcl|SUBJ|}} | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}} | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/ēv-{{gcl| | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/ēv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}} | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/ | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/iāv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}} | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/eā-{{gcl| | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/eā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}} | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē-{{gcl| | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | ||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |- style="text-align:center;" | ||
! {{gcl|DES|}} | ! {{gcl|DES|}} | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl| | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-āru-{{gcl| | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-āru-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl| | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru/īru-{{gcl| | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru/īru-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl| | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru/īru-{{gcl| | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru/īru-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl| | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru-{{gcl| | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | ||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |- style="text-align:center;" | ||
! {{gcl|POT|}} | ! {{gcl|POT|}} | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl| | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātāv-{{gcl| | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātāv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl| | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv/ītāv-{{gcl| | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv/ītāv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl| | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv/ītāv-{{gcl| | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv/ītāv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl| | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv-{{gcl| | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | ||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |- style="text-align:center;" | ||
! rowspan="4" | {{gcl| | ! rowspan="4" | {{gcl|CAUS|}} | ||
! {{gcl|IND|}} | ! {{gcl|IND|}} | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl| | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tīv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}- | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātīv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl| | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tīv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}- | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itīv/ītīv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl| | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tīv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}- | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itīv/ītīv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl| | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tīv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}- | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itīv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | ||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |- style="text-align:center;" | ||
! {{gcl|SUBJ|}} | ! {{gcl|SUBJ|}} | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl| | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tiāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}- | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātiāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl| | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tiāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}- | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itiāv/ītiāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl| | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tiāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}- | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itiāv/itiāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl| | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tiāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}- | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itiāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | ||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |- style="text-align:center;" | ||
! {{gcl|DES|}} | ! {{gcl|DES|}} | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}- | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tieru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}- | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātieru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}- | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tieru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}- | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itieru/ītieru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}- | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tieru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}- | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itieru/ītieru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}- | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tieru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}- | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itieru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | ||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |- style="text-align:center;" | ||
! {{gcl|POT|}} | ! {{gcl|POT|}} | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}- | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-sītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}- | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-āsītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}- | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-sītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}- | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-issītāv/īsītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}- | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-sītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}- | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-issītāv/īsītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}- | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-sītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | ||
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}- | | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-issītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}'' | ||
| | |} | ||
</div></div> | |||
====Principle Parts==== | |||
The verb in Aeranir is primarily made of three parts: '''root''', '''theme''', and '''ending''', with an optional forth category, the '''suffix''', for forming the perfective. The root and theme combine to form the '''stem'''. The root carries the semantic content of the word, and can also be conjugated to carry modal imformation. The theme describes how the stem interacts with the ending, and can also be changed, along with the stem and endings, to express a variety of different grammatical meanings. Endings indicate the voice, aspect, person, number, and gender of the most oblique argument in the DGA scheme. | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:autmargin:auto;" | |||
|+caption | Basic verb endings | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" colspan="3" | | |||
! colspan="2" | Active | |||
| | ! colspan="2" | Middle | ||
! colspan="2" | Passive | |||
|- | |||
! Imperfective | |||
! Perfective | |||
! Imperfective | |||
! Perfective | |||
! Imperfective | |||
! Perfective | |||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |- style="text-align:center;" | ||
! | ! rowspan="5" | Singular | ||
| | ! colspan="2" | 1st Person | ||
| '' | | ''-itz/-it'' | ||
| '' | | ''-ī'' | ||
| '' | | ''-or/-ō'' | ||
| '' | | ''-ō'' | ||
| ''-ēlō'' | |||
| '' | | ''-ēlō'' | ||
| '' | |||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |- style="text-align:center;" | ||
! | ! colspan="2" | 2nd Person | ||
| '' | | ''-in'' | ||
| '' | | ''-in'' | ||
| '' | | ''-istī'' | ||
| '' | | ''-ist'' | ||
| '' | | ''-ēlāstī'' | ||
| '' | | ''-ēlast'' | ||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |- style="text-align:center;" | ||
! | ! rowspan="3" | 3rd Person | ||
! <small> ''temporary'' <small> | |||
| '' | | ''-is'' | ||
| '' | | ''-is'' | ||
| '' | | ''-erur'' | ||
| '' | | rowspan="3" | ''-ere'' | ||
| '' | | ''-ēlārur'' | ||
| '' | | rowspan="3" | ''-ēlāre'' | ||
| | |- style="text-align:center;" | ||
! <small> ''cyclical'' <small> | |||
| ''-a'' | |||
| ''-a'' | |||
| ''-era'' | |||
| ''-ēlāra'' | |||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |- style="text-align:center;" | ||
! | ! <small> ''eternal'' <small> | ||
| ''-ī'' | | ''-ī'' | ||
| ''-e'' | |||
| ''-e'' | |||
| ''-erur'' | | ''-erur'' | ||
| ''-ēlārur'' | | ''-ēlārur'' | ||
Line 2,052: | Line 2,221: | ||
:{{interlinear | box=yes | :{{interlinear | box=yes | ||
| | | taetuere tīn īvīs lȳrīs saltīs ni fictun satun iūs | ||
| drink-PFV.MID.3SG.E tea-NOM.SG 1PL.PRO-DAT time-LOC.SG pass-PFV.PTCP-T.LOC.SG 2SG<nowiki>=</nowiki> make-PFV.PTCP-E.NOM.SG pour-PFV.PTCP-E.NOM.SG well | | drink-PFV.MID.3SG.E tea-NOM.SG 1PL.PRO-DAT time-LOC.SG pass-PFV.PTCP-T.LOC.SG 2SG<nowiki>=</nowiki> make-PFV.PTCP-E.NOM.SG pour-PFV.PTCP-E.NOM.SG well | ||
|'The tea you made us last time was delicious' (lit. '~drank well')}} | |'The tea you made us last time was delicious' (lit. '~drank well')}} | ||
Line 2,063: | Line 2,232: | ||
:{{interlinear | box=yes | :{{interlinear | box=yes | ||
| | | taeterur seun tīn iūs | ||
|drink-MID.3SG.E this-E.NOM.SG tea-NOM.SG well | |drink-MID.3SG.E this-E.NOM.SG tea-NOM.SG well | ||
|'This tea tastes good' (lit. 'it drinks well')}} | |'This tea tastes good' (lit. 'it drinks well')}} | ||
:{{interlinear | box=yes | :{{interlinear | box=yes | ||
| | | taetēlārur seun tīn iūs | ||
|drink-PAS.3SG.E this-E.NOM.SG tea-NOM.SG well | |drink-PAS.3SG.E this-E.NOM.SG tea-NOM.SG well | ||
|'This tea is drunk often'}} | |'This tea is drunk often'}} | ||
Line 2,135: | Line 2,304: | ||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |- style="text-align:center;" | ||
! Active | ! Active | ||
| ''''' | | '''''aehāhā'''''<br>''-hā'' | ||
| ''''' | | '''''aehāri'''''<br>''-ri'' | ||
| ''to love<br>(someone)'' | | ''to love<br>(someone)'' | ||
| '''''aehāhī'''''<br>''-hī'' | | '''''aehāhī'''''<br>''-hī'' | ||
Line 2,143: | Line 2,312: | ||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |- style="text-align:center;" | ||
! Middle | ! Middle | ||
| ''''' | | '''''aehāssi'''''<br>''-ssi'' | ||
| '''''aehāiēs'''''<br>''-iēs'' | | '''''aehāiēs'''''<br>''-iēs'' | ||
| ''to love'' | | ''to love'' | ||
Line 2,151: | Line 2,320: | ||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |- style="text-align:center;" | ||
! Passive | ! Passive | ||
| '''''aehātus | | '''''aehātus sinhā'''''<br>''<small>{{Smallcaps|PFV.PTCP}}</small> + sinhā'' | ||
| '''''aehātus fiēs'''''<br>''<small>{{Smallcaps|PFV.PTCP}}</small> + fiēs'' | | '''''aehātus fiēs'''''<br>''<small>{{Smallcaps|PFV.PTCP}}</small> + fiēs'' | ||
| ''to be loved'' | | ''to be loved'' | ||
Line 2,159: | Line 2,328: | ||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |- style="text-align:center;" | ||
! Causative | ! Causative | ||
| ''''' | | '''''aehātīhā'''''<br>''-tīhā'' | ||
| ''''' | | '''''aehātīri'''''<br>''-tīri'' | ||
| ''to make (someone)<br>love (someone)'' | | ''to make (someone)<br>love (someone)'' | ||
| '''''aehātīhī'''''<br>''-tīhī'' | | '''''aehātīhī'''''<br>''-tīhī'' | ||
Line 2,166: | Line 2,335: | ||
| ''to have made<br>(someone) love<br>(someone)'' | | ''to have made<br>(someone) love<br>(someone)'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
The infinitive in Aeranir is a special verbal form used to form complement clauses. | |||
=====Uses of the infinitive===== | =====Uses of the infinitive===== | ||
The infinitive in Aeranir can be used to report indirect speech, hearsay, speculation, or sensation. | The infinitive in Aeranir can be used to report indirect speech, hearsay, speculation, or sensation. | ||
Line 2,175: | Line 2,345: | ||
:{{interlinear | box=yes | :{{interlinear | box=yes | ||
| ȳrēva te Mussā Limī carīnōvus quo neme cōmus | | ȳrēva te Mussā Limī carīnōvus quo neme cōmus strōcēhā | ||
| hear-PFV.3SG.C <nowiki>=</nowiki>1SG Mussa-ABL.SG Limius-GEN.SG friend-GEN.PL <nowiki>=</nowiki>and newly home-ACC.SG build-INF | | hear-PFV.3SG.C <nowiki>=</nowiki>1SG Mussa-ABL.SG Limius-GEN.SG friend-GEN.PL <nowiki>=</nowiki>and newly home-ACC.SG build-INF | ||
|'I heard from Mussa that Limius and their friends are building a new house'}} | |'I heard from Mussa that Limius and their friends are building a new house'}} | ||
Line 2,182: | Line 2,352: | ||
The gerund in Aeranir is a infinite verb form which displays characteristics of both a noun and a verb. It declines for a limited scope of cases (although not for gender nor number), but can take object and adjunct arguments like a verb. It usually has an adverbial/adjectival meaning, and never agrees with the main verb. | The gerund in Aeranir is a infinite verb form which displays characteristics of both a noun and a verb. It declines for a limited scope of cases (although not for gender nor number), but can take object and adjunct arguments like a verb. It usually has an adverbial/adjectival meaning, and never agrees with the main verb. | ||
===== Forming the gerund ===== | ===== Forming the gerund ===== | ||
* Null-grade verbs: {{gcl|ROOT|root}}''-innū''; e.g. '' | * Null-grade verbs: {{gcl|ROOT|root}}''-innū''; e.g. ''taetihan'' ('to drink') → '''''taetinnū''''' ('whilst drinking'). | ||
* A-grade verbs: {{gcl|ROOT|root}}''-annū''; e.g. ''iuvāhan'' ('to write') → '''''iuvannū''''' ('whilst writing'). | * A-grade verbs: {{gcl|ROOT|root}}''-annū''; e.g. ''iuvāhan'' ('to write') → '''''iuvannū''''' ('whilst writing'). | ||
* I-grade verbs: {{gcl|ROOT|root}}''-iennū''; e.g. ''cītīhan'' ('to cut') → '''''cītiennū''''' ('whilst cutting'). | * I-grade verbs: {{gcl|ROOT|root}}''-iennū''; e.g. ''cītīhan'' ('to cut') → '''''cītiennū''''' ('whilst cutting'). | ||
* E-grade verbs: {{gcl|ROOT|root}}''-ennū''; e.g. ''aquēhan'' ('to be open') → '''''aquennū''''' ('whilst open'). | * E-grade verbs: {{gcl|ROOT|root}}''-ennū''; e.g. ''aquēhan'' ('to be open') → '''''aquennū''''' ('whilst open'). | ||
===== Uses of the gerund ===== | ===== Uses of the gerund ===== | ||
The meaning of the gerund changes depending on its case. The essive and locative can be used to indicate temporal action in relation to the main action of a sentence. The essive indicates simultaneous action, i.e. two actions that cooccur. This may be relayed in English via the conjunction 'whilst.' | The meaning of the gerund changes depending on its case. The essive and locative can be used to indicate temporal action in relation to the main action of a sentence. The essive indicates simultaneous action, i.e. two actions that cooccur. This may be relayed in English via the conjunction 'whilst.' | ||
Line 2,247: | Line 2,418: | ||
==Semantics== | ==Semantics== | ||
=== Temporal expressions === | |||
The ancient Aerans divided the day from noon to noon into one hundred '''''lammar''''' (sg. ''lamma'') of equal length, roughly 14.4 minutes long. The daytime was divided into sixteen '''''lȳrar''''' (sg. ''lȳra''), and night into four or five '''''volar''''' (sg. ''vola'') depending on the season. Time was kept on a device called a '''''lammāriun''''', a type of clock. Early ''lammāriunt'' only measured ''lammar'', and one had to consult an almanac ('''''lȳrāriun''''') to determine the length and starting time of each ''lȳra'' or ''vola'' on a given day. | |||
The verb '''''spurhan''''' ('to hang (trans.)') is used to denote spending or taking time; | |||
:{{interlinear | box = yes | |||
| spurra sau īma lamma āmātiō vannō | |||
| hang-MID.C.3SG only one-C.NOM.SG lamma-NOM.SG market-DAT.SG go-GER-DAT | |||
| 'It only takes one ''lamma'' to get to the market'}} | |||
:{{interlinear | box = yes | |||
| qurrintus spūrint te volae mōrī | |||
| read-PTCP-T.NOM.SG hang.PFV-3PL <nowiki>=</nowiki>1SG vola-ACC.PL three-C.ACC.PL | |||
| 'I spent three ''volar'' reading'}} | |||
To denote the amount of time spent on an action, without regard for whether or not the activity was completed or reached its end goal (i.e. atelic action) the essive case is used. To signify the amount of time spent or necessary to spend to complete an activity (i.e. telic action) the instrumental case is used. | |||
:{{interlinear | box = yes | |||
| iūvint te harēnae īmau lȳrau | |||
| write.PFV-3PL <nowiki>=</nowiki>1SG letter-ACC.SG one-C.ESS.SG lyra-ESS.SG | |||
| 'I wrote letters for an hour'}} | |||
:{{interlinear | box = yes | |||
| iūva te harēna īmārun lȳrārun | |||
| write.PFV-C.3SG <nowiki>=</nowiki>1SG letter-ACC.SG one-C.INSTR.SG lyra-INSTR.SG | |||
| 'I wrote the letter in an hour'}} | |||
=== Possession === | === Possession === | ||
Line 2,270: | Line 2,469: | ||
:{{interlinear | box = yes | :{{interlinear | box = yes | ||
| sintz menterur tihī | | sintz menterur tihī octzuin | ||
| COP-T.3PL sibling-NOM.PL 1SG-DAT six | | COP-T.3PL sibling-NOM.PL 1SG-DAT six | ||
|'I have six siblings' | |'I have six siblings' | ||
Line 2,284: | Line 2,483: | ||
For metaphorical possession or possession of abstract concepts, such as leadership, power, knowledge, etc., any of these three may be used, for different rhetorical purposes. For example, using the locative implies an immediacy to the possession; that it is in hand, ready to be used. Using the dative implies that the possession is not immediate, but rather something that can be drawn upon, perhaps too vast to 'carry' on one person. This can be more humble or polite than the locative. Using the locative implies that the trait is a fundamental, inalienable, and inherent part of the possessor, rather than something gained or worked for. | For metaphorical possession or possession of abstract concepts, such as leadership, power, knowledge, etc., any of these three may be used, for different rhetorical purposes. For example, using the locative implies an immediacy to the possession; that it is in hand, ready to be used. Using the dative implies that the possession is not immediate, but rather something that can be drawn upon, perhaps too vast to 'carry' on one person. This can be more humble or polite than the locative. Using the locative implies that the trait is a fundamental, inalienable, and inherent part of the possessor, rather than something gained or worked for. | ||
=== Conditionals === | === Conditionals === | ||
Aeranir has a number of ways of expressing [[w:Conditional sentence|conditional sentences]], depending on the type of condition, as well as the register of speech. Colloquial or spontaneous speech tends to favour the use of finite dependant clauses for the '''''protasis''''' (conditional clause, as opposed to the '''''apodosis''''', or consequence), where as practiced or refined speech, or writing, tend to favour non-finite dependant clauses (this represents a general trend in writing to 'nominalise' all but the most central verb in a sentence, and sometimes the central verb too is made non-finite). | Aeranir has a number of ways of expressing [[w:Conditional sentence|conditional sentences]], depending on the type of condition, as well as the register of speech. Colloquial or spontaneous speech tends to favour the use of finite dependant clauses for the '''''protasis''''' (conditional clause, as opposed to the '''''apodosis''''', or consequence), where as practiced or refined speech, or writing, tend to favour non-finite dependant clauses (this represents a general trend in writing to 'nominalise' all but the most central verb in a sentence, and sometimes the central verb too is made non-finite). | ||
:{{interlinear | box = yes | :{{interlinear | box = yes | ||
| sopis furea requeō cōmerī | | sopis furea requeō cōmerī | ||
| snow-NOM.SG fall-SUBJ.C.3SG return-MID.SUBJ.1SG home-DAT.SG | | snow-NOM.SG fall-SUBJ.C.3SG return-MID.SUBJ.1SG home-DAT.SG | ||
|'If it snows I'm going home' | |'If it snows I'm going home' | ||
|c1 = ''(more informal)''}} | |c1 = ''(more informal)''}} | ||
:{{interlinear | box = yes | :{{interlinear | box = yes | ||
| soperis furentīs requeō cōmerī | | soperis furentīs requeō cōmerī | ||
| snow-GEN.SG fall-SUBJ.PTCP-T.LOC.SG return-MID.SUBJ.1SG home-DAT.SG | | snow-GEN.SG fall-SUBJ.PTCP-T.LOC.SG return-MID.SUBJ.1SG home-DAT.SG | ||
|'If it snows I'm going home' | |'If it snows I'm going home' | ||
|c1 = ''(more formal)''}} | |c1 = ''(more formal)''}} | ||
When a non-finite clause is used for a conditional, the verb of the ''protasis'' usually appears in the locative case (an expression of ''time-is-space'' metaphor), unless the two clauses share an argument (e.g. subject, object, etc.) in which case the ''protasis'' takes the same case marking as the shared argument. | When a non-finite clause is used for a conditional, the verb of the ''protasis'' usually appears in the locative case (an expression of ''time-is-space'' metaphor), unless the two clauses share an argument (e.g. subject, object, etc.) in which case the ''protasis'' takes the same case marking as the shared argument. | ||
Conditional sentences in Aeranir are formed purely through juxtaposition—that is, the placing of two clauses side by side, the verb of the ''protasis'' moved to clause-final position or put into a non-finite form to mark it as dependant. No conjunctive particles like 'if' or 'when' are required. The ''protasis'' takes the subjunctive mood, whilst the mood of the ''apodosis'' indicates the certainty of the conclusion. Aspect, meanwhile, can be used to indicate the certainty of the condition. This distinction may be approximated in English by 'if' versus 'when' | Conditional sentences in Aeranir are formed purely through juxtaposition—that is, the placing of two clauses side by side, the verb of the ''protasis'' moved to clause-final position or put into a non-finite form to mark it as dependant. No conjunctive particles like 'if' or 'when' are required. The ''protasis'' takes the subjunctive mood, whilst the mood of the ''apodosis'' indicates the certainty of the conclusion. Aspect, meanwhile, can be used to indicate the certainty of the condition. This distinction may be approximated in English by 'if' versus 'when' | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;" | {| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;" | ||
|+ Mood and aspect of conditional sentences | |+ Mood and aspect of conditional sentences | ||
|- | |||
! | |||
! ''Protasis'' certain | |||
! ''Protasis'' uncertain | |||
|- | |||
! ''Apodosis'' certain | |||
| if [''perfective aspect''] then [''indicative mood'']<br>e.g. ''intlae furītīs mollintz tahrer''—'when it rains, the shingles will leak' | |||
| if [''imperfective aspect''] then [''indicative mood'']<br>e.g. ''intlae furentīs mollintz tahrer''—'if it rains, the shingles will leak' | |||
|- | |||
! ''Apodosis'' uncertain | |||
| if [''perfective aspect''] then [''subjunctive mood'']<br>e.g. ''intlae furītīs mollent tahrer''—'when it rains, the shingles might leak' | |||
| if [''imperfective aspect''] then [''subjunctive mood'']<br>e.g. ''intlae furentīs mollent tahrer''—'if it rains, the shingles might leak' | |||
|} | |||
== Numbers == | |||
<div style="overflow:auto"> | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;" | |||
|+caption | Aeranir numbers 1-400 | |||
|- | |||
! # | |||
! Cardinal | |||
! Ordinal | |||
! Adverbial | |||
! # | |||
! Cardinal | |||
! Ordinal | |||
! Adverbial | |||
! # | |||
! Cardinal | |||
! Ordinal | |||
! Adverbial | |||
! # | |||
! Cardinal | |||
! Ordinal | |||
! Adverbial | |||
|- | |||
! 1 | |||
| ''īmus'' | |||
| ''prīstus'' | |||
| ''temper'' | |||
! 11 | |||
| ''īnhīntur'' | |||
| ''īnhīnsus'' | |||
| ''īnhīntin'' | |||
! 21 | |||
| ''calhier īmus'' | |||
| ''calhitus prīstus'' | |||
| ''calhin temper'' | |||
! 120 | |||
| ''octzāculhier'' | |||
| ''octzāculhitus'' | |||
| ''octzāculhin'' | |||
|- | |||
! 2 | |||
| ''sēr'' | |||
| ''metzumnus'' | |||
| ''vēriēs'' | |||
! 12 | |||
| ''verhīntur'' | |||
| ''verhīnsus'' | |||
| ''verhīntin'' | |||
! 22 | |||
| ''calhier sēr'' | |||
| ''calhitus metzumnus'' | |||
| ''calhin vēriēs'' | |||
! 140 | |||
| ''nāculhier'' | |||
| ''nāculhitus'' | |||
| ''nāculhin'' | |||
|- | |||
! 3 | |||
| ''morier'' | |||
| ''moritus'' | |||
| ''moriēs'' | |||
! 13 | |||
| ''prōhīntur'' | |||
| ''prōhīnsus'' | |||
| ''prōhīntin'' | |||
! 30 | |||
| ''calhier qehentzier'' | |||
| ''calhitus qehēnsus'' | |||
| ''calhin qehen'' | |||
! 160 | |||
| ''nāquenculhier'' | |||
| ''nāquenculhitus'' | |||
| ''nāquenculhin'' | |||
|- | |||
! 4 | |||
| ''quatlur'' | |||
| ''quallus'' | |||
| ''quatziēs'' | |||
! 14 | |||
| ''quatlāhīntur'' | |||
| ''quatlāhīnsus'' | |||
| ''quatlāhīntin'' | |||
! 40 | |||
| ''verculhier'' | |||
| ''verculhitus'' | |||
| ''verculhin'' | |||
! 180 | |||
| ''nātlicculhier'' | |||
| ''nātlicculhitus'' | |||
| ''nātlicculhin'' | |||
|- | |||
! 5 | |||
| ''quiquier'' | |||
| ''quiqtus'' | |||
| ''quiquin'' | |||
! 15 | |||
| ''quihīntur'' | |||
| ''quihīnsus'' | |||
| ''quihīntin'' | |||
! 50 | |||
| ''verculhier qehentzier'' | |||
| ''verculhitus qehēnsus'' | |||
| ''verculhin qehen'' | |||
! 200 | |||
| ''tammīttler'' | |||
| ''tammīttus'' | |||
| ''tammīttziēs'' | |||
|- | |||
! 6 | |||
| ''octzuer'' | |||
| ''octzūmus'' | |||
| ''octzuin'' | |||
! 16 | |||
| ''octzāhīntur'' | |||
| ''octzāhīnsus'' | |||
| ''octzāhīntin'' | |||
! 60 | |||
| ''prōculhier'' | |||
| ''prōculhitus'' | |||
| ''prōculhin'' | |||
! 220 | |||
| ''tammīttler calhier'' | |||
| ''tammīttus calhitus'' | |||
| ''tammīttziēs calhin'' | |||
|- | |||
! 7 | |||
| ''nāier'' | |||
| ''nāntus'' | |||
| ''nāhin'' | |||
! 17 | |||
| ''nāhīntur'' | |||
| ''nāhīnsus'' | |||
| ''nāhīntin'' | |||
! 70 | |||
| ''prōculhier qehentzier'' | |||
| ''prōculhitus qehēnsus'' | |||
| ''prōculhin qehen'' | |||
! 240 | |||
| ''tammīttler verculhier'' | |||
| ''tammīttus verculhitus'' | |||
| ''tammīttziēs verculhin'' | |||
|- | |||
! 8 | |||
| ''nāquemur'' | |||
| ''nāquemmus'' | |||
| ''nāquemin'' | |||
! 18 | |||
| ''sērēsculhier'' | |||
| ''sērēsculhitus'' | |||
| ''sērēsculhin'' | |||
! 80 | |||
| ''quatlāculhier'' | |||
| ''quatlāculhitus'' | |||
| ''quatlāculhin'' | |||
! 260 | |||
| ''tammīttler prōculhier'' | |||
| ''tammīttus prōculhitus'' | |||
| ''tammīttziēs prōculhin'' | |||
|- | |||
! 9 | |||
| ''nātlittzier'' | |||
| ''nātlittzitus'' | |||
| ''nātlittzin'' | |||
! 19 | |||
| ''īmāculhier'' | |||
| ''īmāculhitus'' | |||
| ''īmāculhin'' | |||
! 90 | |||
| ''quatlāculhier qehentzier'' | |||
| ''quatlāculhitus qehēnsus'' | |||
| ''quatlāculhin qehen'' | |||
! 280 | |||
| ''tammīttler quatlāculhier'' | |||
| ''tammīttus quatlāculhitus'' | |||
| ''tammīttziēs quatlāculhin'' | |||
|- | |||
! 10 | |||
| ''qehentzier'' | |||
| ''qehēnsus'' | |||
| ''qehen'' | |||
! 20 | |||
| ''calhier'' | |||
| ''calhitus'' | |||
| ''calhin'' | |||
! 100 | |||
| ''quicculhier'' | |||
| ''quicculhitus'' | |||
| ''quicculhin'' | |||
! 400 | |||
| ''mīttler'' | |||
| ''mīttus'' | |||
| ''mīttziēs'' | |||
|} | |||
</div> | |||
<div style="overflow:auto"> | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;" | |||
|+caption | Aeranir numbers 400-64,000,000 | |||
|- | |||
! # | |||
! Cardinal | |||
! Ordinal | |||
! Adverbial | |||
! # | |||
! Cardinal | |||
! Ordinal | |||
! Adverbial | |||
! # | |||
! Cardinal | |||
! Ordinal | |||
! Adverbial | |||
! # | |||
! Cardinal | |||
! Ordinal | |||
! Adverbial | |||
|- | |||
! 800 | |||
| ''vermīttler'' | |||
| ''vermīttus'' | |||
| ''vermīttziēs'' | |||
! 16,000 | |||
| ''verittuer'' | |||
| ''verittūtus'' | |||
| ''verittuin'' | |||
! 320,000 | |||
| ''verōtluar attuer'' | |||
| ''verōtluus attūtus'' | |||
| ''verōtlua attuin'' | |||
! 6,400,000 | |||
| ''verictzuōner'' | |||
| ''verictzuōnitus'' | |||
| ''verictzuō'' | |||
|- | |||
! 1,200 | |||
| ''prōmīttler'' | |||
| ''prōmīttus'' | |||
| ''prōmīttziēs'' | |||
! 24,000 | |||
| ''prōttuer'' | |||
| ''prōttūtus'' | |||
| ''prōttuin'' | |||
! 480,000 | |||
| ''prōtluar attuer'' | |||
| ''prōtluus attūtus'' | |||
| ''prōtlua attuin'' | |||
! 9,600,000 | |||
| ''prōctzuōner'' | |||
| ''prōctzuōnitus'' | |||
| ''prōctzuō'' | |||
|- | |||
! 1,600 | |||
| ''quatlāmīttler'' | |||
| ''quatlāmīttus'' | |||
| ''quatlāmīttziēs'' | |||
! 32,000 | |||
| ''quatlāttuer'' | |||
| ''quatlāttūtus'' | |||
| ''quatlāttuin'' | |||
! 640,000 | |||
| ''quatlōtluar attuer'' | |||
| ''quatlōtluus attūtus'' | |||
| ''quatlōtlua attuin'' | |||
! 12,800,000 | |||
| ''quatlictzuōner'' | |||
| ''quatlictzuōnitus'' | |||
| ''quatlictzuō'' | |||
|- | |||
! 2,000 | |||
| ''quimīttler'' | |||
| ''quimīttus'' | |||
| ''quimīttziēs'' | |||
! 40,000 | |||
| ''quiquittuer'' | |||
| ''quiquittūtus'' | |||
| ''quiquittuin'' | |||
! 800,000 | |||
| ''quiqōtluar attuer'' | |||
| ''quiqōtluus attūtus'' | |||
| ''quiqōtlua attuin'' | |||
! 16,000,000 | |||
| ''quictzuōner'' | |||
| ''quictzuōnitus'' | |||
| ''quictzuō'' | |||
|- | |||
! 2,400 | |||
| ''octzāmīttler'' | |||
| ''octzāmīttus'' | |||
| ''octzāmīttziēs'' | |||
! 48,000 | |||
| ''octzāttuer'' | |||
| ''octzāttūtus'' | |||
| ''octzāttuin'' | |||
! 960,000 | |||
| ''octzōtluar attuer'' | |||
| ''octzōtluus attūtus'' | |||
| ''octzōtlua attuin'' | |||
! 19,200,000 | |||
| ''vulhiāhur'' | |||
| ''vulhiātus'' | |||
| ''vulhiāhin'' | |||
|- | |||
! 2,800 | |||
| ''nāmīttler'' | |||
| ''nāmīttus'' | |||
| ''nāmīttziēs'' | |||
! 56,000 | |||
| ''nāttuer'' | |||
| ''nāttūtus'' | |||
| ''nāttuin'' | |||
! 1,120,000 | |||
| ''nōtluar attuer'' | |||
| ''nōtluus attūtus'' | |||
| ''nōtlua attuin'' | |||
! 22,400,000 | |||
| ''nōctzuōner'' | |||
| ''nōctzuōnitus'' | |||
| ''nōctzuō'' | |||
|- | |||
! 3,200 | |||
| ''nāquemīttler'' | |||
| ''nāquemīttus'' | |||
| ''nāquemīttziēs'' | |||
! 64,000 | |||
| ''nāquemittuer'' | |||
| ''nāquemittūtus'' | |||
| ''nāquemittuin'' | |||
! 1,280,000 | |||
| ''nāquemōtluar attuer'' | |||
| ''nāquemōtluus attūtus'' | |||
| ''nāquemōtlua attuin'' | |||
! 25,600,000 | |||
| ''nāquemictzuōner'' | |||
| ''nāquemictzuōnitus'' | |||
| ''nāquemictzuō'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! 3,600 | ||
! '' | | ''nātlimīttler'' | ||
! '' | | ''nātlimīttus'' | ||
| ''nātlimīttziēs'' | |||
! 72,000 | |||
| ''nātlittzittuer'' | |||
| ''nātlittzittūtus'' | |||
| ''nātlittzittuin'' | |||
! 1,440,000 | |||
| ''nātlittzōtluar attuer'' | |||
| ''nātlittzōtluus attūtus'' | |||
| ''nātlittzōtlua attuin'' | |||
! 28,800,000 | |||
| ''nātlictzuōner'' | |||
| ''nātlictzuōnitus'' | |||
| ''nātlictzuō'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
! '' | ! 4,000 | ||
| | | ''tamittuer'' | ||
| | | ''tamittūtus'' | ||
| ''tamittuin'' | |||
! 80,000 | |||
| ''tamōtluar attuer'' | |||
| ''tamōtluus attūtus'' | |||
| ''tamōtlua attuin'' | |||
! 1,600,000 | |||
| ''tamictzuōner'' | |||
| ''tamictzuōnitus'' | |||
| ''tamictzuō'' | |||
! 32,000,000 | |||
| ''tamōtluar octzuōner'' | |||
| ''tamōtluus octzuōnitus'' | |||
| ''tamōtlua octzuō'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
! '' | ! 8,000 | ||
| | | ''attuer'' | ||
| | | ''attūtus'' | ||
| ''attuin'' | |||
! 160,000 | |||
| ''ōtlua attuer'' | |||
| ''ōtlua attūtus'' | |||
| ''ōtlua attuin'' | |||
! 3,200,000 | |||
| ''octzuōner'' | |||
| ''octzuōnitus'' | |||
| ''octzuō'' | |||
! 64,000,000 | |||
| ''ōtlua octzuōner'' | |||
| ''ōtlua octzuōnitus'' | |||
| ''ōtlua octzuō'' | |||
|} | |} | ||
</div> | |||
==Late Aeranir inovations== | ==Late Aeranir inovations== |