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{{TOC right}}
{{Featured
''Not to be confused with [[w:Ivbiosakon language|Ivbiosakon]] also called Aoma.''
|featured banner=Buhamai vosiik banicox. Bumaponeme sish ros tel kejusosh iwirece, mottajesus i kahesjesus ire.}}
{{construction}}
 
'''Aoma''' (''Auma'' or ''Bowombor'' Speaking of Ours) is a priori language created for the fantasy world Grundet by [[User:Juhhmi|juhhmi]].  
{{Infobox language
|name          = Aoma
|image        = Auma_name.png
|imagesize    = 250px
|nativename    = Auma
|pronunciation = ˈɐʊ̯mɑ
|region        = North-Western Central World
|states        = Coast of Temples
|speakers      = 18,750,000 
|date          = 7th 622
|familycolor  = #fbf896
|fam1          = Central-Herookuan
|fam2          = western Rinapri
|fam3 = Repoxian branch
|creator=Ahuelni
|setting=Akekata
|dia1 = Mikannan
|dia2 = Okure
|dia3 = Kekare
|dia4 = Hallure
|scripts        = * [[Aoma/Script|Duutesa alphabet]]
|nation        = Coast of Temples
|minority = Negovia, Empire of Sceptre, Eastern Empire
|agency        = ''Kosaa Vosaraa Aumarraa''<br/>(The Bureau of the Great Language of Aoma)
|map = Aoma_regions.jpg
|mapsize = 300
|mapcaption = Speakers of Aoma and its dialects
}}
{{distinguish|text= [[w:Ivbiosakon language|Ivbiosakon]] also called Aoma}}
 
'''[[Aoma/Aoma|Auma]]''' sa vosir Aumari
 
'''Aoma''' (''Auma'' or ''Bowombor'' Speaking of Ours) is an ''a priori'' language created for the fantasy world Akekata by [[User:Juhhmi|juhhmi]].  


==Dictionary==
==Dictionary==
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==History==
==History==


'''Lore''': Aoma and [[Rinap]] form the main languages of South-West-Herookuan family deriving from the ancestral [[Rinapri]]. Aoma is the official spoken and governmental language of Eastern Sceptre with around 15 million speakers, but it has not much to do with the languages of Western Sceptre. Word ''Aoma'' seems to come from the name of eastern area with coast temples, Kaomaago (''Kaa Omaike Hakoror'', At the Coast of Temples). The language presented here has been stitched together from various very different dialects to unify peoples of the empire so no "true Aoma" has ever existed.
'''Lore''': Aoma and [[Rinap]] form the main languages of South-West-Herookuan family deriving from the ancestral [[Rinapri]]. Aoma is the official spoken and governmental language of Coast of Temples with around 19 million speakers, and it has been greatly influenced by the languages of Western Sceptre. The word ''Aoma'' seems to come from the name of eastern area with coastal temples, Kaomaago (''Kaa Omaike Hakoror'', At the Coast of Temples). The language presented here has been stitched together from various very different dialects to unify peoples of the empire so no "true Aoma" has ever existed.


'''Actual''': After Rinap I wanted something with less k-letters and difficult diphthongs, and I had already set my old script originally for Finnish as the script of this future language. This gave birth to a project randomly named Aoma - the story came later.  
'''Actual''': After Rinap I wanted something with fewer k-letters and difficult diphthongs, and I had already set my old script originally for Finnish as the script of this future language. This gave birth to a project randomly named Aoma - the story came later.  


'''Problems''': According to my lore history, Aoma and Rinap must have begun their separation at least 3500 years ago. Since I weren't thorough enough to create Rinapri, there is some inconsistency between the languages, especially with phonetic change and vocabulary - I was unable to achieve a realistic linguistic relationship (very similar to Romance languages deriving from Latin and slightly to the history of Finnish and Sami languages), and hence coined up the facts that both languages were mere compilations of different dialects (inspired by the birth of standard Finnish here as well). And Rinapri probably never would have been truly consistent as a spoken language as it was spread to a vast region.
'''Problems''': According to my lore history, Aoma and Rinap must have begun their separation at least 3500 years ago. Since I wasn't thorough enough to create Rinapri, there is some inconsistency between the languages, especially with phonetic change and vocabulary - I was unable to achieve a realistic linguistic relationship (very similar to Romance languages deriving from Latin and slightly to the history of Finnish and Sami languages), and hence invented the fact that both languages were mere compilations of different dialects (inspired by the birth of standard Finnish here as well). And Rinapri would probably never have been truly consistent as a spoken language as it was spread to a vast region.


==Basic Grammar==
==Basic Grammar==


Aoma is a Verb-Subject-Object, agglutinative-fusional language with strong head-initiality (right-branching). The language has two numbers, three persons, four genders and five (or seven) cases with nominative-accusative alignment. Very important to the speakers and the society is the formal register with polite forms of second person pronouns, honorifics and anti-honorifics.
Aoma is a Verb-Subject-Object, agglutinative-fusional language with strong head-initial tendencies (right-branching). The language has two numbers, three persons, four genders and five (or seven) cases with nominative-accusative alignment. The formal register, with polite forms of second person pronouns, honorifics and anti-honorifics, is very important to the speakers and the society.


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
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|-
|-
! style="" |Approximant
! style="" |Approximant
|  
| w
|  
|  
|  
|  
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|}
|}


In spoken language, consonants (especially nasals) are somewhat liable to external sandhi between word boundaries so that they move towards the pronunciation of following consonant: ''Tolan kush'' [to'laŋ‿kʊʃ] (I see that). More formal registers require "clear sounds", which basically means adding stops in between words thus creating a special rhytm.
In spoken language, consonants (especially nasals) are somewhat liable to external sandhi between word boundaries so that they move towards the pronunciation of following consonant: ''Tolan kush'' [to'laŋ‿kʊʃ] (I see that). More formal registers require "clear sounds", which basically means adding stops in between words thus creating a special rhythm.


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
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|}
|}


Vowels preceding ''r'' [ɹ] may appear as rhotic (especially in the genitive endings), and nasalization may occur in front of nasal consonants.
See [[Aoma#Stress_and_Pitch|stress]] for explanations of vowel appearance.
 
Vowels preceding ''r'' [ɹ] may appear as rhotic (especially in the genitive endings), and nasalization may occur in front of nasal consonants.
 
Consonants, when followed by close-mid to close front vowels, appear as slightly palatalized consonants /ʲ/: ''kʲeˈkaˑ''
 
Epenthetic vowel /ɐ/ (anaptyxis) is added in between consonant clusters especially in verbs of [[Aoma#Class_II|class IIa]].


Classical Aoma distinguishes following '''diphthongs''' which have their own graphemes:
Classical Aoma distinguishes following '''diphthongs''' which have their own graphemes:
* ''au'' /ɐʊ̯/
* ''au'' /ɐʊ̯/
* Occurring at the end of words (DAT case) with varying pronounciation:  
* Occurring at the end of words (DAT case) with varying pronunciation:  
**''aee'' /aɛ:/ or /æeˑ/  
**''aee'' /aɛ:/ or /æeˑ/  
**''oee'' /oe:/ or /œɛˑ/  
**''oee'' /oe:/ or /œɛˑ/  
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===Stress and Pitch===
===Stress and Pitch===


Quite often Aoma places primary stress on the second syllable in words with two or more syllables unless the syllable consists only of weak ''i''. The stress supports the word inflection, and stressed vowels appear as more open and at front with a higher pitch.  
Quite often Aoma places primary stress on the second syllable in words with two or more syllables unless the syllable consists only of weak ''i''. Stressed vowels appear as more open and at front with a higher pitch.
*Long vowels and the diphthong ''au'' indicate that the syllable is stressed: /ˈkʊ:tu/ (tree) vs. /kuˈtʊˑ/ (torso)
**If multiple long vowels occur, stress returns to the second long syllable.
*In conjugated verbs, stress is placed on the last syllable.
*In conjugated verbs, stress is placed on the last syllable.
*Declined noun genitives have stress on second syllable while adjectives formed from nouns have stress on the following syllable. Noun: /ɪˈwaˑɹɪ/ vs. Adjective: /ɪwɐˈɹiˑ/
**Circumfixes and certain prefixes don't alter the stress placing: ''keka'' /ke'kaˑ/→ ''Akekata'' /ɑke'kaˑtɑ/
*Since stressed syllables get a slightly higher pitch, it can carry on to the next syllable in long words. The longest words might sometimes get a peculiar up-down pitch-pattern.
*If many one-syllable words come after each other, the second and the last words are stressed.
*When two words with two syllables follow each other, the main stress is on the last word's last syllable.
*When two words with two syllables follow each other, the main stress is on the last word's last syllable.
*If many one-syllable words come after each other, the second and the last words are stressed.
*Since stressed syllables get a slightly higher pitch, it can carry on to the next syllable in long words. The longest words might sometimes get a peculiar up-down pitch-pattern.


===Phonotactics===
===Phonotactics===
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*Word-final semivowel /j/ has reduced into vowel /i/ (and /w/ to /u/): ''omai'' < ''*omaj''
*Word-final semivowel /j/ has reduced into vowel /i/ (and /w/ to /u/): ''omai'' < ''*omaj''
*Two different plosives at a syllable boundary tend to be pronounced with only a geminated version of the first consonant: ''roktare'' /ɹɔ'k:aˑɹe/
*Two different plosives at a syllable boundary tend to be pronounced with only a geminated version of the first consonant: ''roktare'' /ɹɔ'k:aˑɹe/
In 7:321, Juhmim ni-Beldo, a merchant from Eastern Empire was learning Aoman and on his way to Mikanna, he decided to count the letters in ''Duti vopiri ope'' (Small word book). Thus here are the most common sounds in the static vocabulary, descending from most common '''i''': i, e (9); u, a (7); s, o, n (6); k, m (5); y and t (4). This is a rather poor count, since it doesn't include many of the most used words such as prepositions and conjunctions (whose tables on fold-open pages Juhmim didn't notice) and it doesn't take into account the inflections or conjunctions.


==Orthography==
==Orthography==
[[File:Mihkanor.JPG|300px|thumb]]
[[File:Mihkanor.JPG|300px|thumb|Old handwriting script]]


Aoma uses a quite phonemic script where graphemes correlate with phonemes. The system is more consistent with consonants since vowels can undergo various changes depending on the neighbouring vowels and consonants.  
Aoma uses a quite phonemic script where graphemes correlate with phonemes. The system is more consistent with consonants since vowels can undergo various changes depending on the neighbouring vowels and consonants.  
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*š/sh /ʃ/, ng /ŋ/ and ' /ʔ/
*š/sh /ʃ/, ng /ŋ/ and ' /ʔ/
*Notice that in the beginning of words and after glottal stop c- is /kh/ while in the middle -c- is /sk/, and beginning z- is /ʒ/ while inside words -z- is /z/.  
*Notice that in the beginning of words and after glottal stop c- is /kh/ while in the middle -c- is /sk/, and beginning z- is /ʒ/ while inside words -z- is /z/.  
*Syllables ''di'' and ''ti'' preceding vowels are pronounced as /ð/ and /θ/, respectively.  
*Syllables ''di'' and ''ti'' preceding vowels are pronounced as /ð/ and /θ/, respectively. The diacritic placed over ''t'' and ''d'' has probably been misinterpreted as the accent for ''i'' - thus the romanization.
*One r is pronounced as /ɹ/, r'r /ɹ:/, rr /r/ and rrr /r:/.
*One r is pronounced as /ɹ/, r'r /ɹ:/, rr /r/ and rrr /r:/.


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*o: /o/ /ɔ/
*o: /o/ /ɔ/


There is a glottal stop grapheme (') used for separating vowels. It is used especially with /i/, /æ/ and /œ/ which are written over preceding graphemes in some of the older writing systems (perhaps deriving from front vowel distinction diacritics over /e/). It should be noted that allophones of ''i'' are consired rather weak and may or may not be included in written language, often as mere diacritic grapheme.
There is a glottal stop grapheme (') used for separating vowels. It is used especially with /i/, /æ/ and /œ/ which are written over preceding graphemes in some of the older writing systems (perhaps deriving from front vowel distinction diacritics over /e/). It should be noted that allophones of ''i'' are considered rather weak and may or may not be included in written language, often as mere diacritic grapheme.


===Script===
===Script===
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==Morphology==
==Morphology==


As an agglutinative language Aoma can have many morphemes per word, and its inflections are quite regular.
As an agglutinative language Aoma can have many morphemes per word and its inflections are quite regular.


===Pronouns===
===Pronouns===
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Locatives ''kyxu'' "here" and ''cuxu'' "there" can also be conjugated (''Bebi kyxuee.'' "I went there."), but it is not necessary.
Locatives ''kyxu'' "here" and ''cuxu'' "there" can also be conjugated (''Bebi kyxuee.'' "I went there."), but it is not necessary.
Declined genitive forms are used when demonstrative pronouns act as determiners: ''Ni cyy kelaree.'' vs. ''Ni kekii kelaree cyrii.'' (This is heavy. vs. This rock is heavy.)


====''Interrogative''====
====''Interrogative''====
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**PERF-get-PRES.2SG from what.PREP person-PREP DEM.PROX.ACC  
**PERF-get-PRES.2SG from what.PREP person-PREP DEM.PROX.ACC  
**From whom have you got this?
**From whom have you got this?
Verb questions can be answered either by repeating the same verb and adding the agreement/negation: ''Sovamo Aumax?'' ''Von uu./Sön vom.'' (Do you speak Aoma? I speak indeed./I don't speak.) In a more casual situation one may use short answers: ''Uu./Sö.''


===Nouns===
===Nouns===
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Declensions of Aoma are also called genders although there are some nouns with gender different from declension: ''öhaly'' (night; temporal declension).
Declensions of Aoma are also called genders although there are some nouns with gender different from declension: ''öhaly'' (night; temporal declension).


Genitive forms of nouns also agree with all of their heads' forms.  
Genitive forms of nouns also agree with all of their heads' forms (compare with [[Aoma#Adjectives|adjectives]]): ''nyy henuur'''yy''' ''(boy of the woman), ''kakky nyyry henuu'''rr'''yy'' (dog of the woman's boy), ''xorri kakkyri nyyrry henuurryy'' (bone of the dog...)


If a noun stem ends with a vowel, dative endings for SG & PL are the following: ''näe'' & ''nöe'' (Div), ''wie'' & ''yhee'' (M), ''wee'' & ''uhee'' (F), ''jee'' & ''jei'' (N). ''Oma|i'' (coast), ''omajee'' (DAT to the coast)  to avoid confucion with other genders. Feminine plural genitive ending is ''wur''.
If a noun stem ends with a vowel, dative endings for SG & PL are the following: ''näe'' & ''nöe'' (Div), ''wie'' & ''yhee'' (M), ''wee'' & ''uhee'' (F), ''jee'' & ''jei'' (N). ''Oma|i'' (coast), ''omajee'' (DAT to the coast)  to avoid confucion with other genders. Feminine plural genitive ending is ''wur''.


On top of the five basic [[Aoma#Cases|cases]], Aoma has got two partial cases, locative and temporal, often considered as clitics since they are used with verb infinites as well.
On top of the five basic [[Aoma#Case|cases]], Aoma has got two partial cases, locative and temporal, often considered as clitics since they are used with verb infinitives as well.


=====Plural=====
=====Plural=====


Most nouns of any of the four gender have regular plural forms. If a noun happens to be plurale tantum, gender-agreeing ''josh*'' (many) can be used to indicate a larger amount: ''kevol'' (empire) → ''kevol joshol'' (many empires).
Most nouns of any of the four gender have regular plural forms. If a noun happens to be ''plurale tantum'', gender-agreeing ''josh*'' (many) can be used to indicate a larger amount: ''kevol'' (empire) → ''kevol joshol'' (many empires).


Many animal groups have additional plural forms in nominative (ending added to root):
Many animal groups have additional plural forms in nominative (ending added to root):
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**Mostly with common expressions such as ''gehixu'' (in the house), ''ketyxu'' (in the town).
**Mostly with common expressions such as ''gehixu'' (in the house), ''ketyxu'' (in the town).
**There is also a form ''ogehixu'' which means "outside the house"
**There is also a form ''ogehixu'' which means "outside the house"
**Also for more abstract "regarding": ''Aumaxu'' (in Aoma)
*'''Temporal''' (TEMP): time
*'''Temporal''' (TEMP): time
**Used adverbially to express the moment of time. Mostly occurs in proper temporal nouns although the divine gender shares forms (thus confusing).  
**Used adverbially to express the moment of time. Mostly occurs in proper temporal nouns although the divine gender shares forms (thus confusing).  
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=====Compound nouns=====
=====Compound nouns=====


Using genitive or dative cases is the most usual way of creating compound words, but they can be joined together as well. The strong right-branching of Aoma is visible in the compounds in such manner that, when words are joined together, the head noun stays on the left while modifiers and the origin-suffix ''s*'' with correct head gender succeed it.
Using genitive or dative cases is the most common way of creating compound words, but they can be joined together as well. The strong right-branching of Aoma is visible in the compounds in such manner that, when words are joined together, the head noun stays on the left while modifiers and the origin-suffix ''s*'' with correct head gender succeed it.
*Genitive: ''heshii geedyr'' "the top of a mountain"
*Genitive: ''heshii geedyrii'' "the top of a mountain"
*Dative: ''heshii geedyee'' "the top for the mountain"
*Dative: ''heshii geedyee'' "the top for the mountain"
*Joined: ''heshigeedysi'' top-mountain-N
*Joined: ''heshigeedysi'' top-mountain-N
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|}
|}


When the adjective root ends in a consonant different than ''r'', genitive case is created by duplicating the last consonant: ''henu dele'' (beautiful woman), ''henur de'''ll'''e'' (beautiful woman's). Voiced consonants are reduced to voiceless unless the word might be confused with another.
When the adjective root ends in a consonant different than ''r'', genitive case is created by duplicating the last consonant: ''henu dele'' (beautiful woman), ''gehi henurii de'''ll'''ee'' (house of the beautiful woman). Voiced consonants are reduced to voiceless unless the word might be confused with another. In genitive, the semivowels ''j'' and ''w'' become ''ji'' and ''wu'' respectively.


Genitive forms of adjectives remain uninflected.
Genitive forms of adjectives remain uninflected.
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*However, adjectives usually appear before the noun to clarify the meaning, especially with multiple adjectives: ''Ni kelaree dokii gesharii. Sö milarii.'' (The yellow object is heavy. Not the blue one.)
*However, adjectives usually appear before the noun to clarify the meaning, especially with multiple adjectives: ''Ni kelaree dokii gesharii. Sö milarii.'' (The yellow object is heavy. Not the blue one.)


'''Adjectives' comparative''' is formed by adding second ''e'' to the SG-GEN, and '''superlative''' by adding ''a(n)'' prefix and ''te'' suffix to the SG-GEN: ''milare'' → ''milarre'''e''''' → '''''a'''milarre'''te''''' (cold, colder, the coldest)
'''Adjectives' comparative''' is formed by geminating the ending vowel of SG-GEN, and '''superlative''' by adding ''a(n)'' prefix and ''te'' suffix to the SG-GEN: ''milare'' → ''milarre'''e''''' → '''''a'''milarre'''te''''' (cold, colder, the coldest)
*When two nouns are compared, genitive case is used with the second: ''Nu efirree shyr.'' (She is happier than him.)  
*When two nouns are compared, genitive case is used with the second: ''Nu efirree shyr.'' (She is happier than him.)  
*Similarity is shown with adjective in nominative, ''mini'' (SJV it were) and dative: ''Mene geshare mini binuee foreki.'' (You're as lively as your mother.)
*Similarity is shown with adjective in nominative, ''mini'' (SJV it were) and dative: ''Mene geshare mini binuee foreki.'' (You're as lively as your mother.)
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Negative forms can be created with ''o(w)'' prefix: ''oware'' (non-divine, mundane from ''are'' meaning divine)
Negative forms can be created with ''o(w)'' prefix: ''oware'' (non-divine, mundane from ''are'' meaning divine)


===Prepositions===
===Table of Correlatives===
 
{|  border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
In Aoma, fusional prepositions also convey the word gender and definiteness through vowel change. Same prepositional stems have different ending consonants which give new meanings together with the case of the following word. Only prepositional and genitive cases are used. Masculine vowel is always ''y'' and feminine & neuter vowel is ''u'' → Dictionary form is divine since it can have either ''a'' or ''o''.
|-
*(NEG +) stem + D/F&N/M + endings '''+''' cases
!rowspan="2" colspan="2"| 
*''k + a + s'' '''+''' PREP = from: ''kas eharroxe'' (from gods)
!rowspan="2"|Interrogative
 
!colspan="2"|Demonstrative
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!colspan="5"|Quantifier
|-
!Proximal !! Distal !! Existential !! Elective !! Universal !! Negatory !! Alternative
|-
!colspan="2"| Determiner
| sör* (SG)<br />zör* (PL) || cyr* (SG)<br />cör* (PL) || kur* (SG)<br />kor* (PL) || jas* (some) || ozis* (any) || rros* (every, all)|| sö* (no) || sod* (another)
|-
|-
!Stem
!rowspan="3"| Pronoun
| colspan="3" |k
!Human
| colspan="2" |w
| zoo gy || cy (gy)<br />cufo || cu<br />cifo || sadyy<br />jonu || ozitii || rromaa || södi'ii<br />cysö || soduu<br />jonu sodu
|-
!Non-human
| [[Aoma#Interrogative|zoo]]<br />shöö || cy<br />cufo || cu<br />cifo || sady || oziti || rroma (everything)<br />rromare (all) || södi || sodu
|-
!Out of many
|zoo (of many)<br />¤zosh (of two) || cy latuxu || cu latuxu || ibani<br />sadi || ozosh || rromi (each, all)<br />rromash (both) || zoisö<br />¤zosisö (of two) || soda
|-
!rowspan="7"|Pro-adverb
!Locative
| zoxu<br />zoo ci || kyxu || cuxu || saxu || ozoxu || rromaxu || zoxö || soduxu
|-
!Goal
|soee || cee (DAT)<br />kyxuee (LAT) || kuee<br />cuxuee || sadyke || oziteke || rromike || ösoee || soduee
|-
!Temporal
| zax<br />zoo la || fuu || fii || sax || ozax || rromax || özax || sodax
|-
!Prepositional
| sose || cyse || kushe || sadyse || ozitte || rromaxe || söse || soduse
|-
!Manner
| zurre || cyrkoi || kurkoi || sadyrkoi || ozirkoi || rromirkoi || zurköi || sodarkoi
|-
!Reason
| zarre || cyrros || kurros || dyt sansadyre || dut sanozire || dut sanromire || ödut sanike || dut sanike sodike
|-
!Kind of
| zorri (what kind of || cyrre || kurre || sadyre || ozire || rromire || zörri || sodure
|}
* Final * indicates gender agreement: ''mila jas'''a''''' (some water)
*¤-words are not used anymore
 
===Prepositions===
 
In Aoma, fusional prepositions also convey the word gender and definiteness through vowel change. Same prepositional stems have different ending consonants which give new meanings together with the case of the following word. Only prepositional and genitive cases are used. Masculine vowel is always ''y'' and feminine & neuter vowel is ''u'' → Dictionary form is divine since it can have either ''a'' or ''o''.
*(NEG +) stem + D/F&N/M + endings '''+''' cases
*''k + a + s'' '''+''' PREP = from: ''kas eharroxe'' (from gods)
 
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Stem
| colspan="3" |k
| colspan="2" |w
|ow
|ow
| colspan="3" |h
| colspan="3" |h
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| colspan="2" |d
| colspan="2" |d
|t
|t
|p
|-
|-
!Div
!Div
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| colspan="2" |o
| colspan="2" |o
|a
|a
|o
|-
|-
!Ending
!Ending
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|t
|t
|l
|l
|l
|s
|k
|-
|-
!Case
!Case
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|P
|P
|G
|G
|G
|P
|P
|-
|-
!Meaning
!Meaning
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|along
|along
|across, opposite
|across, opposite
|through
|}
|}


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====''Aspects''====
====''Aspects''====


'''Imperfective''' is formed by adding prefixes ''bo'' for Ia & IIa or ''be'' for Ib & IIb to the conjugated form and often also lengthening the last vowel: ''Pekin''→''Bopekiin'' (I gave → I was giving)
'''Imperfective''' (continuous) is formed by adding prefixes ''bo'' for Ia & IIa or ''be'' for the others to the conjugated form and often also lengthening the last vowel: ''Pekin''→''Bopekiin'' (I gave → I was giving)


'''Perfect''' prefixes: ''ju'' for Ia, ''ma'' for IIa and ''je'' for Ib & IIb: ''Roke'' → ''Jeroke'' (You run → You have run)  
'''Perfect''' (rather tense-like) prefixes: ''ju'' for Ia & IIIa, ''ma'' for IIa & IIII and ''je'' for Ib & IIb & IIIb: ''Roke'' → ''Jeroke'' (You run → You have run). Combines tense and aspects


Ancestral past in the third person is used when discussing ancient historical events and it is formed by adding the prefix ''ne'' to pluperfect (past perfect) form: ''Komai sish.'' → ''Jukomai sish.'' →  ''Nejukomai sish.'' (He did it. → He had done it. → He had done it a long time ago. / It was done eons ago.)
Ancestral past in the third person is used when discussing ancient historical events and it is formed by adding the prefix ''ne'' to pluperfect (past perfect) form: ''Komai sish.'' → ''Jukomai sish.'' →  ''Nejukomai sish.'' (He did it. → He had done it. → He had done it a long time ago. / It was done eons ago.)
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!  !! Present !! Past !! Future
|-
!Simple
| leteng (I walk) || leting (I walked) || leteran (I'll walk)
|-
! Imperfective
| beleteng (I'm walking) || beleting (I was walking) || beleteran (I'll be walking)
|-
! Perfect
| jeleteng (I've walked) || jeleting (I had walked) || jeleteran (I will have walked)
|}


====''Moods''====
====''Moods''====


Neutral '''indicative''' is shown in the tables above and other moods are derived from it:
Neutral '''indicative''' is shown in the tables above and other moods are derived from it:
*Plain '''imperative''' is formed simply by using the indicative present singular third person verb form together with a pronoun: '''''Peko foo''' sish naee!'' (You give it to me!)
*Plain '''imperative''' (suprahortative) is simply the PRES.2SG form: ''Roke!'' (Run!)
*'''Optative''' is used for requests and as a polite imperative. It is formed by joining imperative and conjugated ''komma'' meaning ''to do'': ''Peko'''komu''' sish naee.'' (Could you give it to me.)
**Longer imperative is formed by using the indicative PRES.3SG verb form together with a pronoun: '''''Peko foo''' sish naee!'' (You give it to me!)
**'''Permissive''' is used by those with higher social status for giving permissions to members of lower social classes. It is formed by using optative 3rd singular with personal pronoun datives: ''Rokkoma votei.'' (You all are allowed to run.)
**'''Prohibitive''' is formed similarly with negative verb [[Aoma#Negation|''söm'']] and infinite of the main verb.
*'''Conditional''' of conditional sentence apodoses is formed through final right-to-left reduplication and then conjugated normally: ''pekkokko'', ''vomvom'', ''tytestes'' so that ''Pekkokom'' means "We would give".
*'''Optative''' (cohortative; imprecative with ''söm'') is used for requests and as a polite imperative (precative). It is formed by joining PRES.3SG and conjugated ''komma'' (to do): ''Peko'''komu''' sish naee.'' (Could you give it to me.)
*'''Subjunctive''' (potential), which is used in some dependent clauses, is formed through initial left-to-right reduplication, but always with CV or VC parts of the first syllable: ''pepekko'', ''vovom'', ''tytytes'', ''ejejom''
**'''Permissive''' is used by those with higher social status for giving permissions to members of lower social classes. It is formed by using optative 3SG with second person pronoun datives: ''Rokkoma votei.'' (You all are allowed to run.) With 1st person datives it is antihonorific while with 3rd person datives it expresses indifference: ''Wapkoma shye.'' (It doesn't matter if he goes.)
**Double reduplication gives a mood similar to '''eventive''' and it is used in conditional sentence protasis and speculatives: ''Pekkokoran '''tetellulun'''.'' (I would give '''if I had'''.) (notice also the future tense of apodosis)
**'''Volitive''' is intended for wishes and created by using honorifics ''haa/hää'' (SG/PL) with optative 3SG and (polite) datives: ''Hää'ijikoma Iwaa Weteki!'' (May the Light shine for all of You!)
*'''Conditional''' of conditional sentence apodoses is formed through final right-to-left reduplication and then conjugated normally: ''pekkokko'', ''vomvom'', ''tyte(s)tes'' so that ''Pekkokom'' means "We would give".
*'''Subjunctive''' (potential), which is used to express possibility as well as in some dependent clauses, is formed through initial left-to-right reduplication, but always with CV or VC parts of the first syllable: ''pepekko'', ''vovom'', ''tytytes'', ''ejejom''
**Double reduplication (subjunctive+conditional) gives a mood similar to '''eventive''' and it is used in conditional sentence protasis and speculatives: ''Pekkokoran '''tetellulun'''.'' (I would give '''if I had'''.) (notice also the future tense of apodosis)
*'''Interrogative''' is the question form of verbs which is created by adding the prefix ''so'': ''Vamo Vosokusik.'' → ''Sovamo Aumax?'' (You speak English. → Do you speak Aoma?) Stress remains on the verb but pitch rises towards the end.
**Combination of interrogative and subjunctive gives indirect '''propositive''': ''Sowawapemo?'' (Should we go? It might be time for us to go...)
**See the [[Aoma#Interrogative|interrogative pronouns]]


====''Negation''====
====''Negation''====


Aoma has a conjugated negative verb '''''söm''''' which is otherwise conjugation II, but has special forms for future and polite 2nd person (present, past, future):  
Aoma has a conjugated negative verb '''''söm''''' which is otherwise conjugation IIa, but has special forms for future and polite 2nd person (present, past, future):  
*Future: sörön, sörö, sör, söröm, sörys, sörös
*Future: sörön, sörö, sör, söröm, sörys, sörös
*SG: suvannoo, suvennoi, suvannaa
*2SG.POL: suvannoo, suvennoi, suvannaa
*PL: suvummoo, suvimmoi, suvummaa
*2PL.POL: suvummoo, suvimmoi, suvummaa
Notice how ''suvan'' also means "I'm sorry".
Notice how ''suvan'' also means "I'm sorry".


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''Sö'' also means "no".
''Sö'' also means "no".
====''Interrogative''====
Question form of a verb is created by adding interrogative prefix ''so'': ''Vo.'' → '''''So'''vo?''  (He speaks. → Does he speak?) Stress remains on the verb but pitch rises towards the end.
[[Aoma#Interrogative|Interrogative pronouns]] may be used as well.


====''Non-finite forms''====
====''Non-finite forms''====
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'''Present active participle''' as an attribute: INF + ''po''
'''Present active participle''' as an attribute: INF + ''po''
*Attributes follow their heads, and objects of participle get a genitive case: ''gy '''dannapo''' duter'' (a book-'''reading''' person)
*Attributes follow their heads, and objects of participle get a bare genitive case: ''gy '''dannapo''' duter'' (a book-'''reading''' person)
**Adjective-like inflection: ''dutesh gör '''dannappo''' duter'' (books of book-reading people)
**Adjective-like inflection: ''dutesh gör '''dannappo''' duter'' (books of book-reading people)
*If the head is possessed, the genitive comes between the head noun and the verb participle with its object: ''tymy '''henur''' musihespo musir'' (the food-cooking man of the woman)
*If the head is possessed, the genitive comes between the head noun and the verb participle with its object: ''tymy '''henury''' musihespo musir'' (food-cooking man of a woman)
**Compare with ''tymy henuryy musihe'''ss'''oo musiir'' (a man of the food-cooking woman) where definiteness and genitive declension have been used to change the meaning.


'''Past passive participle''': INF + ''na'' or INF + ''ma'' for IIa
'''Past passive participle''': INF + ''na'' or INF + ''ma'' for IIa
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====Auxiliary verbs====
====Auxiliary verbs====


such as ''jum'' "can"
In Aoma, there are only modal auxiliary verbs which are followed by verb infinites. Only the auxiliaries are conjugated, conveying the tense, aspect and mood as well.
 
Basic verbs include: ''jum'' (can, be able to), ''nom'' (must, need to), ''gam'' (be going to)


===Derivational Morphology===
===Derivational Morphology===
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'''Verb → Noun''' (endings to PRES.3SG)
'''Verb → Noun''' (endings to PRES.3SG)
*Abstract, happening: ''si'': ''mille'' (to rain) → ''mil'' (it rains) → ''mil'''si''''' (rain)
*Abstract, happening: ''si'': ''mille'' (to rain) → ''mil'' (it rains) → ''mil'''si''''' (rain)
*Doer, cause: ''ky/ku/ki'': ''duuteku'' (woman writer, authoress)
*Doer, cause: ''(a)ky/ku/ki'': ''duuteku'' (woman writer, authoress), ''ket'''a'''ki'' (thrower)  


'''Verb → Adjective''' (from INF)
'''Verb → Adjective''' (from INF)
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===Numerals===
===Numerals===


Numbers use nowadays decimal system, but were originally of base twelve also known as dozenal even though there was a special mark for twelve. Some numerologists have proposed that six was the ancient base just like in Rinap, while others say it was eight, the number of all elements when they separated light and darkness from life and death in favour of Lightlisteners' beliefs. According to many scolars, six is the true base of our universe and must have been the original. Use of eight came later from coastal peoples of Sceptre. All of this combined creates a quite difficult system.
Nowadays, numbers use decimal system, but according to Mikannan academy, the system was originally of base twelve also known as dozenal (''12 nasos, 24 nonnanos''), even though there was a special mark for twelve which is still used. Arruumunian school of numerologists has proposed that six was the ancient base just as in Rinap (''6 mausol, 36 mamasos''), while Eetioshians claim it was eight (''8 nowol, 16 nosos''), the number of all elements when they separated light and darkness from life and death in favour of Lightlisteners' beliefs. According to Memerrian scholars of Negovia, six is the true base of our universe and must have been the original. Use of eight came later from coastal peoples of Sceptre. When all of this is combined, a quite difficult system arises.


{|class="wikitable"
{|class="wikitable"
Line 1,365: Line 1,484:
*When added together, the /ʃ/-ending of large numbers changes to simple /s/: ''ni vimesh i ibani a vimesbanis'' "thirty plus one is thirty-one"
*When added together, the /ʃ/-ending of large numbers changes to simple /s/: ''ni vimesh i ibani a vimesbanis'' "thirty plus one is thirty-one"
*In large numbers, stops can be used to separate the powers of ten except in numbers smaller than hundred: ''fonicomopes'fonicototes'fomesfonis'' "5555"
*In large numbers, stops can be used to separate the powers of ten except in numbers smaller than hundred: ''fonicomopes'fonicototes'fomesfonis'' "5555"
*Notice that in text, beginning of hundred (10-) may be written the special mark ([[media:Bocoere.JPG|chart]]) for ten with a dot overhead up to 112 as it is used especially for marking years in decorational calendars. Same goes for thousand, but the vertical line is doubled.


====Ordinal Numbers====
====Ordinal Numbers====
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*With others, ''tu'' is added to the cardinal number: ''metesh'' → ''meteshtu'' (one tenth) (sometimes the endings ''eshtu'' → ''essu'' and ''eshtivo'' → ''essivo'')
*With others, ''tu'' is added to the cardinal number: ''metesh'' → ''meteshtu'' (one tenth) (sometimes the endings ''eshtu'' → ''essu'' and ''eshtivo'' → ''essivo'')
*Larger parts are created with the ''co'' multiplier form (explained in the "Other numerals" section), stop and plural: ''norico'cotivo'' "two thirds", ''mabico'meteshtivo'' or ''mabimetessivo'' (seven tenths)
*Larger parts are created with the ''co'' multiplier form (explained in the "Other numerals" section), stop and plural: ''norico'cotivo'' "two thirds", ''mabico'meteshtivo'' or ''mabimetessivo'' (seven tenths)
*In case of declension: ''pati '''notir''' sinir'' (juice of half a lemon)
*In case of declension: ''pati '''notiri''' sinirri'' (juice of half a lemon)


====Declension====
====Declension====
Numerals always agree with their heads' case, and while cardinal numbers always preceed it, ordinal numbers are often placed after the head:
Numerals always agree with their heads' case, and while cardinal numbers always preceed it, ordinal numbers are often placed after the head:
*''i'' ending ''ibani'' is singular and follows neuter gender declination unless used as an attributive when it also change gender: ''ibanyee tymyee'' (for one man), ''ibanuee henuee'' (for one woman)
*''i'' ending ''ibani'' is singular and follows neuter gender declination unless used as an attributive when it also change gender: ''ibanyee tymyee'' (for one man), ''ibanuee henuee'' (for one woman). Notice plural use: ''Ibanivo saucivo rromaee!'' (One beer for each and everyone!)
**special ordinal numbers such as ''nohi'' are in this group as well: ''halax '''wautax''' nirrarex'' (on the sixth hot day)
**special ordinal numbers such as ''nohi'' are in this group as well: ''halax '''wautax''' nirrarex'' (on the sixth hot day)
*''is'' ending plural numbers follow related adjective declension: ''dyt '''norice''' pamöshe xarece'' (with two strong hands)
*''is'' ending plural numbers follow related adjective declension: ''dyt '''norice''' pamöshe xarece'' (with two strong hands)
**''os'' decline similarly: ''nasoci guhee'' (for twelve people)
**''os'' decline similarly: ''nasoci guhee'' (for twelve people)
*''ol'' indicates divine gender plural forms: ''mausol bebiwalol'' (six astrological ritual days)
*''ol'' indicates divine gender plural forms: ''mausol bebiwalol'' (six astrological ritual days)
*''esh'' ending numbers are declined according to neuter plural declension: ''gehii '''meter''' gör'' (the house of ten people)  
*''esh'' ending numbers are declined according to neuter plural declension: ''gehii '''meterii''' görii'' (the house of ten people)  
*''osh'' final ''mautosh'' and ''muuposh'' are as feminine gender in their forms: ''nal muupor jeelong'' (after six thousand years)
*''osh'' final ''mautosh'' and ''muuposh'' are as feminine gender in their forms: ''nal muupor jeelong'' (after six thousand years)
*''e'' ending ordinals follow the common adjective declension: ''has Taulaxe 7.eke'' (about Taula VII)
*''e'' ending ordinals follow the common adjective declension: ''has Taulaxe 7.eke'' (about Taula VII)
*Temporal case is created by changing cardinal number ''s/sh''-ending into ''x'' or with ordinals simply by adding ''x''.
*Temporal case is created by changing cardinal number ''s/sh''-ending into ''x'' or with ordinals simply by adding ''x''.
====Arithmetic operations====
*''Peko'' (get) is used for "equals". Although grammatically numbers should be in accusative, they are kept in nominative case.
*Addition, conjugated ''fatto'' (add) with ''i'' (and): ''Fato ibani i noris, peko conis.'' (Add one and two, get three.), or simply ''Noris i noris peko toris.'' (two plus two is four)
*Substraction, conjugated ''vonetto'' (remove) with ''kus'' (from): ''Voneto ibani kus norice, peko ibani.'' (Remove one from two, get one.), or without the ''voneto''
*Multiplication, number and "how many times": ''Noris conico, peko mausol.'' (Two thrice, get six.)
*Division, number in locative fraction (see above) or fraction multiplied: ''Noris tootuxu, peko noti.''/''Tootuxu norico, peko noti.'' (Two in one quarter,/ Two times one quarter, gives one half.)
*Exponent, ''ne'' (take), ''jee'' (for itself) and "how many times": ''Ne noris jee conico, peko nowol.'' (Take two for itself thrice, get eigth.)


===Temporal expressions===
===Temporal expressions===


Temporal case is used for expressing that something happens during or around a specific point in time: ''anasax'' (in the morning), ''halaax'' (today, on this day), ''jeelax'' (this year). Plural temporal forms indicate habitual behavior: ''haloox'' (every day, during daytime), ''jeelox'' (every year).
Temporal case is used for expressing that something happens during or around a specific point in time: ''anasax'' (in the morning), ''halaax'' (today, on this day), ''jeelax'' (this year). Plural temporal forms by themselves indicate habitual behavior: ''haloox'' (every day, during daytime), ''jeelox'' (every year).


It can be combined with dative and genitive cases:  
It can be combined with plural dative and genitive cases:  
*TEMP+case: ''norix halaxaee'' (in two days' time) and ''conix jeelax(ang)'' (for three years)
*TEMP+case: ''norix haloxaee'' (in two days' time) and ''conix jeelox(ang)'' (for three years)
*case+TEMP: ''norix halaeex'' (next two days) and ''conix jeelangx'' /jɛ:laŋs/ (three years ago)
*case+TEMP: ''norix haloeex'' (next two days) and ''conix jeelongx'' /jɛ:lɔŋs/ (three years ago)
*case+TEMP+case: ''conix jeelangxaee'' /jɛ:laŋksæeˑ/ (for last three years)
*case+TEMP+case: ''conix jeelongxaee'' /jɛ:lɔŋksæeˑ/ (for last three years)


The use of following temporal determiners is however more commonplace:
The use of following temporal determiners is however more commonplace:
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**''nazuupa'' (following, succeeding an moment in past or future): ''Lehen bebosi halax nazuupax.'' (I know they left on the following day.)
**''nazuupa'' (following, succeeding an moment in past or future): ''Lehen bebosi halax nazuupax.'' (I know they left on the following day.)
*''dola'' (since): ''dolax jeelax wangax'' (since last year)
*''dola'' (since): ''dolax jeelax wangax'' (since last year)
*''banico'' (once): ''banicox hezalax'' (once in a month)
*''banico'' (once): ''banicox hezalax'' (once in a month) also ''hezalox'' (monthly)


In polite language, ordinal [[Aoma#Numerals|numbers]] of dates also receive an ''x''-ending: ''(halax) casoste'''x''' hezalax Reetyr'' (on the 18th (day) of Horse month). Cardinal numbers get a temporal case through ''s/sh'' being changed into ''x''.
In polite language, ordinal [[Aoma#Numerals|numbers]] of dates also receive an ''x''-ending: ''(halax) casoste'''x''' hezalax Reetyr'' (on the 18th (day) of Horse month). Cardinal numbers get a temporal case through final ''s/sh'' being changed into ''x'': ''noris halol'' (two days) → ''norix halox'' (for two days).


See the description of [[Aoma/Calendar|calendar system]].
See the description of [[Aoma/Calendar|calendar system]].
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*Ordinal number (agrees with all)  
*Ordinal number (agrees with all)  
*Adjectives (all agree with case, and some with gender as well)
*Adjectives (all agree with case, and some with gender as well)
*Genitive noun (agrees gender and number)
*Genitive noun (agrees all)
*Possessive pronoun (agrees all)
*Possessive pronoun (agrees all)
*Participle & its objects
*Participle & its objects
Line 1,506: Line 1,634:
Relative possession → possession:  
Relative possession → possession:  
: "I encountered the girl whose house had burned.''
: "I encountered the girl whose house had burned.''
: ''Tois muu gehir nirrrenar.''
: ''Tois muus gehirus nirrrenarus.''
: <small>encounter.PST.1SG girl-DEF house-GEN burn-PPP-GEN</small>
: <small>encounter.PST.1SG girl-DEF.ACC house-GEN-F-ACC burn-PPP-GEN-F-ACC</small>
:: "I encountered the girl of the burned house."
:: "I encountered the girl of the burned house."


Referring to a sentence by plural proximate demonstrative pronoun: "The child travelled to the north which angered his parents.
Referring to a sentence by plural proximate demonstrative pronoun: "The child travelled to the north which angered his parents.
: ''Beleti puu okuee, tööhei cufo rrikosh shyr.''
: ''Beleti puu okuee, tööhei cufo rrikosh shyrosh.''
: <small>IPFV-walk-PST.3SG child north-DAT anger.PST.3SG DEM.PROX.PL parent-PL PN.3SG.M.GEN</small>
: <small>IPFV-walk-PST.3SG child north-DAT anger.PST.3SG DEM.PROX.PL parent-PL PN.3SG.M.GEN-F.PL</small>


====Conditional====
====Conditional====
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: <small>EVE-be.COND.PRES.1SG soldier, SUBJ-leave.FUT.1SG war-DAT</small>
: <small>EVE-be.COND.PRES.1SG soldier, SUBJ-leave.FUT.1SG war-DAT</small>


==Registers==
==Dialects==


In different situations, it is appropriate to use language best suitable to the surroundings. Following levels of formality have been attested by scholars of Aoma:
Most simple and neutral versions (approximately close to some synonym in all dialects) of words were chosen from different dialects, which had developed differently from Western Rinapri and Repoxian (sound changes).
 
===Mikannan===
 
The Mikannan dialect also called Coastal Aoma is closest to the standard. The dialect contains loan words due to cultural mix in the capital city of Mikanna.


'''''Gehiisi'''''
===Northern===
*"From home" language and dialects used with family and friends. It contains lots of ellipsis in language and variation in pronunciation such as elision.


''Pan uu! Doo!'' "Going now! Bye!"
Gave the word-initial voiced consonants to the lexicon


'''''Ketysi'''''
===Inland===
*"From town" language spoken with less familiar people and in casual conversations. Mainly the basic form of Aoma perhaps with a couple of informalities.


''Paran fuu. Tolramo sau!'' "I'll go now! We'll see again! (Until we meet again!)"
Gave dry fricatives ''s'' and ''sh'' when compared to the moist consonants of coastal dialects. (Compare Keethan languages)


'''''Faar'ro'''''
===Southern===
*"Honouring", polite language is used when discussing (after being allowed to discuss) with someone who is older or member of a higher social class, it is very important to use polite verbs and pronouns as well as full word forms. Polite forms of addressing: ''Nidaa'' ("Your Shine" with religious people), ''Niduu'' (Madam) and ''Nidyy'' (Sir).


''Suvako. Sovokoman Neteki?'' "Excuse me. May I speak to You?"
Sceptrian and Negovian influence strong


'''''Hakorasa'''''
===Influence===
 
====Sceptrian====
 
Temporal declension,
 
====Negovian====
 
Some voicing?
 
==Society==
 
===Registers===
 
In different situations, it is appropriate to use language best suitable to the surroundings. Following levels of formality have been attested by scholars of Aoma:
 
'''''Gehiisi'''''
*"From home" language and dialects used with family and friends. It contains lots of ellipsis in language and variation in pronunciation such as elision.
 
''Pan uu! Doo!'' "Going now! Bye!"
 
'''''Ketysi'''''
*"From town" language spoken with less familiar people and in casual conversations. Mainly the basic form of Aoma perhaps with a couple of informalities.
 
''Paran fuu. Tolramo sau!'' "I'll go now! We'll see again! (Until we meet again!)"
 
'''''Faar'ro'''''
*"Honouring", polite language is used when discussing (after being allowed to discuss) with someone who is older or member of a higher social class, it is very important to use polite verbs and pronouns as well as full word forms. Polite forms of addressing: ''Nidaa'' ("Your Shine" with religious people), ''Niduu'' (Madam) and ''Nidyy'' (Sir).
 
''Suvako. Sovokoman Neteki?'' "Excuse me. May I speak to You?"
 
'''''Hakorasa'''''
*"Templar" language, the most formal form, in which use of polite language, personal pronouns and optative requests is required, and permissive mood is often used by higher people.
*"Templar" language, the most formal form, in which use of polite language, personal pronouns and optative requests is required, and permissive mood is often used by higher people.
*'''Honorific''' clitics ''haa' ''+ verb-2SG.POL and ''hää' ''+ verb-2PL.POL are used in front of the verb and/or pronoun to emphasize the status of addressed: ''Sosoltare haaNite?'' (Will You come?) Notice also the lower and upper case letters.
*'''Honorific''' clitics ''haa' ''+ verb-2SG.POL and ''hää' ''+ verb-2PL.POL are used in front of the verb and/or pronoun to emphasize the status of addressed: ''Sosoltare haaNite?'' (Will You come?) Notice also the lower and upper case letters.
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: "Pardon me, but may I address Your highness."
: "Pardon me, but may I address Your highness."


==Featured banner==
===Adulthood===
 
Adulthood in western parts of Eastern Empire was defined by Kaomaago Bureau of Legislation in the year 700 of 7th era as follows:
 
Age of majority grants a citizen the rights to devote themself to serving Light in a monastery or temple, vote regional members to Sajaazy, travel without a permission from their parents, control their wealth by themself, receive an occupation, establish a business, marry a person from another class, raise children by themself. When a high class child reaches the age of 16 (sixteen), a woman reaches the age of 18 (eighteen) or a male reaches the age of 20 (twenty) they are considered being of the age of majority. However, one may acquire a permission to vote, travel and control their wealth by showing maturity through one of the following ways: one year of military service, two years of work since the beginning of apprenticeship, one year after purchasing and keeping a house, one year after the birth of firstborn with the approval of mother's mother.
 
The lowest class and the unclean are not allowed to vote. The following cases form an exception: adult servants who have been freed of labour by their owners, and foreigners who have lived at least two years in the Eastern Empire and shown maturity. Permission to vote is suspended for at least one year, and always for the time of punishment and time in jail after committing a crime. Person may not vote for one year after being possessed or visiting Aweroot.
 
===Naming===
 
====Child name====
 
People of the Coast of Temples give their children a well-chosen first name during the first sunbathing ceremony or name them after the birth hezala (month). The name is two-part and consists of an often nature-themed first name and a family name which is formed by adding ''nyy'' (son), ''muu'' (daughter), ''puu'' (child) or ''pupuu'' (grandchild) to the adult name of the parent or grandparent who is high in the social hierarchy. Sometimes suffixes ''-ta, -jy, -wu'' and ''-ji'' are added to further indicate the class. Great names are deserved for children with high class origins, and are often kept for a whole lifetime. High class owners may also name the children of their servants.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ Common first name bases
|-
! Great names
|Amanoory<br/>(two-headed lion cub)
|Aru<br/>(lamb)
|Augy<br/>(young spellcaster)
|Calu<br/>(small star)
|Cena<br>(type of eagle)
|Edu<br>(topaz)
|Iwipuu <br/>(shine-child)
|Iware <br/>(bright)
|Lengu<br/>(blue stone)
|Muwu<br>(sapphire)
|Pata<br>(pearl)
|Rala<br>(type of shark)
|Tomu <br/>(little lobster)
|Udotu <br/>(rainbow)
|Voja<br>(type of antelope)
|-
! Boy names
|Ami<br/>(lion cub)
|Bely<br>(a perch-like fish)
|Dyy<br/>(brother)
|Enni<br/>(wind)
|Etty <br/>(archer)
|Geedi <br/>(little mountain)
|Gepu<br/>(sprout)
|Liku <br/>(sprig)
|Mely<br>(type of halophyte)
|Nosa<br>(beach sand)
|Pashu<br/>(fruit)
|Tery<br>(sandstone)
|Woly<br>(type of fish)
|Xanummi <br/>(little rhinoceros)
|Ywy<br>(decorational carving)
|-
! Girl names
|Buru<br>(puppy)
|Duu<br/>(sister)
|Ennu<br/>(cloud)
|Kuuti <br/>(small tree)
|Lui<br/>(berry)
|Mala<br>(type of fruit)
|Miini <br/>(little island)
|Mysu<br>(kitten)
|Navu <br/>(flower)
|Onu <br/>(flower bud)
|Pati <br/>(juice)
|Peti <br/>(flower nectar)
|Soli<br>(type of fish)
|Tanu<br>(type of bird)
|Xupuu <br/>(eagle)
|-
! Servant names
|Ebi<br/>(small eye)
|Geshare <br/>(lively)
|Heki <br/>(sand)
|Helli <br/>(clay)
|Hofi<br/>(ash)
|Keli<br/>(soil)
|Kuvi<br>(chick)
|Luti<br>(maid)
|Nifi<br>(drizzle)
|Orshupuu <br/>(snake-child)
|Puhu<br/>(down feather)
|Pämi<br/>(small hand)
|Reetypuu <br/>(horse-child)
|Sisi<br>(small grasshopper)
|Öshupuu <br/>(raven-child)
|}
 
====Adult name====
 
When a child becomes an adult, and they are allowed to vote for regional members for Sajaazy, they can take a new name at ''Kosa Zuhar'', the Bureau of People (or of Censuses). They decide (or are helped to decide) which name they wish to carry, while the child name is kept as a second name. If the person has moved, they may create an origin name by adding ''sa/su/sy'' to the place name, e.g. ''Mikannasy'' (man from Mikanna).
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ Adult names
|-
!High class
|Akere<br/>(clean)
|Amanoora <br/>(two-headed lion)
|Cala<br/>(star)
|Cora<br/>(yellow topaz)
|Geeda<br/>(great)
|Hima<br/>(silver)
|Imika <br/>(lightning)
|Iwa <br/>(light)
|Karrasa <br/>(thunder)
|Loza<br>(type of marble)
|Mana<br>(achievement)
|Meta<br>(type of hawk)
|Peta<br/>(honey)
|Telala<br/>(has gold)
|Ungaja<br>(ruby)
|-
!Middle class
|Amy<br/>(lion)
|Bulu<br/>(type of shark)
|Dele<br/>(beautiful)
|Demuufu<br/>(song)
|Du<br/>(muse)
|Fömy<br/>(ink)
|Gylane<br/>(nice person)
|Hakkuku<br/>(blade-user)
|Jöcy <br/>(small meteor)
|Mongo<br/>(type of antelope)
|Ofyre<br/>(bearded)
|Penniky <br/>(pen-user)
|Yky <br/>(wolf)
|Ysolu<br/>(artist)
|Önuku<br/>(dreamer)
|-
!Low class
|Emare <br/>(hard-working)
|Enny<br/>(storm)
|Felu<br/>(type of dog)
|Guku<br/>(horn)
|Hakkyky <br/>(axe-user)
|Jummire <br/>(skillful)
|Kaspa <br/>(free)
|Keki<br/>(rock)
|Mete<br/>(type of tree)
|Ngutyky<br/>(swordsman)
|Pucu<br>(granite)
|Surru<br/>(knot)
|Xare<br/>(strong)
|Yngiiri <br/>(fox)
|Öny<br/>(hunter)
|}
 
====Diminutive====
 
In daily, casual usage, diminutives are used to express close relationship and to distinguish between people with same names (if occupations are unknown). Common ways of forming diminutives include:
*Lengthening the first syllable vowel and removing geminated sounds from latter syllables. Removing final vowels or replacing them with ''o'' is also common: ''Ofyre'' → ''Oofyr'', ''Oofre'', ''Oofer'', ''Oofo''; ''Hakkuku'' → ''Haakuk'', ''Haako''
**Final plosive consonant may be turned into the best corresponding fricative or nasal: ''Haakuk'' → ''Haakuh'' or ''Haakung''
*Removing the first syllable or other non-stressed syllable: ''Hakkyky'' → ''Ky(y)ky''; ''Geedy'' → ''Gee''
*Changing first consonant to the same as the second or simply geminating the stressed syllable: ''Navu'' → ''Vavu'', ''Vuvu''
 
====Family names====
 
Some high class family names derive from ancient bloodlines and their family status is protected by law. Such include:
*''Tauxa'', the family of political and financial power
*''Hasai'', the family of religious and political power
*''Otakys'', wealthy owners of several gun foundries such as ''EPAM: Etturol Pares Mikannaxu'' (Long Cannons in Mikanna)
*''Kellas'', the banking dynasty
*''Tantoxa'', owners of the notable trading company ''Bocuvo Gehiryy Ennarrii'' (Merchants of the Green House) which specializes in importing comestibles from the north and exporting local goods
*''Pacunta'', owners of another trading company ''Äci Wohaluri'' (Eastern Path) which does most of its business with Eastern Empire and specializes in mining products
*''Mukena'', controlling the healing business in large towns
*''Saasta'', owners of well-known breweries ''Melyy Alaroo'' (The Golden Tumbler)
 
====Famous people====
 
*''Mana Edujy Himanyy'', gifted spellmaster who is the current head of ''Rojutaa Auguwaraa Mikannaxu'' (Academy of Magic in Mikanna)
*''Ikau'' or ''Iwa Kuutia Corapupuu'', ceremonial master of Emperor Hakarrasa II and the most talented player of spiritual bowls alive. Providing harmony every ''wyla'' at ''Apatettaa Mikannaraa'' (Grand Theatre of Mikanna).
*''Sol'' or ''Ysolu Puhu Milari'', the painter known throughout Carranu.
 
==Translations==
 
===The universal declaration of human rights===
 
{{Gloss
|phrase = Bavompekkomii caxoirii pooirruu Iwarruu Akekataxu
|IPA = /bɑˈvoˑmpek:ɔˌmi: kxɑkˈsoˑiɹi: po:iˌrʊ: ɪˈwaˑˌrʊ: ɑkeˈkaˑtɑkˌsʊ/
| morphemes = ba-vompekko-mi-i cax-oir-i-i po-oir-r-u-u iwa-r-r-u-u akekata-xu
| gloss = GER-declare-CIRC-DEF right-F.PL.GEN-NEUT-DEF child-F.PL.GEN-ADJ.GEN-F-DEF light-AGR Akekata-LOC
| translation = The declaration of the rights of the children of Light on Akekata
}}
 
'''''Kiru waci''''' (First part)
{{Gloss
|phrase = Ilös piivo Iwarivo rrosol wa kasppas i sa ärrar i caxoir ännis.
|IPA = /ɪˈlœˑs pi:vɔ ɪˈwaˑɹɪvo rɔˈsoˑl wɑ kɑspˈpas iˑ sɑ ʌˈraˑɹ ɪ kxɑkˈsoˑiɹ ʌn:iˑs/
| morphemes = il-ös pi-ivo iwa-r-ivo rros-ol wa kasp-pas i sa ärr-ar i cax-oir än-nis
| gloss = be.born-PRES.3PL children-F.PL light-D.GEN-F.PL all-D.PL as free-D.PL.GEN and with value-D.GEN and right-F.PL.GEN same-ADJ.PL.GEN
| translation = All children of Light (human beings) are born (as) free and with same value and rights.
}}
{{Gloss
|phrase = Niso pekkona sotei sanax i ysfännax, nos pumetes sa sotyr dyzycyrrä.
|IPA = /nɪsoˑ pek:oˑnɑ sɔteiˑ sɑˈnaˑks ɪ ysˈfæˑn:ɑks nos puˈmɛˑtes sɑ sɔˈtyˑɹ dyˈzyˑskyˌræˑ/
| morphemes = niso pekko-na sot-ei sana-x i ysfänna-x, no-s pumetes sa sot-yr dyzy-cy-rrä
| gloss = be.PRES.3PL give-PPP P.3PL-DAT reason-D.ACC and conscience-D.ACC (pause) must-PRES.3PL treat with they.GEN brother-hood-ADJ.SEMBL.ADVZ
| translation = To them are given reason and conscience, and they must treat each other in a brotherhoodlike way.
}}
 
Original: All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
 
===Featured banner===


''Buhamai vosiik banicox. Bumaponeme sish ros tel kejusivo iwires, mottajesu i kahesjesu ire.''
''Buhamai vosiik banicox. Bumaponeme sish ros tel kejusosh iwirece, mottajesus i kahesjesus ire.''


The language was praised once. It has been selected for it has shiny details, believability and good usability.
The language was praised once. It has been selected for it has shiny details, believability and good usability.
Line 1,566: Line 1,926:
==See also==
==See also==


*[[:Category:Aoma literature|Aoman literature]]
**[[Literature:Hymn_of_Light/Aoma|Hymn of Light in Aoma]]
*[http://juhhmi.deviantart.com/art/Eastern-Empire-Social-Structure-422564922 Social structure of the Eastern Empire]
*[http://juhhmi.deviantart.com/art/Eastern-Empire-Social-Structure-422564922 Social structure of the Eastern Empire]




{{List subpages|caption=Related pages with more information}}
{{List subpages|caption=Related pages with more information}}
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