Eta-Talmic: Difference between revisions

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{{construction}}
{{construction}}
[[{{PAGENAME}}/Lexicon|{{PAGENAME}}-English lexicon]]<br/>
:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Lexicon]]
[[{{PAGENAME}}/de|Diese Seite auf Deutsch]]
:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Swadesh list]]
The '''Talmic languages''' (/ˈtɑːlmɪk/ ''TAHL-mik'') are a subfamily of the [[Quame languages]], originally spoken chiefly in the [[Bitaleta]] region in the planet of [[Verse:Tricin|Tricin]].


{{Infobox language
* PET
|image =
** Talmic
|imagesize =
*** [[Tigol]]
|creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]]
**** [[Eevo]]
|name = {{PAGENAME}}
**** [[Anbirese]]
|nativename = ''θensārimem''
**** Ciètian
|pronunciation=  /θensaːrimem/
|region = Talmy
|extinct = 220 v.T.
|familycolor=PfK
|fam1= [[Proto-Quihum|Quihum]]
|fam2= [[Talmic languages|Talmic]]
|iso3=qth
|notice=IPA
}}


'''{{PAGENAME}}''' is the the ancestor of all living [[Talmic languages]]. It is inspired aesthetically by Proto-Celtic and Latin, grammatically by Hebrew, Ancient Greek and Native American languages.
== Syntax ==
Although all present-day Talmic languages are rigidly head-initial, like Irish, Welsh and Southeast Asian languages, Proto-Talmic was much less so; we know this because different constructions and function words (such as prepositions and verbal morphology) fossilized in each Talmic subbranch.
 
== Morphology ==
Pre-Tigol should keep the most inflections out of the Quame branches, so it was the worst language to Old Irishify
 
Proto-Talmic also had no inclusive vs exclusive we distinction; Tigolic and Qazhric gained the distinction under the influence of Lakovic.
 
==History of Talmic studies==
===History of the term===
The Talmic family was referred to as the "''Kwēm'' languages" (Scellan: ''brits Cłeem'') in earlier Talman works, after the Thensarian word ''cēm'' for "one" inherited in all known Talmic languages at the time. Since contact with other Quihum languages such as [[Naquian]], the term Quame is used for the family that includes Talmic and Naquian.


==Todo==
==Todo==
*PQ ''a'' > Thn. ''o'' (?)
*''-nəm'' = patientive
*''sθan-'' = gather
**''sθannəm'' = gathering
***Skellan ''sdann'' = (''mathematics'') set
**~ ''sta-'' in ''stāmom''?


==Notes on notation==
*add 0 grade, lengthened grade.
===Glossary===
**''-ssōs'' = another noun suffix
*<sup>CLF</sup>: classifier tone pattern (non-desinential or desinential)
** 0 grade often > ə-grade but Cl, Cr > Cli-, Cri-
*''H'': vowel hiatus with next syllable
**lengthened grades: ā ī ū > ó ī ū
*''N'': denotes a homorganic nasal
*''Z'': denotes ''r'' before a vowel or voiced C, ''s'' before a voiceless C, null before ''z''
*''~'': cognate to


==Background==
Change 1pl.ex from m to b
:''See also: [[{{PAGENAME}}/Sound changes from Proto-Quihum]].''
 
The '''{{PAGENAME}}''' (/θɛmˈsɑɹiən/) '''language''' ({{PAGENAME}}: ''gaθuem θensārimem'' "the {{PAGENAME}} throat") is a language classified into an [[Talmic languages|isolated subbranch]] of the [[Raxo-Talmic languages|Raxo-Talmic]] language family, along with other para-{{PAGENAME}} languages which are/were natively spoken in the peninsula of Tálsym in the northwestern part of the Gameda subcontinent. The language remains clearly related to its continental relatives such as [[Naquian]] (It is often said that {{PAGENAME}} uses the same affixes as Raxic with different meanings); however, due to its long period of isolation and substrate influence (the substrate is sometimes speculated to have been a head-initial polysynthetic language), {{PAGENAME}} was a typological and lexical outlier in the larger family, within which it was distinguished by its heavily head-marking inflection in both clauses and possessive NPs as well as its strongly head-initial syntax and and its verb system approaching polysynthetic languages in complexity. The name of the {{PAGENAME}} language comes from the Thensár region, from whose dialect arose the prestige language of the Andaegōr Empire. This elevated register/lect existed in a state of diglossia with the vernacular "dialects", diverse and often mutually unintelligible but still quite similar at this time. The prestige language described in this article, called Noble {{PAGENAME}} (''themsārimem ħentem''), was used as a living language by the ruling class for a period spanning 600 years until its demise in the year ca. 220 v.c., and was continued to be used as an important literary, academic and religious language on the peninsula and surrounding mainland areas.


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
Proto-Celtic gibberish with some added consonants and vowels
===Consonants===
===Consonants===
{{PAGENAME}} used 22 consonants. Unusually for the family, it is devoid of affricates, ejectives, and lateral obstruents, possessing instead a preponderance of fricatives.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ Proto-Talmic reconstructed consonants (Panzux)
|-
! colspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |
!  |Labial
!  |Labial
Line 47: Line 49:
!  |Palatal
!  |Palatal
!  |Velar
!  |Velar
!  |Radical
!  |Labiovelar
!  |Uvular
!  |Labiouvular
!  |Glottal
!  |Glottal
|-
|-
! colspan="2" style="" |Nasal
! colspan="2" style="" |Nasal
| '''m''' /m/
| *m
|colspan="2"| '''n''' /n/
| *n
|
|
|
|  
|  
|  
| <span style="color:gray;">'''n''' [ŋ]</span>
|  
|  
|  
|  
Line 60: Line 67:
! rowspan="2" |Plosive
! rowspan="2" |Plosive
! |<small>voiceless</small>
! |<small>voiceless</small>
| '''p''' /p/
|colspan="2"| '''t''' /t/
|  
|  
| '''c''' /k/
| *θ
| '''ȝ''' /ʡ/
| *t
|
| *k
| *kʷ
| *q
| *qʷ
|  
|  
|-
|-
! |<small>voiced</small>
! |<small>voiced</small>
| '''b''' /b/
| *b
|colspan="2"| '''d''' /d/
| *δ
|
| *d
| '''g''' /g/
|
|  
|  
|-
| *g
! rowspan="2" style="" |Fricative
| *gʷ
! |<small>voiceless</small>
| '''f''' /f/
| '''θ''' /θ/
| '''s''' /s/
|  
|  
| '''χ''' /x/
| '''ħ''' /ħ~ʜ/
|rowspan="2" | '''h''' /h~ɦ/
|-
! |<small>voiced</small>
|  
|  
| '''δ''' /ð/
| '''z''' /z/
|  
|  
| '''γ''' /ɣ/
| <span style="color:gray;">'''ȝ''' [ʕ~ʢ]</span>
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |Trill
! rowspan="2" style="" |Fricative
! |<small>voiceless</small>
| *ɸ
|  
|  
| *s
|  
|  
| '''r''' /r/
| [x]
|  
|  
| [χ]
|  
|  
| *h
|-
! |<small>voiced</small>
|  
|  
|  
|  
|-
! colspan="2" |Approximant
| '''v''' /w~ʋ/
| '''l''' /l/
|  
|  
| '''j''' /j/
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
|}
|rowspan="2"| *γ
 
|rowspan="2"| *γʷ
 
;Notes
*Voiceless plosives /p t k/ are lightly aspirated.
*/r/ is a postalveolar trill [r̠] or tap [ɾ̠].
*/l/ is mildly velarized dental [l̪ˠ].
 
====Conditioned allophony====
Allophony in {{PAGENAME}} is limited.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 570px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 120px; "|Phoneme
! style="width: 120px; " |Allophone
! style="width: 120px; " |Condition(s)
|-
|rowspan="2"| /n/
| [ŋ]
| _C[+velar, +plosive]
|-
| [ɱ]
| _C[+labiodental]
|-
| C[+obstruent, ±voiced]
| C[+obstruent, ∓voiced]
| _C[+obstruent, -guttural, ∓voiced]
|}
 
===Vowels===
Classical {{PAGENAME}} has a six-vowel system with a quantity distinction. Short vowels have one mora (except for epenthetic ''i/y'' which has zero morae), and long vowels have two morae. <!--
{| class="IPA" cellspacing="0px" cellpadding="0" style="text-align:center; background:none;"
|- style="text-align:center; font-size:smaller;"
|style="padding-bottom:3px;"| &nbsp;
| style="width: 60px;" | '''Front'''
| style="width: 60px; word-spacing: -.3em;" | '''Near- front'''
| style="width: 60px;" | '''Central'''
| style="width: 60px;word-spacing: -.3em;" | '''Near- back'''
| style="width: 60px;" | '''Back'''
|-
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Close'''
| style="height: 210px;" colspan=5 rowspan=7 | <div style="position: relative;">[[File:Blank vowel trapezoid.svg|300px|link=]]<div style="background:none; position:absolute; top:0; left:0;">
 
{| style="position:relative; width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:none;"
|-
| style="width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:none; font-size:120%;"|
 
<div style="position: absolute; left: 5%; width: 2.3em; top: 2%; background: white;">i</div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 43%; width: 3.1em; top: 2%; background: white;">ʉ̜</div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 85%; width: 2.3em; top: 2%; background: white;">u</div>
 
<div style="position: absolute; left: 28%; width: 2.33em; top: 17%; background: white;"></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 44%; width: 4em; top: 17%; background: white;"></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 74%; width: 1.5em; top: 17%; background: white;"></div>
 
<div style="position: absolute; left: 16%; width: 2.7em; top: 30%; background: white;"></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 50%; width: 2.7em; top: 30%; background: white;"></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 84%; width: 2.7em; top: 30%; background: white;"></div>
 
<div style="position: absolute; left: 24%; width: 2.7em; top: 44%; background: white;">e̞</div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 57%; width: 1em; top: 44%; background: white;"></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 83%; width: 2.7em; top: 44%; background: white;">o̞</div>
 
<div style="position: absolute; left: 30%; width: 3em; top: 58%; background: white;"></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 57%; width: 2.7em; top: 58%; background: white;"></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 83%; width: 2.7em; top: 58%; background: white;"></div>
 
<div style="position: absolute; left: 37%; width: 1.3em; top: 73%;"></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 64%; width: 1em; top: 73%; background: white;"></div>
 
<div style="position: absolute; left: 44%; width: 3em; top: 86%; background: white;"></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 68%; width: 1em; top: 86%; background: white;">a</div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 85%; width: 2em; top: 86%; background: white;"></div>
 
|}
</div></div>
|-
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | &nbsp;&nbsp;'''Near-close'''
|-
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Close-mid'''
|-
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Mid'''
|-
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Open-mid'''
|-
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Near-open'''
|-
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Open'''
|}-->
<div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 1.25em; margin-bottom: 0.33em"></div>
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Front
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Central
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Back
|-
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
|-
! style="" |Close
| '''i''' /i/
| '''ī''' /iː/
| '''y''' /ÿ/
| '''ȳ''' /ÿː/
| '''u''' /u/
| '''ū''' /uː/
|-
! style="" |Mid
| '''e''' /e/
| '''ē''' /eː/
|  
|  
|  
| '''o''' /o/
| '''ō''' /oː/
|-
|-
! style="" |Open
! colspan="2" |Resonant
|
|  
|  
| '''a''' /a/
| *l
| '''ā''' /aː/
| *r
|
| *y
|  
|  
| *w
| 
|}
|}
The Talman dialects, which eventually became Tigol and Qazhrian, merged alveolar stops into dental stops and completely lost *φ, but Nurian and Roshterian keep the sounds distinct to this day under Idavic influence.


Diphthongs: '''ae au ui'''
===Vowels===
a e i o u ā ē ī ō ū


;Notes
Diphthongs:


*/ÿ ÿː/ is close central compressed [ɨᵝ ɨːᵝ].
ai ei oi ui au eu iu ou
*/e eː o oː/ are mid vowels.


===Suprasegmentals===
==Derivational morphology==
===Affixes===
Some derivational affixes are:
*''-nam'' (n.) = patient suffix
*''-ā-'' = verbalizer (from ''*-əx̌-''; just for the Proto-Celtic gibbiness)
**What if ''*-əx̌-'' meant something else in PQuih?
**Roshterian ''-ia-/-i-'' - fossilized suffix in many verbs
*''-ākos'' (n.) = verbal noun (from ''*-əx̌-'' verbalizer + ''*-kas'' = older VN suffix)
**Roshterian ''-iac''
*''-akt(V)-'' = adjectivizer
**Roshterian ''-ait''


===Phonotactics===
====Ablaut patterns====


===Syllable structure and morphophonology===
==Syntax==
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible"
The emphatic particle {{recon|''-is''}} was commonly suffixed to the verb.
! rowspan=2 | 1st Consonant
== Gibberish ==
! colspan=20| Last Consonant
φīxs kʷēmos φaro δlanγeweti δe srībou γʷnāmesor δe φīna qrādomāxtim. γonyanθis wli nayesi, smā-deuφrimor briqennās bakū kardasweis wli φasminō. Sθām lugyeθais wli bosqōr kʷisδalābis, kas φaxθīm φar woltāyessis-do, bar Bouγʷātlom wli qaswīqis. Nai brāyos δe nenmōrus skʷedoxtānis! φirwōd φēs-naxθitor qetibāti meudyūs! Φosnīdyōr daγʷāi δe nosθenqʷētās qʷlāwītor.
|-
! m
! n
! p
! t
! k
! b
! d
! g
! s
! š
! tl
! ts
! tš
! h
! x
! w
! ǧ
! y
! l
! r
|-
! m
| mm
| mb
| mb
| nd
| ng
| mb
| nd
| ng
| ss
| šš
| ndr
| ns
| nš
| mm
| nǧ
| mm
| nǧ
| ny
| lm
| ndr
|-
! n
| nd
| nn
| mb
| nd
| ng
| mb
| nd
| ng
| ss
| šš
| ndr
| ns
| nš
| nn
| nǧ
| mm
| nǧ
| nn
| lm
| ndr
|-
! p
|
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! t
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! k
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! b
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! d
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! g
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! s
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! š
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! tl
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! ts
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! tš
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! h
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! x
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! w
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! y
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! l
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! r
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|}
 
===Phonological diachronics===
====Simple consonant correspondences====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width:650px; text-align:center;"
|-
! PTal
! {{recon|m}}
! {{recon|p}}
! {{recon|b}}
! {{recon|ɸ}}
! {{recon|n}}
! {{recon|t}}
! {{recon|d}}
! {{recon|s}}
! {{recon|z}}
! {{recon|r}}
! {{recon|θ}}
! {{recon|ł}}
! {{recon|λ}}
! {{recon|l}}
! {{recon|j}}
! {{recon|k}}
! {{recon|g}}
! {{recon|x}}
! {{recon|kʷ}}
! {{recon|gʷ}}
! {{recon|xʷ}}
! {{recon|w}}
! {{recon|q}}
! {{recon|χ}}
! {{recon|ʁ}}
! {{recon|ʔ}}
! {{recon|h}}
|-
! Thm.
| ''m''
| ''p''
| ''b''
| ''f''
| ''n''
| ''t''
| ''d''
| ''s''
| ''z'', ''-r-''
| ''r''
| ''θ''
| ''θ''
| ''δ''
| ''l''
| ''j''
| ''c''
| ''g''
| ''χ''
| ''c''
| ''v''
| ''f''
| ''v''
| ''ʒ''
| ''ħ''
| ''γ''
| 0-
| ''h-''
|}
 
====Consonant clusters====
*''tp, tb, tk, tg'' > ''rp, rb, rc, rg''?
 
====Vowel reflexes====
Usually:
*{{recon|''a''}} > ''o''
*{{recon|''ə''}} > ''e''
*{{recon|''i''}} > ''i''
*{{recon|''u''}} > ''u'' (or ''o'' if {{recon|''a''}} should > ''a'')
*{{recon|''ay''}} > ''ȳ''
*{{recon|''əy''}} > ''ae''
*{{recon|''uy''}} > ''ū''
*{{recon|''iy, iʔ, ix''}} > ''ī''
*{{recon|''aw''}} > ''au''
*{{recon|''əw''}} > ''iō''
*{{recon|''iw''}} > ''iū''
*{{recon|''uw''}} > ''ū''
*{{recon|''Cx̌, Cx̌ʷ''}} > ''Ca''
*{{recon|''Cxʷ''}} > ''Co''
*{{recon|''Cx''}} > ''Cy''
*{{recon|''əx, ix̌''}} > ''ē''
**or {{recon|''ix̌''}} > ''iā/ia/ea''?
*{{recon|''ux̌, x̌u''}} > ''ō'' for sure
*{{recon|''axʷ, ax̌ʷ''}} > ''au''?
*{{recon|''ix̌ʷ''}} > ''iō''?
*{{recon|''ux̌ʷ''}} > ''ō''?
*{{recon|''iyx̌, iyx̌ʷ''}} > ''iā''
 
==Orthography==
[[Image:Ŧā́thimā́ script.jpg|right|thumb|{{PAGENAME}} runic script.|240px]]
 
The standardized {{PAGENAME}} alphabet, whose variants are also used to write other Talmic languages, is a native alphabetic script consisting of consonant and vowel letters in addition to diacritics for vowel length.
 
The alphabetical order is as follows:
#'''R:'''
#'''D:'''
#'''Z:'''
#'''I:'''
#'''Γ:'''
#'''A:'''
#'''Ħ:'''
#'''F:'''
#'''M:'''
#'''L:'''
#'''G:'''
#'''C:'''
#'''H:'''
#'''B:'''
#'''S:'''
#'''V:'''
#'''O:'''
#'''J:'''
#'''Ȝ:'''
#'''Δ:'''
#'''Y:'''
#'''Χ:'''
#'''T:'''
#'''N:'''
#'''Θ:'''
#'''P:'''
#'''E:'''
#'''U:'''
 
==Morphology==
===Verbs===
The verbal system is one of the most complex aspects of {{PAGENAME}} grammar. A verb can take many affixes which are arranged in the following template:


#switch-reference marker
#applicative or derivational prefixes
#object prefix
#(prefix or reduplication for some TAMs)
#'''STEM'''
#voice suffix
#TAM + subject
#emphatic suffix ''-is''
Verbs often take an emphatic suffix or clitic ''-is'', which is more often used with affirmative statements than negative statements.
====TAM + subject markers====
Thensarian verbs are conjugated in present, imperfect, preterite, future, perfect, and pluperfect tenses; indicative, subjunctive, optative and imperative moods; and active and passive voices.
*Consonant stems: (-y-)
*Vowel stems: -a-, -e-, -i-, -o/u-?
=====Present=====
*1sg ''-n(is)''
*2sg ''-r(is)''
*3sg.m ''-m(is)''
*3sg.f ''-si(s)''
*3sg.n ''-((i)s)''?
*1ex ''-maeχ(is)''
*1in ''-nte(s)''
*2pl ''-sce(s)''
*3pl ''-ti(s)''
=====Preterite=====
*1sg: ''-nno(s)''
*2sg: ''-rȳ(s)''
*3sg.m: ''-smi(s)''
*3pl.f: ''-ssi(s)''?
*3sg.n: ''-so(s)''?
*1ex: ''-mer(is)''
*1in: ''-ter(is)''
*3pl: ''-scer(is)''
*3pl: ''-ster(is)''
=====Future=====
*1sg ''-tēn(is)''
*2sg ''-tēr(is)''
*3sg.m ''-tēm(is)''
*3sg.f ''-tēsi(s)''
*3sg.n ''-tē(s)''?
*1ex ''-tēmaeχ(is)''
*1in ''-tēnt(is)''
*2pl ''-tēsce(s)''
*3pl ''-tēti(s)''
=====Subjunctive=====
*1sg: ''-nae(s)''
*2sg: ''-rae(s)''
*3sg.m: ''-mior(is)''
*3sg.f: ''-sior(is)''
*3sg.n: ''-ior(is)''
*1ex: ''-nχae(s)''
*1in: ''-ntae(s)''
*2pl: ''-scae(s)''
*3pl: ''-tior(is)''
=====Optative=====
*1sg ''-von(is)''?
*2sg ''-vor(is)''
*3sg.m ''-vom(is)''
*3sg.f ''-vosi(s)''
*3sg.n ''-vo((i)s)''
*1ex ''-vomaeχ(is)''
*1in ''-vunt(is)''
*2pl ''-vosce(s)''
*3pl ''-voti(s)''
=====Imperative=====
*2sg: ''-e(s)''/''-(is)''
*1pl.in: ''-ntē(s)''
*2pl: ''-scē(s)''
==Syntax==
Like many of its descendants, Thensarian is almost completely head-initial (except for compounds).
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===
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[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:A priori]][[Category:Talmic languages]][[Category:Quihum languages]][[Category:{{PAGENAME}}|*]][[Category:Hussmauch]]
[[Category:Tricin]][[Category:Talmic languages|*]]

Latest revision as of 00:46, 9 August 2022

Eta-Talmic/Lexicon
Eta-Talmic/Swadesh list

The Talmic languages (/ˈtɑːlmɪk/ TAHL-mik) are a subfamily of the Quame languages, originally spoken chiefly in the Bitaleta region in the planet of Tricin.

Syntax

Although all present-day Talmic languages are rigidly head-initial, like Irish, Welsh and Southeast Asian languages, Proto-Talmic was much less so; we know this because different constructions and function words (such as prepositions and verbal morphology) fossilized in each Talmic subbranch.

Morphology

Pre-Tigol should keep the most inflections out of the Quame branches, so it was the worst language to Old Irishify

Proto-Talmic also had no inclusive vs exclusive we distinction; Tigolic and Qazhric gained the distinction under the influence of Lakovic.

History of Talmic studies

History of the term

The Talmic family was referred to as the "Kwēm languages" (Scellan: brits Cłeem) in earlier Talman works, after the Thensarian word cēm for "one" inherited in all known Talmic languages at the time. Since contact with other Quihum languages such as Naquian, the term Quame is used for the family that includes Talmic and Naquian.

Todo

  • -nəm = patientive
  • sθan- = gather
    • sθannəm = gathering
      • Skellan sdann = (mathematics) set
    • ~ sta- in stāmom?
  • add 0 grade, lengthened grade.
    • -ssōs = another noun suffix
    • 0 grade often > ə-grade but Cl, Cr > Cli-, Cri-
    • lengthened grades: ā ī ū > ó ī ū

Change 1pl.ex from m to b

Phonology

Proto-Celtic gibberish with some added consonants and vowels

Consonants

Proto-Talmic reconstructed consonants (Panzux)
Labial Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar Labiovelar Uvular Labiouvular Glottal
Nasal *m *n
Plosive voiceless *θ *t *k *kʷ *q *qʷ
voiced *b *δ *d *g *gʷ
Fricative voiceless *ɸ *s [x] [χ] *h
voiced *γ *γʷ
Resonant *l *r *y *w

The Talman dialects, which eventually became Tigol and Qazhrian, merged alveolar stops into dental stops and completely lost *φ, but Nurian and Roshterian keep the sounds distinct to this day under Idavic influence.

Vowels

a e i o u ā ē ī ō ū

Diphthongs:

ai ei oi ui au eu iu ou

Derivational morphology

Affixes

Some derivational affixes are:

  • -nam (n.) = patient suffix
  • -ā- = verbalizer (from *-əx̌-; just for the Proto-Celtic gibbiness)
    • What if *-əx̌- meant something else in PQuih?
    • Roshterian -ia-/-i- - fossilized suffix in many verbs
  • -ākos (n.) = verbal noun (from *-əx̌- verbalizer + *-kas = older VN suffix)
    • Roshterian -iac
  • -akt(V)- = adjectivizer
    • Roshterian -ait

Ablaut patterns

Syntax

The emphatic particle *-is was commonly suffixed to the verb.

Gibberish

φīxs kʷēmos φaro δlanγeweti δe srībou γʷnāmesor δe φīna qrādomāxtim. γonyanθis wli nayesi, smā-deuφrimor briqennās bakū kardasweis wli φasminō. Sθām lugyeθais wli bosqōr kʷisδalābis, kas φaxθīm φar woltāyessis-do, bar Bouγʷātlom wli qaswīqis. Nai brāyos δe nenmōrus skʷedoxtānis! φirwōd φēs-naxθitor qetibāti meudyūs! Φosnīdyōr daγʷāi δe nosθenqʷētās qʷlāwītor.

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