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| {{construction}} | | {{construction}} |
| [[{{PAGENAME}}/Lexicon|{{PAGENAME}}-English lexicon]]<br/> | | :[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Lexicon]] |
| [[{{PAGENAME}}/de|Diese Seite auf Deutsch]] | | :[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Swadesh list]] |
| | The '''Talmic languages''' (/ˈtɑːlmɪk/ ''TAHL-mik'') are a subfamily of the [[Quame languages]], originally spoken chiefly in the [[Bitaleta]] region in the planet of [[Verse:Tricin|Tricin]]. |
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| {{Infobox language
| | * PET |
| |image =
| | ** Talmic |
| |imagesize =
| | *** [[Tigol]] |
| |creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]]
| | **** [[Eevo]] |
| |name = {{PAGENAME}}
| | **** [[Anbirese]] |
| |nativename = ''θensārimem''
| | **** Ciètian |
| |pronunciation= /θensaːrimem/
| |
| |region = Talmy
| |
| |extinct = 220 v.T.
| |
| |familycolor=PfK
| |
| |fam1= [[Proto-Quihum|Quihum]]
| |
| |fam2= [[Talmic languages|Talmic]]
| |
| |iso3=qth
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| |notice=IPA
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| }}
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| '''{{PAGENAME}}''' is the the ancestor of all living [[Talmic languages]]. It is inspired aesthetically by Proto-Celtic and Latin, grammatically by Hebrew, Ancient Greek and Native American languages. | | == Syntax == |
| | Although all present-day Talmic languages are rigidly head-initial, like Irish, Welsh and Southeast Asian languages, Proto-Talmic was much less so; we know this because different constructions and function words (such as prepositions and verbal morphology) fossilized in each Talmic subbranch. |
| | |
| | == Morphology == |
| | Pre-Tigol should keep the most inflections out of the Quame branches, so it was the worst language to Old Irishify |
| | |
| | Proto-Talmic also had no inclusive vs exclusive we distinction; Tigolic and Qazhric gained the distinction under the influence of Lakovic. |
| | |
| | ==History of Talmic studies== |
| | ===History of the term=== |
| | The Talmic family was referred to as the "''Kwēm'' languages" (Scellan: ''brits Cłeem'') in earlier Talman works, after the Thensarian word ''cēm'' for "one" inherited in all known Talmic languages at the time. Since contact with other Quihum languages such as [[Naquian]], the term Quame is used for the family that includes Talmic and Naquian. |
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| ==Todo== | | ==Todo== |
| *PQ ''a'' > Thn. ''o'' (?) | | *''-nəm'' = patientive |
| | *''sθan-'' = gather |
| | **''sθannəm'' = gathering |
| | ***Skellan ''sdann'' = (''mathematics'') set |
| | **~ ''sta-'' in ''stāmom''? |
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| |
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| ==Notes on notation==
| | *add 0 grade, lengthened grade. |
| ===Glossary===
| | **''-ssōs'' = another noun suffix |
| *<sup>CLF</sup>: classifier tone pattern (non-desinential or desinential) | | ** 0 grade often > ə-grade but Cl, Cr > Cli-, Cri- |
| *''H'': vowel hiatus with next syllable | | **lengthened grades: ā ī ū > ó ī ū |
| *''N'': denotes a homorganic nasal | |
| *''Z'': denotes ''r'' before a vowel or voiced C, ''s'' before a voiceless C, null before ''z'' | |
| *''~'': cognate to | |
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|
| ==Background==
| | Change 1pl.ex from m to b |
| :''See also: [[{{PAGENAME}}/Sound changes from Proto-Quihum]].''
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| ==Phonology== | | ==Phonology== |
| | Proto-Celtic gibberish with some added consonants and vowels |
| ===Consonants=== | | ===Consonants=== |
| {{PAGENAME}} used 22 consonants. Unusually for the family, it is devoid of affricates, ejectives, and lateral obstruents, possessing instead a preponderance of fricatives.
| | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;" |
| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;" | | |+ Proto-Talmic reconstructed consonants (Panzux) |
| | |- |
| ! colspan="2" | | | ! colspan="2" | |
| ! |Labial | | ! |Labial |
| Line 45: |
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| ! |Palatal | | ! |Palatal |
| ! |Velar | | ! |Velar |
| ! |Radical | | ! |Labiovelar |
| | ! |Uvular |
| | ! |Labiouvular |
| ! |Glottal | | ! |Glottal |
| |- | | |- |
| ! colspan="2" style="" |Nasal | | ! colspan="2" style="" |Nasal |
| | '''m''' /m/ | | | *m |
| |colspan="2"| '''n''' /n/ | | | *n |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
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| | | | | |
| | <span style="color:gray;">'''n''' [ŋ]</span>
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| ! rowspan="2" |Plosive | | ! rowspan="2" |Plosive |
| ! |<small>voiceless</small> | | ! |<small>voiceless</small> |
| | '''p''' /p/
| |
| |colspan="2"| '''t''' /t/
| |
| | | | | |
| | '''c''' /k/ | | | *θ |
| | '''ȝ''' /ʡ/ | | | *t |
| | | |
| | | *k |
| | | *kʷ |
| | | *q |
| | | *qʷ |
| | | | | |
| |- | | |- |
| ! |<small>voiced</small> | | ! |<small>voiced</small> |
| | '''b''' /b/ | | | *b |
| |colspan="2"| '''d''' /d/ | | | *δ |
| |
| | | *d |
| | '''g''' /g/
| |
| |
| |
| | | | | |
| |- | | | *g |
| ! rowspan="2" style="" |Fricative
| | | *gʷ |
| ! |<small>voiceless</small>
| |
| | '''f''' /f/
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| | '''θ''' /θ/
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| | '''s''' /s/
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| | | | | |
| | '''χ''' /x/
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| | '''ħ''' /ħ~ʜ/
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| |rowspan="2" | '''h''' /h~ɦ/
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| |-
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| ! |<small>voiced</small>
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| | | | | |
| | '''δ''' /ð/
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| | '''z''' /z/
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| | | | | |
| | '''γ''' /ɣ/
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| | <span style="color:gray;">'''ȝ''' [ʕ~ʢ]</span>
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| |- | | |- |
| ! colspan="2" |Trill | | ! rowspan="2" style="" |Fricative |
| | ! |<small>voiceless</small> |
| | | *ɸ |
| | | | | |
| | | *s |
| | | | | |
| | '''r''' /r/ | | | [x] |
| | | | | |
| | | [χ] |
| | | | | |
| | | *h |
| | |- |
| | ! |<small>voiced</small> |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| |-
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| ! colspan="2" |Approximant
| |
| | '''v''' /w~ʋ/
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| | '''l''' /l/
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| | | | | |
| | '''j''' /j/
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| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| |}
| | |rowspan="2"| *γ |
| | | |rowspan="2"| *γʷ |
| | |
| ;Notes
| |
| *Voiceless plosives /p t k/ are lightly aspirated.
| |
| */r/ is a postalveolar trill [r̠] or tap [ɾ̠].
| |
| */l/ is mildly velarized dental [l̪ˠ].
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| | |
| ====Conditioned allophony====
| |
| Allophony in {{PAGENAME}} is limited.
| |
| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 570px; text-align:center;"
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| ! style="width: 120px; "|Phoneme
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| ! style="width: 120px; " |Allophone
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| ! style="width: 120px; " |Condition(s)
| |
| |-
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| |rowspan="2"| /n/ | |
| | [ŋ] | |
| | _C[+velar, +plosive]
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| |-
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| | [ɱ]
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| | _C[+labiodental]
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| |-
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| | C[+obstruent, ±voiced]
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| | C[+obstruent, ∓voiced]
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| | _C[+obstruent, -guttural, ∓voiced]
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| |}
| |
| | |
| ===Vowels===
| |
| Classical {{PAGENAME}} has a six-vowel system with a quantity distinction. Short vowels have one mora (except for epenthetic ''i/y'' which has zero morae), and long vowels have two morae. <!--
| |
| {| class="IPA" cellspacing="0px" cellpadding="0" style="text-align:center; background:none;"
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| |- style="text-align:center; font-size:smaller;"
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| |style="padding-bottom:3px;"|
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| | style="width: 60px;" | '''Front'''
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| | style="width: 60px; word-spacing: -.3em;" | '''Near- front'''
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| | style="width: 60px;" | '''Central'''
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| | style="width: 60px;word-spacing: -.3em;" | '''Near- back'''
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| | style="width: 60px;" | '''Back'''
| |
| |-
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| | style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Close'''
| |
| | style="height: 210px;" colspan=5 rowspan=7 | <div style="position: relative;">[[File:Blank vowel trapezoid.svg|300px|link=]]<div style="background:none; position:absolute; top:0; left:0;">
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| {| style="position:relative; width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:none;"
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| |-
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| | style="width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:none; font-size:120%;"|
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| <div style="position: absolute; left: 5%; width: 2.3em; top: 2%; background: white;">i</div>
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| <div style="position: absolute; left: 43%; width: 3.1em; top: 2%; background: white;">ʉ̜</div>
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| <div style="position: absolute; left: 85%; width: 2.3em; top: 2%; background: white;">u</div>
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| <div style="position: absolute; left: 28%; width: 2.33em; top: 17%; background: white;"></div>
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| <div style="position: absolute; left: 44%; width: 4em; top: 17%; background: white;"></div>
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| <div style="position: absolute; left: 74%; width: 1.5em; top: 17%; background: white;"></div>
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| <div style="position: absolute; left: 16%; width: 2.7em; top: 30%; background: white;"></div>
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| <div style="position: absolute; left: 50%; width: 2.7em; top: 30%; background: white;"></div>
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| <div style="position: absolute; left: 84%; width: 2.7em; top: 30%; background: white;"></div>
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| <div style="position: absolute; left: 24%; width: 2.7em; top: 44%; background: white;">e̞</div>
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| <div style="position: absolute; left: 57%; width: 1em; top: 44%; background: white;"></div>
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| <div style="position: absolute; left: 83%; width: 2.7em; top: 44%; background: white;">o̞</div>
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| <div style="position: absolute; left: 30%; width: 3em; top: 58%; background: white;"></div>
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| <div style="position: absolute; left: 57%; width: 2.7em; top: 58%; background: white;"></div>
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| <div style="position: absolute; left: 83%; width: 2.7em; top: 58%; background: white;"></div>
| |
| | |
| <div style="position: absolute; left: 37%; width: 1.3em; top: 73%;"></div>
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| <div style="position: absolute; left: 64%; width: 1em; top: 73%; background: white;"></div>
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| <div style="position: absolute; left: 44%; width: 3em; top: 86%; background: white;"></div>
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| <div style="position: absolute; left: 68%; width: 1em; top: 86%; background: white;">a</div>
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| <div style="position: absolute; left: 85%; width: 2em; top: 86%; background: white;"></div>
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| |} | |
| </div></div>
| |
| |-
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| | style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Near-close'''
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| |-
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| | style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Close-mid'''
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| |-
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| | style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Mid'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Open-mid'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Near-open'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Open'''
| |
| |}-->
| |
| <div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 1.25em; margin-bottom: 0.33em"></div>
| |
| | |
| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
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| ! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
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| ! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Front
| |
| ! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Central
| |
| ! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Back
| |
| |-
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
| |
| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="" |Close
| |
| | '''i''' /i/
| |
| | '''ī''' /iː/
| |
| | '''y''' /ÿ/
| |
| | '''ȳ''' /ÿː/
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| | '''u''' /u/
| |
| | '''ū''' /uː/
| |
| |-
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| ! style="" |Mid
| |
| | '''e''' /e/
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| | '''ē''' /eː/
| |
| | | | | |
| |
| |
| | '''o''' /o/
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| | '''ō''' /oː/
| |
| |- | | |- |
| ! style="" |Open | | ! colspan="2" |Resonant |
| |
| |
| | | | | |
| | '''a''' /a/ | | | *l |
| | '''ā''' /aː/ | | | *r |
| | | | | *y |
| | | | | |
| | | *w |
| | | |
| |} | | |} |
| | The Talman dialects, which eventually became Tigol and Qazhrian, merged alveolar stops into dental stops and completely lost *φ, but Nurian and Roshterian keep the sounds distinct to this day under Idavic influence. |
|
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| Diphthongs: '''ae au ui'''
| | ===Vowels=== |
| | a e i o u ā ē ī ō ū |
|
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|
| ;Notes
| | Diphthongs: |
|
| |
|
| */ÿ ÿː/ is close central compressed [ɨᵝ ɨːᵝ].
| | ai ei oi ui au eu iu ou |
| */e eː o oː/ are mid vowels.
| |
|
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| ===Suprasegmentals=== | | ==Derivational morphology== |
| | ===Affixes=== |
| | Some derivational affixes are: |
| | *''-nam'' (n.) = patient suffix |
| | *''-ā-'' = verbalizer (from ''*-əx̌-''; just for the Proto-Celtic gibbiness) |
| | **What if ''*-əx̌-'' meant something else in PQuih? |
| | **Roshterian ''-ia-/-i-'' - fossilized suffix in many verbs |
| | *''-ākos'' (n.) = verbal noun (from ''*-əx̌-'' verbalizer + ''*-kas'' = older VN suffix) |
| | **Roshterian ''-iac'' |
| | *''-akt(V)-'' = adjectivizer |
| | **Roshterian ''-ait'' |
|
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| ===Phonotactics=== | | ====Ablaut patterns==== |
|
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| ===Syllable structure and morphophonology=== | | ==Syntax== |
| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible"
| | The emphatic particle {{recon|''-is''}} was commonly suffixed to the verb. |
| ! rowspan=2 | 1st Consonant
| | == Gibberish == |
| ! colspan=20| Last Consonant
| | φīxs kʷēmos φaro δlanγeweti δe srībou γʷnāmesor δe φīna qrādomāxtim. γonyanθis wli nayesi, smā-deuφrimor briqennās bakū kardasweis wli φasminō. Sθām lugyeθais wli bosqōr kʷisδalābis, kas φaxθīm φar woltāyessis-do, bar Bouγʷātlom wli qaswīqis. Nai brāyos δe nenmōrus skʷedoxtānis! φirwōd φēs-naxθitor qetibāti meudyūs! Φosnīdyōr daγʷāi δe nosθenqʷētās qʷlāwītor. |
| |-
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| ! m
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| ! n
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| ! p
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| ! t
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| ! k
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| ! b
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| ! d
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| ! g
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| ! s
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| ! š
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| ! tl
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| ! ts
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| ! tš
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| ! h
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| ! x
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| ! w
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| ! ǧ
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| ! y
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| ! l
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| ! r
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| |-
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| ! m
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| | mm
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| | mb
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| | mb
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| | nd
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| | ng
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| | mb
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| | nd
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| | ng
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| | ss
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| | šš
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| | ndr
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| | ns
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| | nš
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| | mm
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| | nǧ
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| | mm
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| | nǧ
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| | ny
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| | lm
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| | ndr
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| |-
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| ! n
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| | nd
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| | nn
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| | mb
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| | nd
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| | ng
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| | mb
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| | nd
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| | ng
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| | ss
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| | šš
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| | ndr
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| | ns
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| | nš
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| | nn
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| | nǧ
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| | mm
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| | nǧ
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| | nn
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| | lm
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| | ndr
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| |-
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| ! p
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| ! t
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| ! k
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| ! b
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| ! ts
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| |-
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| ! tš
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| ! h
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| ! x
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| ! w
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| ! y
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| ! l
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| ! r
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| |}
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| ===Phonological diachronics===
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| ====Simple consonant correspondences====
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| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width:650px; text-align:center;"
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| |-
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| ! PTal
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| ! {{recon|m}}
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| ! {{recon|p}}
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| ! {{recon|b}}
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| ! {{recon|ɸ}}
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| ! {{recon|n}}
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| ! {{recon|t}}
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| ! {{recon|d}}
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| ! {{recon|s}}
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| ! {{recon|z}}
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| ! {{recon|r}}
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| ! {{recon|θ}}
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| ! {{recon|ł}}
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| ! {{recon|λ}}
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| ! {{recon|l}}
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| ! {{recon|j}}
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| ! {{recon|k}}
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| ! {{recon|g}}
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| ! {{recon|x}}
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| ! {{recon|kʷ}}
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| ! {{recon|gʷ}}
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| ! {{recon|xʷ}}
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| ! {{recon|w}}
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| ! {{recon|q}}
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| ! {{recon|χ}}
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| ! {{recon|ʁ}}
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| ! {{recon|ʔ}}
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| ! {{recon|h}}
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| |-
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| ! Thm.
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| | ''m''
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| | ''p''
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| | ''b''
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| | ''f''
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| | ''n''
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| | ''t''
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| | ''d''
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| | ''s''
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| | ''z'', ''-r-''
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| | ''r''
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| | ''θ''
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| | ''θ''
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| | ''δ''
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| | ''l''
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| | ''j''
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| | ''c''
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| | ''g''
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| | ''χ''
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| | ''c''
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| | ''v''
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| | ''f''
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| | ''v''
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| | ''ʒ''
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| | ''ħ''
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| | ''γ''
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| | 0-
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| | ''h-''
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| |}
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| | |
| ====Consonant clusters====
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| *''tp, tb, tk, tg'' > ''rp, rb, rc, rg''?
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| ====Vowel reflexes====
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| Usually:
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| *{{recon|''a''}} > ''o''
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| *{{recon|''ə''}} > ''e''
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| *{{recon|''i''}} > ''i''
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| *{{recon|''u''}} > ''u'' (or ''o'' if {{recon|''a''}} should > ''a'')
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| *{{recon|''ay''}} > ''ȳ''
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| *{{recon|''əy''}} > ''ae''
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| *{{recon|''uy''}} > ''ū''
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| *{{recon|''iy, iʔ, ix''}} > ''ī''
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| *{{recon|''aw''}} > ''au''
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| *{{recon|''əw''}} > ''iō''
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| *{{recon|''iw''}} > ''iū''
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| *{{recon|''uw''}} > ''ū''
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| *{{recon|''Cx̌, Cx̌ʷ''}} > ''Ca''
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| *{{recon|''Cxʷ''}} > ''Co''
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| *{{recon|''Cx''}} > ''Cy''
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| *{{recon|''əx, ix̌''}} > ''ē''
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| **or {{recon|''ix̌''}} > ''iā/ia/ea''?
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| *{{recon|''ux̌, x̌u''}} > ''ō'' for sure
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| *{{recon|''axʷ, ax̌ʷ''}} > ''au''?
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| *{{recon|''ix̌ʷ''}} > ''iō''?
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| *{{recon|''ux̌ʷ''}} > ''ō''?
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| *{{recon|''iyx̌, iyx̌ʷ''}} > ''iā''
| |
| | |
| ==Orthography== | |
| [[Image:Ŧā́thimā́ script.jpg|right|thumb|{{PAGENAME}} runic script.|240px]]
| |
| | |
| The standardized {{PAGENAME}} alphabet, whose variants are also used to write other Talmic languages, is a native alphabetic script consisting of consonant and vowel letters in addition to diacritics for vowel length.
| |
| | |
| The alphabetical order is as follows:
| |
| #'''R:'''
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| #'''D:'''
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| #'''Z:'''
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| #'''I:'''
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| #'''Γ:'''
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| #'''A:'''
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| #'''Ħ:'''
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| #'''F:'''
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| #'''M:'''
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| #'''L:'''
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| #'''G:'''
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| #'''C:'''
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| #'''H:'''
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| #'''B:'''
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| #'''S:'''
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| #'''V:'''
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| #'''O:'''
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| #'''J:'''
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| #'''Ȝ:'''
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| #'''Δ:'''
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| #'''Y:'''
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| #'''Χ:'''
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| #'''T:'''
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| #'''N:'''
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| #'''Θ:'''
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| #'''P:'''
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| #'''E:'''
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| #'''U:'''
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| | |
| ==Morphology==
| |
| ===Verbs===
| |
| The verbal system is one of the most complex aspects of {{PAGENAME}} grammar. A verb can take many affixes which are arranged in the following template:
| |
|
| |
|
| #switch-reference marker
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| #applicative or derivational prefixes
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| #object prefix
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| #(prefix or reduplication for some TAMs)
| |
| #'''STEM'''
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| #voice suffix
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| #TAM + subject
| |
| #emphatic suffix ''-is''
| |
|
| |
| Verbs often take an emphatic suffix or clitic ''-is'', which is more often used with affirmative statements than negative statements.
| |
|
| |
| ====TAM + subject markers====
| |
| Thensarian verbs are conjugated in present, imperfect, preterite, future, perfect, and pluperfect tenses; indicative, subjunctive, optative and imperative moods; and active and passive voices.
| |
|
| |
| *Consonant stems: (-y-)
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| *Vowel stems: -a-, -e-, -i-, -o/u-?
| |
| =====Present=====
| |
| *1sg ''-n(is)''
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| *2sg ''-r(is)''
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| *3sg.m ''-m(is)''
| |
| *3sg.f ''-si(s)''
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| *3sg.n ''-((i)s)''?
| |
| *1ex ''-maeχ(is)''
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| *1in ''-nte(s)''
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| *2pl ''-sce(s)''
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| *3pl ''-ti(s)''
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|
| |
| =====Preterite=====
| |
| *1sg: ''-nno(s)''
| |
| *2sg: ''-rȳ(s)''
| |
| *3sg.m: ''-smi(s)''
| |
| *3pl.f: ''-ssi(s)''?
| |
| *3sg.n: ''-so(s)''?
| |
| *1ex: ''-mer(is)''
| |
| *1in: ''-ter(is)''
| |
| *3pl: ''-scer(is)''
| |
| *3pl: ''-ster(is)''
| |
|
| |
| =====Future=====
| |
| *1sg ''-tēn(is)''
| |
| *2sg ''-tēr(is)''
| |
| *3sg.m ''-tēm(is)''
| |
| *3sg.f ''-tēsi(s)''
| |
| *3sg.n ''-tē(s)''?
| |
| *1ex ''-tēmaeχ(is)''
| |
| *1in ''-tēnt(is)''
| |
| *2pl ''-tēsce(s)''
| |
| *3pl ''-tēti(s)''
| |
|
| |
| =====Subjunctive=====
| |
| *1sg: ''-nae(s)''
| |
| *2sg: ''-rae(s)''
| |
| *3sg.m: ''-mior(is)''
| |
| *3sg.f: ''-sior(is)''
| |
| *3sg.n: ''-ior(is)''
| |
| *1ex: ''-nχae(s)''
| |
| *1in: ''-ntae(s)''
| |
| *2pl: ''-scae(s)''
| |
| *3pl: ''-tior(is)''
| |
|
| |
| =====Optative=====
| |
| *1sg ''-von(is)''?
| |
| *2sg ''-vor(is)''
| |
| *3sg.m ''-vom(is)''
| |
| *3sg.f ''-vosi(s)''
| |
| *3sg.n ''-vo((i)s)''
| |
| *1ex ''-vomaeχ(is)''
| |
| *1in ''-vunt(is)''
| |
| *2pl ''-vosce(s)''
| |
| *3pl ''-voti(s)''
| |
|
| |
| =====Imperative=====
| |
| *2sg: ''-e(s)''/''-(is)''
| |
| *1pl.in: ''-ntē(s)''
| |
| *2pl: ''-scē(s)''
| |
|
| |
| ==Syntax==
| |
| Like many of its descendants, Thensarian is almost completely head-initial (except for compounds).
| |
| ===Constituent order===
| |
| ===Noun phrase===
| |
| ===Verb phrase===
| |
| ===Sentence phrase===
| |
| ===Dependent clauses===
| |
| <!-- etc. etc. -->
| |
|
| |
|
| [[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:A priori]][[Category:Talmic languages]][[Category:Quihum languages]][[Category:{{PAGENAME}}|*]][[Category:Hussmauch]] | | [[Category:Tricin]][[Category:Talmic languages|*]] |
